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65th Congress ) 
1st Session f 



SENATE 



/ Document 

•\ No. 50 



Anthracite and Bituminous Coal 




LETTER FROM 
E FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 



or* 



TRANSMITTING 

RESPONSE TO SENATE RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED JUNE 22, 
16, AND APRIL 30, 1917, RESPECTIVELY, A REPORT AND REC- 
MMENDATIONS ON THE ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL 
SITUATION AND THE RELATION OF RAIL- AND- WATER 
TRANSPORTATION TO THE PRESENT 
FUEL PROBLEM 




JUNE 20, 1917. — Referred to the Committee on Interstate Commerce 
and ordered to be printed 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1917 



65th Congress [ SENATE I Document 

1st Session \ 1 No. 50 



Anthracite and Bituminous Coal 



LETTER FROM 
THE FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION 

TRANSMITTING 

IN RESPONSE TO SENATE RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED JUNE 22, 
1916, AND APRIL 30, 1917, RESPECTIVELY, A REPORT AND REC- 
OMMENDATIONS ON THE ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL 
SITUATION AND THE RELATION OF RAIL-AND- WATER 
TRANSPORTATION TO THE PRESENT 
FUEL PROBLEM 




JUNE 20, 1917. — Referred to the Committee on Interstate Commerce 
and ordered to be printed 



WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1917 



&%* 



\*> 



•Y 



D. of D. 
AUG 13 1917 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Recommendations of the commission 13 

Report on anthracite and bituminous coal situation: 

Summary 25 

Present conditions and the outlook for anthracite 25 

Response to Senator Calder's resolution 25 

Temporary expedients of the commission for securing moderation of 

anthracite prices. 25 

Interdependence of anthracite and bituminous industries 27 

Dependence of both anthracite and bituminous on transportation 28 v 

The prospective supply of anthracite for 1917 29 

Necessity of new legislation 31 

British Government's control of coal mines . 31 

Regulation of production and distribution of coal in Germany during 

the war « 33 

Anthracite royalties 34 

Prices and gross margins of profit in the anthracite industry in the fall and 

winter of 1916-17 ,..".. 34 

General conditions of supply and demand ■. 34 

Market shortage only 3^ per cent 35 

"Buying panic " the chief cause 35 

Traffic conditions and shifting of markets 35 

Panic demand 36 

Prices and costs of the railroad coal companies 36 

Prices and costs of independent producers 37 

Prices and gross margins of jobbers 38 

Prices and gross margins of retail dealers 39 

Premium coal t 39 

Increases in cost 39 

Varied increases in gross margins in different markets 40 

Quality of anthracite , 40 

Specific reply to the Hitchcock resolution regarding price increases of 

leading producers of anthracite in 1916 40 

Basis of cost comparisons. 41 

Increase in cost 41 

Greater increase in receipts 42 

High-cost and low-cost companies 42 

Conclusion in response to Hitchcock resolution 42 

Valuation of coal-mining properties 43 

Bituminous coal situation . 43" 

Resolution submitted by Mr. Rainey August 18 1916 43 

Chapter I. — Brief Survey op Anthracite Industry. 

Introduction. 47 

Sec. 1. Location of anthracite fields . „ . '. 48 

2. Production — Quantity produced 48 

Railroad coal companies . - 48 

Independents 49 

The 65 per cent contracts ,. . 50 

Fee lands and leases 50 

3 



4 CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Sec. 3. Wage agreements and corresponding price increases since 1902 50 

4. Distribution 52 

Railroad coal companies 52 

Independent producing companies 53 

Jobbers 53 

Local wholesale trestle and dock companies 53 

5. Circular prices and premium prices 54 

Company connections 55 

Chapter II. — Anthracite Production in 1916-17. 

The prospective supply of anthracite for 1917 56 

Chapter III. — Answer to Senate Resolution 217, Sixty-Fourth Con- 
gress (Senator Hitchcock), June 22, 1916. 

Sec. 1. Increases in circular prices, January to September, 1916 62 

Tonnage tax 62 

Omission of April discount 63 

* Increase of basic circular prices in May, 1916 63 

2. Causes alleged in justification of increase in circular prices in January, 

April, and May, 1916 70 

Supplies 70 

Deeper mining 70 

Pennsylvania workmen's compensation act 70 

The Pennsylvania tonnage tax and its effect on prices 71 

The wage agreement of 1916, and effect of labor conditions on cost 

of production 71 

3. Results of investigation of the books of leading producers 72 

Periods 72 

Methods of compiling costs 73 

Costs, receipts, and margins, with increases therein 73 

Prices by sizes, f. o. b. mines 76 

Percentage of sizes produced and sold 76 

Increases in price, cost, and margin, by sizes 77 

Chapter IV.— High Prices of Anthracite in Fall and Winter op 1916-17. 

Sec. 1. Investigation undertaken in response to general public demand 81 

Recent Federal, State, municipal, and civic investigations of the 

anthracite and bituminous coal situation 81 

Extent and character of material secured by the Commission 82V 

2. General causes of high-price conditions 83 

Increase of real demand for anthracite 83 

Increased consumption of coal by steel, cotton, and munition in- 
dustries 85 

Increased consumption of coal by railroads 86 

Supply available for market 86 

The immediate effect of the eight-hour day on the output 91 

Labor supply of railroad coal companies and seven independent 

operators, April to December, 1915-16 93 

Labor supply of all companies, calendar years 1915 and 1916, and 

relation to production 96 

Car shortage at the mines 108 

Abnormal increase in demand due to artificial causes 110 

Coal-barge shortage in Atlantic coastwise trade 112 



CONTENTS. 5 

Sec. 2. General causes of high-price conditions. • Page. 

Boat shortage on Great Lakes . , 112 

Delays in transit 113 

3. Extent to which advantage was taken of abnormal conditions. 118 

4. Action of railroad-coal companies during crisis 118 

5. Action of independent operators 119 

6. Quality of anthracite shipped 120 

7. Increases in water-transportation rates 123 

Barge rates to New England 123 

Increased freight rates on the Great Lake3 126 

8. Activities of jobbers and wholesalers 127 

Source and distribution of certain purchases of high-premium coal, 

selected at random 129 

Gross margins of 10 New York jobbers 136 

Gross margins of 5 Philadelphia jobbers 138 

Gross margins of a New England jobber 138 

Gross margins of a New England dock man 139 

Tonnage of railroad-company coal furnished to certain jobbers 140 

Margins of jobbers and wholesalers on railroad-company coal 145 

Complaint against dock companies at the head of the Lakes ... 149 

9. Cost of retailing coal and extent of ' ' premium " anthracite. 150 

Cost of retail distribution of anthracite coal 151 

Distribution of retailing costs 152 

' ' Premium ' ' coal 158 

10. Conditions in the local jobbing and retailing of anthracite in various 

important markets 170 

Boston 170 

Transportation j 170 

Sources of supply and methods of distribution 172 

Normal consumption 172 

Local shortage and its effect on wholesale prices 172 

Boston jobbers 173 

Retail list prices 174 

Typical selling prices and gross margins 175 

Southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island 204 

Brockton, Mass 204 

Fall River, Mass. 204 

Taunton, Mass 205 

Providence, R.I 205 

Bristol and Warren, R. 1 206 

Tables showing retail gross margins 206 

New York City 238 

Transportation 238 

Sources of supply and local distribution 238 

Local shortage and its causes 239 

Wholesale prices 240 

Gross margins of local jobbers 240 

Retail prices 242 

Broken 273 

Egg 273 

Stove 274 

Chestnut 274 

Pea 274 

Buckwheat 274 



6 CONTEXTS. 

Sec. 10. Conditions in the local jobbing and retailing of anthracite in various 

important markets — Continued. Page. 

Buffalo 275 

Transportation 275 

Sources of supply and local distribution 275 

Local consumption of anthracite 276 

Local shortage and its effect on prices and gross profits 277 

Actual wholesale margins 278 

Actual retail margins 279 

Niagara Falls, X. Y 288 

Transportation 288 

Sources of supply and local distribution 289 

Local shortage and its effect on prices and gross profits 289 

Rochester. N. Y. 292 

Transportation 293 

Sources of supply and loca 1 distribution 293 

Consumption 293 

Extent and causes of shortage 293 

Prices during the shortage 294 

Western markets on the Great Lakes 296 

Sources of supply 296 

Detroit 296 

Transportation 296 

Sources of supply and local distribution 296 

Xomial consumption of anthracite in Detroit 297 

Extent and causes of shortage 237 

Bulk of wholesale business at circular prices 298 

Mine premiums and jobbers' profits on premium coal 298 

Retail prices 299 

Cost prices 312 

Sales prices 312 

Gross margins 312 

Prices and shortage in southern Michigan territory outside of 

Detroit 312 

Detroit jobbers selling in southern Michigan territory 313 

Chicago 314 

Transportation 314 

Sources of supply and local distrib ution 315 

Local consumption of anthracite 316 

Local shortage and its causes 316 

Producers and shippers 317 

Wholesalers, other than operators and their sales agencies — 319 

Retailers' prices 323 

Retailers' margins 340 

Minimum and maximum margins 340 

Sales prices 340 

Cost prices 341 

Milwaukee 341 

Transportation 341 

Sources of supply and local distribution 342 

Local shortage and its causes 343 

Wholesale prices 343 

Retail prices 344 

Retailers' margins 345 

Margins of dock companies 360 

Margins of jobbers 361 



CONTENTS. 7 

Sec. 10. Conditions in the local jobbing and retailing of anthracite in various 

important markets — Continued. Page. 

Minneapolis and St. Paul 362 

Transportation 362 

Sources of supply and local distribution 362 

Local shortage and its causes 363 

Dock companies' margins 363 

Wholesale prices to dealers 364 

Retail prices 365 

Retailers' margins 365 

Minimum and maximum margins 369 

Cost prices 370 

Sale prices 370 

LIST OF TABLES. 

1. Total commercial production of anthracite by railroad coal companies and 

independent coal operators, January-May, 1917 59 

2. Circular price increases on domestic sizes of anthracite, f . o. b. mine basis, 

for shipment to various territories, January-September, 1916 65 

3. Costs, receipts, and margins, per gross ton at the mines, of fresh-mined 

anthracite, with increases or decreases by years, 1913-1916, for 5 high- 
cost and 8 low-cost producers 74 

4. Prices per gross ton received for various sizes of fresh-mined anthracite, 

f . o. b. mine, by 12 leading producers, 1913-1916 76 

5. Percentage of sizes of fresh-mined anthracite produced and sold by 12 

leading producers, 1913-1916 77 

6. Increases per gross ton in prices, costs, and margins, of fresh-mined anthra- 

cite only, by sizes, for 12 leading producers, 1913-1916 78 

7. Supply of anthracite available for market, April to December, 1913-1916.. 87 

8. Geographical location and gross tons of stored anthracite on hand, April 1 

and December 31, 1913-1916 88 

9. Movement of storage anthracite shown comparatively, by location of storage 

points, for 9 months of each year, 1913-1916 89 

10. Distribution, by months and by periods, of anthracite sold from April to 

December, 1915 and 1916 90 

11. Production of anthracite, by 12 companies, April-August, 1915 and 1916 . . 91 

12. Percentages of decrease in output, and in labor supply by months, for 12 ' 

companies, April- August, 1916, as compared with 1915 92 

13. Labor supply of railroad coal companies, April — December, 1915 and 1916. 94 

14. Labor supply of 7 independent anthracite operators, April — December, 

1915 and 1916 '. 95 

15. Summary showing comparative labor supply, April — December, 1915 and 

1916 for 18 coal companies included in the two preceding tables 96 

16. Comparative labor supply and output of anthracite in the calendar years 

1915 and 1916 98 

17. Estimated railroad-car tonnage requirements of 13 anthracite mining com- 

panies, and estimated commercial tonnage lost through an inadequate car 
supply, by months, 1915 and 1916 108 

18. Percentage of shipments received in specified transit periods by 22 retailers 

in 7 representative New England markets, April — August, and Sep- 
tember — December, 1916 114 

19. Shipments received in specified transit periods by 28 retailers in 10 selected 

markets of New England and the Middle West, April — August, and 
September — December, 1916 115 



8 CONTEXTS. 

Page. 

20. Costs, receipts, and margins, per gross ton. with increases. September- 

December, 1916. by months, for 8 important independent producers 120 

21. Costs, receipts, and margins, per gross ton, -with, increases, September- 

December. 1916. by months, for 6 important independent producers 120 

22. Standards of preparation of anthracite, showing allowable percentages of 

content of slate and rock and bone 121 

23. Replies of operating companies to inquiries regarding condemned anthra- 

cite, by months, for six-month periods ending December 31, 1915 and 1916. 122 

24. Relation of condemned anthracite to production 123 

25. Barge rates per gross ton. on anthracite from Xew York tidewater to Xew 

England ports. 191-5-16 124 

26. Retailers' purchases at Xew York tidewater of 25.281 gross tons of high 

premium anthracite, selected at random, and traced from producers 
through middlemen to retailers, with premiums received by producers 
and gross profits taken by middlemen. Xovember. 1916 130 

27. Gross margins per gross ton of 9 principal Xew York jobbers in 1915 and 10 

in 1916, by months. September-December, of each year 136 

28. Gross margins per gross ton of 5 Philadelphia jobbers 138 

29. Gross margin per gross ton of a Xew England jobber 139 

30. Gross margin per gross ton of a Xew England dock man 140 

31. Gross tons of anthracite purchased by representative retailers in 22 Xew 

England markets outside Boston, at prices above normal, and the differ- 
ence between the circular price plus freight and the weighted average 
prices paid. September-December. 1916 159 

32. Gross tons of anthracite purchased by representative retailers in Xew York. 

Buffalo. Niagara Falls. Detroit. Milwaukee, and Chicago, at prices above 
normal . and the difference between the circular price plus freight and the 
weighted average prices paid, September-December. 1916 169 

33. Boston — Summary for 14 representative retailers showing the minimum and 

maximtim of cost prices, of typical and average sale prices, and of gross 
margins, for principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost 
prices of white-ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes. September-Decem- 
ber, 1916 178 

34. Boston — Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale prices, and 

gross margins per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and by prin- 
cipal classes of business, for 14 representative dealers. September-Decem- 
ber, 1916 182 

35. Boston — -Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale prices, 

and gross margins per net ton of other grades of anthracite, by sizes, and 
by principal classes of business, for 4 of the 14 representative dealers 
shown in Table 33, September-December, 1916 198 

36. Southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island (Attleboro, Avon, Brock- 

ton, Fall River, and Taunton, Mass.; and Barrington, Bristol, Provi- 
dence, and Warren, R. I.)— Summary for 9 representative retailers 
showing the minimum and maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, 
and of gross margins for principal classes of business, and weighted 
average cost prices of white ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, Sep- 
tember-December, 1916 207 

37. Southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island (Attleboro, Avon, Brock- 

ton, Fall River, and Taunton, Mass.; and Barrington, Bristol, Provi- 
dence, and "Warren, R. I.)— Retailers' cost prices, typical sale prices, 
and gross margins per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and by 
principal classes of business, for 9 representative dealers, September- 
December, 1916 208 



CONTENTS. 9 

Page. 

38. Southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island (Attleboro, Avon, Brock- 

ton, Fall River, and Taunton, Mass.; and Barrington, Bristol, Provi- 
dence, and Warren, R. I.) — -Summary for 6 of the 9 representative 
retailers shown in Table 36, showing the minimum and maximum of 
cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross margins, for principal 
classes of business, and weighted average cost prices of other grades 
of anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September-December, 1916 214 

39. Southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island (Attleboro, Avon, Brock- 

ton, Fall River, and Taunton, Mass.; and Barrington, Bristol, Provi- 
dence, and Warren, R. I.)— Retailers' cost prices, typical sale prices, 
and gross margins per net ton of other grades of anthracite, by sizes, 
and by principal classes of business, for 6 of the 9 representative dealers 
shown in Table 37, September-December, 1916 216 

40. Maine, New Hampshire, and northeastern Massachusetts (Portland, Me.; 

Dover, Manchester, and Portsmouth, N. H.; and Lawrence, Mass.)— 
Summary for 5 representative retailers showing the minimum and 
maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross margins, 
for prinicpal classes of business, and the weighted average cost prices 
of white ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September-December, 
1916 222 

41. Maine, New Hampshire, and northeastern Massachusetts (Portland, Me.; 

Dover, Manchester, and Portsmouth, N. H., and Lawrence, Mass.) — Re- 
tailers' cost prices, typical sale prices, and gross margins per net ton of 
white ash anthracite, by sizes and by principal classes of business, for 5 
representative dealers, September-December, 1916 223 

42. Central Massachusetts (Holyoke, Northampton, Springfield, and Worces- 

ter) — Summary for 5 representative retailers showing the minimum and 
maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross margins, for 
principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost prices of white 
ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September-December, 1916 227 

43. Central Massachusetts (Holyoke, Northampton, Springfield, and Worces- 

ter) — Retailers' cost prices, typical sale prices, and gross margins, per net 
ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes and by principal classes of busi- 
ness, for 5 representative dealers, September-December, 1916 228 

44. Connecticut (Hartford, New Haven, and New London) — Summary for 5 

representative retailers showing the minimum and maximum of cost 
prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross margins, for principal classes of 
business, and the weighted average cost prices of white ash anthracite, 
per net ton, by sizes, September-December, 1916 232 

45. Connecticut (Hartford, New Haven, and New London) — Retailers' cost 

prices, typical sale prices, and gross margins per net ton of white ash 
anthracite, by sizes and by principal classes of business, for 5 representa- 
tive dealers, September-December, 1916 234 

46. Gross margins per gross ton of New York local jobbers, by months, Septem- 

ber-December, 1916 * 241 

47. New York City — Summary for 15 representative retailers showing the mini- 

mum and maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross 
margins, for principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost 
prices of white ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September-December, 
1916 244 

48. New York City — Retailers' cost prices, typical sale prices, and gross mar- 

gins, per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes and by principal classes 

of business, for 15 representative dealers, September-December, 1916... 246 



10 COXTEXTS. 

Page. 

49. Average purchase prices, selling prices, and gross margins, of 3 representa- 

tive wholesalers, per gross ton. on trestle sales to dealers, September- 
December, 1916 279 

50. Buffalo — Summary for 8 representative retailers showing the minimum and 

maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross margins, for 
principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost prices of 
white ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September-December, 1916. . 2S0 

51. Buffalo— Retailers' cost prices, typical sale prices, and gross margins, per 

net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and by principal classes of busi- 
ness, for 8 representative dealers, September-December, 1916 282 

52. Niagara Falls— Retailers' cost prices, actual average or typical sale prices, 

and gross margins, per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, for 3 
representative dealers, September-December, 1916 291 

53. Rochester, X. Y. — Circular purchase and sale prices of wholesalers and 

principal retailers of anthracite, by months. April-December, 1916 295 

54. Detroit — Summary for 8 representative retailers showing the minimum and 

maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross margins, for 
principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost prices of 
white ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September-December, 1916. . 302 

55. Detroit — Retailers* cost prices, typical sale prices, and gross margins, per 

net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and by principal classes of busi- 
ness, for 8 representative dealers, September-December, 1916 303 

56. Average gross margins of representative Detroit jobbers selling to retailers 

in southern Michigan 313 

57. Wholesale circular prices per net ton, f. o. b. cars, Chicago, for 5 railroad 

coal companies 319 

58. Gross margins per gross ton on anthracite for 6 Chicago jobbers 321 

59. Chicago — Summary for 11 representative retailers showing the minimum 

and maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross margins, 
for principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost price of 
white ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September-December, 1916.. 326 

60. Chicago — Retailers' cost prices, typical sale prices, and gross margins, per 

net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and by principal classes of busi- 
ness, for 11 representative dealers, September-December, 1916 328 

61. Milwaukee, Wis. — Summary for 5 representative retailers, showing the 

minimum and maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross 
margins, for principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost 
prices of white ash anthracite, per net ton. by sizes. September-December, 
1916 346 

62. Milwaukee, Wis. — Retailers' cost prices, typical sale prices, and gross mar- 

gins, per net ton of white ash anthracite, by-sizes, and by principal 
classes of business, for 5 representative dealers, September-December. 
1916 348 

63. Retail circular prices, per net ton. of the Milwaukee-Western Fuel Co. and 

the Consumers Co. of Chicago. September 1. 1916-February 1. 1917 360 

64; Milwaukee. Wis. — Gross margin per gross ton of anthracite dock companies. . 361 

65. Milwaukee. Wis. — Gross margin per gross ton of anthracite jobbers 362 

66. Minneapolis and St. Paul. — Gross margin per gross ton of anthracite dock 

companies 364 

67. Wholesale prices of anthracite, to dealers at yards, at Minneapolis and St. 

Paul. Minn.. April-December. 1916 364 

68. Retail delivered prices of anthracite at Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn., 

April-December, 1916 365 



CONTENTS. 11 

Page. 
69. Minneapolis and St. Paul. — Retailers' cost prices, typical sale prices, and 
gross margins, per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and by princi- 
pal classes of business, for 3 representative dealers, September - 

December, 1916 366 

LIST OF EXHIBITS. 

I. Open letter to principal anthracite operators, March 12, 1917, on the 

April discounts 371 

II-. Interim report to the Senate of the United States, May 4, 1917, on 

anthracite prices 371 

III. Letter and forms sent to individual anthracite operators, May 14, 1917. 373 

IV. Letter of May 19, 1917, and forms sent to individual anthracite opera- 

tors, superseding the letter of May 14, 1917 374 

V. Letter and supplemental instructions sent to individual anthracite 

operators, May 24, 1917 381 

VI. Statement for the press on anthracite prices, May 22, 1917 381 

VII. Letter sent to anthracite operators, May 26, 1917 382 

VIII. Letter and inclosures sent to jobbers of anthracite, May 26, 1917 382 

IX. Supplemental letter sent to jobbers of anthracite, June 9, 1917 385 

X. Letters and forms sent to retail coal dealers of Washington, D. C, May 

24 to May 31, 1917 385 

XI. Letter of May 26, 1917, to important selling agencies and anthracite 

operators with a list of those to whom sent 389 

XII. Letter and forms sent to New York hotels, May 25, 1917 390 

XIII. Letter and forms sent to retail coal dealers of Philadelphia, June 1, 

1917 393 

XIV. Press statement on anthracite, June 5, 1917 395 

XV. Girard estate lease, January 1, 1914, to December 31, 1928 395 

XVI. Wage agreement, April 26, 1917 407 

XVII. Wage agreement, May 5, 1916 408 

XVIII. Bituminous coal report, May 19, 1917 411 

XIX. Bituminous coal forms, June 16, 1917 415 



RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION. 



The President or the Senate. 

Sir: The Federal Trade Commission transmits herewith a report 
and recommendations on the anthracite and bituminous coal situa- 
tion and the relation of rail-and-water transportation to the present 
fuel problem. 

By direction of the United States Senate, as expressed in Senate 
resolution adopted June 22, 1916, Sixty-fourth Congress (Senator 
Hitchcock), and Senate resolution adopted April 30, 1917, Sixty- 
fifth Congress (Senator Calder) ; the Federal Trade Commission has 
been engaged in investigation of the production, distribution, and 
price of anthracite coal. 

The Commission has made preliminary reports both to the Senate 
and to the House of Representatives (S. Doc. 19 and H. Doc. 152, 
65th Cong.) during the course of its inquiry, but is now brought to 
the conclusion that a report upon anthracite coal can not be com- 
plete unless it considers also the relation of bituminous coal, and 
conversely, that a report on bituminous coal will be incomplete 
without consideration of the conditions surrounding the production, 
price, and distribution of anthracite. 

In the progress of its several investigations the Commission has 
held many public hearings, and has taken the testimony of hundreds 
of witnesses, which have included mine operators, representatives of 
miners' labor organizations, wholesale and retail dealers in coal, 
large consumers of coal, and railroad officials. Its agents have 
spent much time in field investigation and the Commission has 
received a mass of communications and reports. 

While conducting its various inquiries the Commission has exerted 
all the powers which have been conferred upon it by Congress in an 
effort to soften hard conditions. 

It is fair to say that, as a general rule, the various parties to the 
anthracite coal industry have evidenced a desire to cooperate with 
the Commission, and while by reason of the war emergency the 
Commission has at times pressed its activities in the public interest 
to the limit of the authority granted to it by Congress, there has 
been no serious disposition to question whether or not it has tended 
to exceed its powers. 

13 



14 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

In the anthracite industry the Commission has elaborated a system 
for tracing the coal from the point of its production on through all 
intermediate hands and finally to its point of consumption. Weekly 
reports are required from producers and jobbers, wherever needful, 
with the result that, as regards domestic sizes, high-premium coal 
has largely been ehminated from the market and speculation and 
inordinate profits have been cut out in the wholesale trade in these 
sizes. 

During the first two months of the coal year of 1917 (April and 
May) there has been an increase in the production of anthracite of 
2,433,000 tons as compared with the first two months of the coal 
year of 1916. This is an increase of 24 per cent, and should have 
been translated into a distinctly favorable condition of the market. 

However, faulty rail and water transportation and conditions in 
the bituminous industry and in the production, control, distribution, 
and use of coke have been such that much of the gain which should 
have been secured by the efforts of the Commission, aided by the 
intelligent and willing cooperation of a great majority of the interests 
engaged in the production and distribution of anthracite coal, has 
been lost — this for the reason that though the anthracite market 
has been filled with a supply which should be adequate for its normal 
use, the acute shortage of supply in bituminous and in coke, together 
with faulty distribution and speculation, have driven bituminous 
and coke prices up to a point which has put anthracite into compe- 
tition with the other two forms of fuel. 

The close supervision of anthracite thus fails of a remedy so long 
as bituminous runs wild, and the Commission's plan as to anthracite 
can not be extended over the bituminous industry because of the 
wide field and the great variation in conditions. The Commission 
is nevertheless continuing its efforts and will continue them vigor- 
ously pending the solution of the whole fuel problem by Congress. 

Coincident with the Commission's supervision of the price of 
domestic sizes of anthracite the proportion of domestic sizes pro- 
duced has fallen off sharply. Domestic sizes composed 66 per cent 
of the total production in January to April, and have fallen to only 
61 per cent in May. In the case of the independent operators, the 
fall is from 69 per cent to 59 per cent. This appears to indicate a 
crushing of domestic sizes in the breaker to supply steam sizes, the 
price of which the Commission has been unable to curb. If this 
practice should continue, it will constitute another evil omen for 
the future of the domestic user. 

Thus the stores of anthracite coal which now should be accumu- 
lating against next winter for domestic use are being used for steam 
making in the place of bituminous coal; are being used in various 
manufacturing processes in the place of coke, and are being used by 



ANTHEACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 15 

public-service corporations for the production of water gas, because 
such anthracite is easier to obtain and at favorable prices as com- 
pared with bituminous and coke. 

Whatever measure of success has marked the efforts of the Com- 
mission with relation to anthracite coal has been largely because 
the car supply has been adequate by reason of the close corporate 
relation between rail transportation and anthracite production. 

Quite the contrary condition exists with relation to bituminous 
and rail transportation and with relation to water transportation as 
to both kinds of coal. 

The production of bituminous coal for the first two months of 
the coal year of 1917 (April and May) has shown a large increase, 
but not nearly so large as the increase in industrial consumption 
and not nearly so large as the possible and economical output of 
mines already opened and in partial operation. 

The present production of bituminous coal the country over is 
about 40 per cent short of the possible maximum, and this limita- 
tion is solely to be charged, as to primary cause, to faulty rail trans- 
portation. The present demand for coal is unprecedented, but the 
mines now open are capable of filling this demand if adequate car 
supply is furnished. 

It is a fact in the bituminous industry that the capacity of a mine 
for production and the capacity of labor is limited absolutely by the 
supply from day to day of coal cars for the moving of the product. 
Thus we have found that, with the market at unheard-of prices, 
labor is often standing idle at the mines and production is limited as 
compared with the possible productive capacity. 

We find that mine labor is being disorganized by reason of irregular 
employment and forced idleness, and that in some fields bituminous 
mines are working only three or four days a week and that willing 
labor and willing operators are standing idle half the time. 

In other fields where there is now a more nearly adequate car sup- 
ply the irregularity of car supply in months past has so disorganized 
and discouraged labor that these mines are not now nearly at full 
capacity of production. The irregularity and uncertainty of em- 
ployment has caused the miners to be tempted to leave the mines 
and go into other employment, and, having left, it is difficult to 
bring them back. 

The Commission believes that there are enough coal cars in the 
country but that there are not enough coal cars delivered to the 
mines, and that an inadequate supply having been delivered to the 
mines and loaded, these cars are not moved to the point of consump- 
tion either with the greatest of expedition nor are they promptly dis- 
charged upon their arrival at their destination. 



16 ANTHKACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

The Commission has much testimony of widespread abuse in the 
use of coal cars by speculators for the storage of coal for speculative 
purposes, and that the practice of reconsignment is wasteful and a 
cause of delay and market manipulation. 

The Commission finds that coal is not sent to the point of con- 
sumption by the most direct route, and that coal cars are being used 
for transportation of many other sorts of product. 

The undue price at which coal can be speculatively sold has re- 
sulted in the opening up of temporary and inefficient bituminous 
mines, called in the industry " snowbirds " or "wagon mines." These 
temporary and uneconomical mines now secure part of the inadequate 
number of cars allotted by the railroads to the coal industry. They 
have none of the usual loading facilities, and the cars are often 
held at such mines days in the process of loading when a properly 
equipped mine could load them in a few minutes. The operation of 
such mines curtails production and is an economic waste at this 
time. 

Experience has shown that in the United States the normal bal- 
ance in transportation which brings about a maximum of produc- 
tion with maximum economy occurs when out of every 100 tons of 
originating freight approximately 56 tons are unmanufactured 
mineral products and 44 are manufactured products, foodstuffs, and 
other commodities, and when of the 56 tons of mineral products 35 
tons are coal. Of these 35 tons of coal the railroads themselves 
consume about 12 tons. 

The present balance of transportation is a great reduction in the 
proportion of the cars furnished for the transportation of coal. The 
railroads, however, are consuming their full quota of coal, so that 
while under favorable and natural conditions 35 tons of coal would 
be moved, out of each 100 tons of freight, there is now being moved 
very much less coal. The entire coal shortage is thrown upon the 
industries of the country and the domestic users, who, instead of 
having a coal supply equal to two-thirds of the total coal move- 
ment, are reduced to a small and continually diminishing ratio, 
and this in a time when every effort is being made to stimulate the 
industrial effectiveness of the Nation. 

The Commission believes that the coal industry is paralyzing the 
industries of the country, and that the coal industry itself is para- 
lyzed by the failure of transportation. 

The coal problem can not be worked out so long as the railroads 
are permitted to divide and allot traffic; to lay embargoes without 
regard to their immediate effect upon industry or upon the systematic 
distribution of coal; to give priority to the movement of high freight- 
rate commodities, and to use the device of "long haul," 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 17 

During the spring and summer months there should be building 
up in those parts of the country most remote from the coal-pro- 
ducing States stocks of fuel in the hands of industrial consumers, in 
the hands of State institutions, of public-service corporations, and 
domestic consumers. This storage is not now taking place, but it 
must be made during what remains of the summer unless the coun- 
try is to face next winter a most serious and, unless immediately 
corrected, an irreparable situation. 

Whatever remedy may be applied it should be applied as imme- 
diately as possible, for time is passing and no human power can 
supply the factor of time lost. Time is necessary to build up the 
stores of fuel in distant points, and that storage should begin with- 
out the unnecessary loss of an hour. 

The situation in New England is made acute because of the dis- 
ruption and disorganization of barge transportation. The cost of 
the water haul from New York to Boston has been increased from 
50 cents a ton to as high as $3 a ton. From Newport News bi- 
tuminous coal is paying $3.50 to $4 per net ton instead of the normal 
of 70 to 90 cents to New England. 

On the Great Lakes it was the custom for ships which carried grain 
and ore down the Lakes to carry cargoes of coal up to the Northwest. 
During the summer of 1916 many ships which brought down ore and 
wheat went up the Lakes in water ballast, taking no coal. Thus they 
made three round trips earning high rates on freight one way during 
the same time that would have been consumed in making two round 
trips carrying cargoes both ways. This practice was pronounced in 
the late summer and autumn of 1916, and the result was so serious 
that when navigation opened this spring the Northwest was facing 
an actual coal famine. This evil condition has already begun this 
year, and if persisted in the coal famine which threatened that part 
of the country in the winter of 1916-17 will be an actual coal famine 
in the winter of 1917-18. 

The serious condition as to anthracite at the present time is not 
a matter of production. It is rather the fact that anthracite at the 
present moment is being diverted from its ordinary use and storage 
to compete with and take the place of bituminous coal and coke in 
the industries. Frequent embargoes also disorganize well-laid plans 
for prudent distribution and encourage the diversion of the anthra- 
cite from its proper and normal channels. 

The serious conditions with respect to bituminous coal are unneces- 
sarily curtailed production and a wildly fluctuating market in which 
speculation feeds upon panic. 

The serious aspect as to the country at large is the immediate 
and intolerable hardship laid upon industry and transferred in large 
.105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1—2 



18 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

part to the public in increased prices and the future hardship which 
will fall upon the domestic consumers next winter. 

All sorts of processes of manufacture are now struggling under the 
costs which they are compelled to pay for fuel. They are in the 
open market bidding for a share in an inadequate supply of fuel. 
That supply is inadequate because it is unnecessarily 'limited by 
transportation conditions. The prices of coal to railroads and other 
large consumers have generally increased from 100 to 150 per cent, 
while prices to small consumers have often increased as much as 
200 to 400 per cent, and in some cases even more. Since coal enters 
into practically every manufactured product, these abnormal prices 
serve to fix a false basis for the price structure in every industry. 
The high prices and uncertainty as to coal supply are embodied in 
contracts and prices for substantially everything, and are a prime 
cause for the inflation which is so rapidly growing into a national 
menace. 

The public-service corporations of the country are in perhaps the 
most critical condition of any class of coal consumers, except the 
general public. 

The increased fuel cost in secondary manufacturing processes and 
in commerce can be and is passed on to the consuming public in the 
form of higher prices. The prices are not only raised to meet present 
unheard-of fuel prices, but in contracts for future delivery a factor 
of safety is put in to cover further expected speculative increases in 
fuel prices. 

The municipal public-service corporations, on the other hand, gen- 
erally have their rates fixed by their franchises or by law, and fuel 
is the largest factor in their cost of operation. Already applications 
are being made to municipalities and State utilities commissions ask- 
ing for increased traction fares and for increased rates for electric 
current and for gas. If these increases are granted it means that 
another item of this tremendous cost will be passed on to the public. 
If these increases are not granted, then many municipal public-service 
corporations whose present rates are based on a fair rate in relation 
to their investment will be crushed under the unjust burden. 

The steam railroads themselves are basing their arguments for a 15 
per cent increase in freight rates in large part upon the increased cost 
of their fuel, and any increase, if granted, will be passed on to the 
public. 

The Commission has been appealed to by State institutions whose 
custom it is to make contracts for the winter's fuel in the early 
summer. Some report that they can not even secure bids at this 
time. Wise provision for the wards of the States is impossible. 

Our predecessors in this world war have had to solve the fuel prob- 
lem which lies at the base of every military and industrial activity. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 19 

They have tried various experiments and their failures and successes 
may well guide us in our search for a solution. In England the Gov- 
ernment took complete control of the coal mines after less radical 
methods of regulation failed. The French Government has divided 
France into three coal zones in order to equalize distribution, and 
the Government becomes the sole vendor. On May 2, 1917, the 
Russian Provisional Government took over all the coal mines of that 
country with a view to control coal distribution and prices. Soon 
after the outbreak of the war Germany took measures to still* further 
centralize and control the whole coal industr}?- of the Empire under 
Government administration. The Italian Government imports all 
the coal brought into the country and acts as a clearing house for its 
distribution. 

All the nations at war have relieved coal miners from military duty, 
urging that their greatest service to the State can be performed by 
remaining at their regular employment. Already in this country the 
ranks of the miners are being seriously depleted by enlistment. 

Many remedies have been urged upon the Commission. Govern- 
ment ownership or at least Government operation is argued by many, 
but perhaps the most common is the suggestion that the Government 
fix prices at the mines. This suggestion has been carefully considered 
and it seems clear that unless a uniform price is fixed each ton of coal 
will have to be followed through to the consumer lest any given ton be 
retailed at a price based upon the price fixed for the highest cost mine. 

If a uniform price were fixed many mines will be shut down 
unless the price is high enough to make the highest cost mine profit- 
able. Such a price, in operation, might be found unfair as to the 
public and especially as to the railroads. No remedy will be effective 
that does not include constant employment to labor and at fair 
wages; maximum production of all equipped mines; fair profits to 
all mine owners; and prompt, equitable, and economical distribution 
to all consumers, both domestic and industrial. 

If inefficient mines are closed, so releasing miners to fill the gaps 
in the ranks of the fully equipped collieries, this shortage can be 
repaired. It should not be permitted to again become a serious 
menace to maximum production. 

It would seem that steady employment, fair compensation to labor 
and capital, equitable distribution, and stable prices could be secured 
by pooling all coal and coke production in the hands of the Govern- 
ment. 

If the producer at each mine were paid his full cost of production 
with allowance for depletion, maintenance, upkeep, and all the 
usual items, and to this were added a fixed and uniform net profit per 
ton, with due regard to quality, the coal thus produced at widely 



20 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

varying costs, if pooled, could be sold through the Government at an 
average and uniform price, quality considered, which would be en- 
tirely tolerable to the consuming public, and a price much lower than 
could be fixed if an effort were made to fix a uniform price to the 
producer. 

Such a method would require careful supervision as to economical 
operation, but this task and the expense involved in performing it 
will be very small in proportion to the net saving gained to the Nation. 
As a matter of practice, many large contracts are being made on a 
basis of cost of production plus an agreed profit. 

The pooling of coal in the hands of a Government agency would 
still be ineffective either as to distribution or as to the promotion 
of a maximum of production unless similar control extended over all 
means of transportation, both rail and water, and to meet this the 
pooling of railroads and boat fines is clearly indicated. The rail- 
roads of the country, if operated as a unit and on Government 
account, could be used to transport coal and other products by the 
most direct route to their point of destination, and the efficiency 
of the roads themselves, and of existing rolling stock and of motive 
power would be vastly increased. 

Our allies and Germany all require the railroads not already 
Government-owned to be operated as a unit and on Government 
account, and the allies have officially stated that one reason for being 
certain of victory was that transportation had been reorganized and 
perfected. 

For the purpose of operation the several railroad lines and systems 
and inland and coastwise water transportation of the United States 
would, under the plan here suggested, lose their identity and could 
be coordinated into a unit for efficiency and economy. 

All receipts from all rail and water transportation agencies being 
pooled in the hands of the Government, and all expense of operation 
paid from the common fund, each individual company should be 
paid a just compensation which might be measured by the average 
annual net profit and expenditure for maintenance and betterments 
for the five-year period prior to the war. 

The operation both of the mines and of the transportation agencies 
could be carried on by the present employees and officials, and after 
the war they could be returned unimpaired to private operation. 

The rolling stock of railroads, operated as a unit, could be mobilized 
so as to care for the shifting seasonal demands. 

In view of the foregoing the Commission recommends : 

First. That the production and distribution of coal and coke be 
conducted through a pool in the hands of a Government agency; that 
the producers of various grades of fuel be paid their full cost of pro- 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 21 

duction plus a uniform profit per ton (with due allowance for quality 
of product and efficiency of service). 

Second. That the transportation agencies of the United States, 
both rail and water, be similarly pooled and operated on Government 
account, under the direction of the President, and that all such 
means of transportation be operated as a unit, the owning corpora- 
tions being paid a just and fair compensation which would cover' 
normal net profit, upkeep, and betterments. 

In this report the Commission has not gone into the fullest of detail 
as to its accumulation of data and testimony. Considerable data, 
however, are added hereto. The Commission has a great amount of 
other material which has already been correlated, and a vast amount 
is in hand which quickly can be brought into form. More is being 
gathered every day, and as it has come in it is cumulative and sup- 
ports the data already in hand and the recommendations made 
herewith. 

The Commission desires to call to the attention of Congress that 
this information and the services of the Commission and its experts 
are available to the committees of Congress for detailed amplification. 

Joseph E. Davies. 
William B. Colver. 
John F. Fort. 

June 19, 1917. 



I concur as to the findings of fact in the report, and also in the 
recommendation that the production and distribution of coal and 
coke be conducted through a pool in the hands of a governmental 
agency. 

I concur with the view that even the above would be ineffective 
unless Government control extended over all means of transportation 
of coal and coke; but I can not concur with the view that this should 
be brought about by pooling all transportation agencies in the 
United States, both rail and water, on Government account, "the 
owning corporations being paid a just and fair compensation, which 
would cover normal net profit, upkeep, and betterments." The 
adjustment of claims for " upkeep and betterments/' besides com- 
pensation for the use of the property during the war, would be so 
difficult and such a tremendous task that this plan should be adopted 
only as a last resort, and before it is given a trial I recommend that 
during the war the President be authorized to order rail and water 
transportation agencies to give preference to shipment of coal, coke, 
and other commodities in the order of their importance to the public 
welfare. 



22 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Under the act of Congress approved August 29, 1916, the President, 
in timQ of war, is empowered, through the Secretary of War, to take 
possession and assume control of any system or systems of trans- 
portation, or any part thereof, and to utilize the same, to the exclusion 
as far as may be necessary of all other traffic thereon, for the transfer 
or transportation of troops, war material and equipment, or for such 
other purposes connected with the emergency as may be needful or 
desirable. 

Wm. J. Harris, Chairman. 

June 19, 1917. 



REPORT ON 

ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS 

COAL SITUATION 



23 



ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 

The Commission desires to mention as especially contributing to 
the preparation of this report Messrs. Walter Y. Durand, David L. 
Wing, Richard W. Gardiner, Robert H. Vorfeld, D. Paul Smelser, 
William F. Notz, A. R. Peterson, S. S. Kalisher, Johann G. Ohsol, 
Ellery B. Gordon, Leroy C. Floyd, W. B. Home, Charles F. Fuller, 
Raymond Richards, and John W. Adams. 
24 



BEPOfiT ON ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL 

SITUATION. 



SUMMARY. 



This summary gives the principal facts required in answer to 
Senator Calder's resolution as to anthracite coal, adopted by the 
Senate April 30, 1917 (S. Res. 51, 65th Cong., 1st sess.), and in 
answer to Senator Hitchcock's resolution adopted June 22, 1916 
(S. Res. 217, 64th Cong., 1st sess.). 

The present conditions in the anthracite industry and the outlook 
for anthracite; the impossibility of solving the anthracite problem 
without action by Congress that will at the same time cure the pres- 
ent evil conditions in the bituminous industry and in transportation ; 
anthracite royalties; the panic conditions and prices in the anthracite 
trade last fall and winter; the response to the question of the justifi- 
cation of the price increases in May, 1916, in relation to the wage 
agreement of that date; and the bituminous coal situation — these are 
the principal subjects discussed. 



PRESENT CONDITIONS AND THE OUTLOOK FOR ANTHRACITE. 

RESPONSE TO SENATOR CALDER's RESOLUTION. 

The present report and the interim report to the Senate under date 
of May 4, 1917 (S. Doc. No. 19), contain the pertinent information 
on the anthracite industry thus far obtained and digested by the 
Commission, including data on the quantity of anthracite produced 
in 1916 and probable output for 1917. Information is also given on 
the cost of production by the larger companies and certain of the 
smaller companies in 1916. In so far these reports answer in part 
Senator Calder's resolution (S. Res. 51) of April 30, 1917, but full 
answer of the resolution will require further investigation, particu- 
larly as to the disposition of the coal output. 

TEMPORARY EXPEDIENTS OF THE COMMISSION FOR SECURING MOD- 
ERATION OF ANTHRACITE PRICES. 

For the protection of the anthracite-using public in the coming 
winter it is necessary that there should be now a large production 
and a rapid distribution of domestic sizes of anthracite coal at reason- 
able prices. Now that the country is at war, it is coming to be 
recognized by many in the trade that the private consumer of anthra- 

25 



26 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

cite should be assured a fair distribution of the supply and at prices 
which will yield only a reasonable return for the various services 
performed in its production and distribution. 

The Federal Trade Commission, cooperating with the trade to 
make this sentiment effective, has been doing all that it can, with 
limited powers, toward securing these results. Beginning in May, 
the Commission is requiring weekly from anthracite operators whose 
prices were not already voluntarily stabilized at moderate levels a 
statement of the prices at which they are accepting orders. As a 
temporary expedient to secure moderation of prices, it has given the 
trade to understand what it regarded as reasonable maximum limits 
for coal at the mines under present circumstances. 

It was claimed by many of the independent operators that they 
can not successfully carry on production on the basis of the prices at 
which the railroad coal companies ar^ able to sell; and that, there- 
fore, while they sell much of their coal at or near the prices of the 
large companies, the remainder, their a free" coal, must be sold at 
somewhat higher prices in order that they may make a reasonable 
profit on the average of their entire business. With this attitude of 
the smaller operators in view and with the idea of not curtailing the 
supply which the public needs to have these operators furnish, the 
Commission suggested to the trade that it was not unreasonable for 
companies so placed to charge a differential on part of their coal of 
from 50 cents to 75 cents a ton above the stable prices of the larger 
companies. 

Under this temporary plan any producers who are charging prices 
in excess of these very generous limits suggested by the Commission 
are now being subjected to special investigation as to their cost of 
production, and the Commission has announced its intention to 
report publicly by name to the Senate any producers making prices 
that are unreasonable on the basis of their costs. 

It is generally recognized in the jobbing trade that the normal 
margin on which jobbers have transacted their anthracite business 
is from 10 cents to 15 cents a ton for the eastern concerns and per- 
haps 25 cents a ton for the western concerns. The Commission 
believed, and the jobbers generally have concurred, that a maximum 
margin of 20 cents for the eastern companies and possibly 30 cents 
for the western companies would take care of all reasonable costs 
and reasonable profits in the jobbing business under present con- 
ditions; that such margins were, in fact, generous, and that much of 
the business was being done on smaller margins than these. The 
Commission, therefore, as a further expedient, has required all job- 
bers to report weekly their sales of anthracite, with full details of 
the purchase and sales price, from whom and to whom sold, etc. 
The trade has been given to understand that the Commission will 
make public by name in special reports to the Senate any jobbers 
who charge unreasonable profits for their services or who unduly 
increase the number of handlers of coal between the mines and the 
consumer by interbuying and interselling between jobbers. 

As the result of these activities, supported and approved by many 
of the operators and jobbers, the very high premiums for domestic 
sizes of anthracite which obtained in April and May have largely 
been eliminated from the market. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 27 

To secure to household consumers the benefit of lowered wholesale 
prices, it was obvious that the many thousands of retail coal dealers 
would have to be reached in some effective manner. This the Com- 
mission, with its limited powers and limited means, could not hope 
to do on any wide scale. It has, however, sent agents to many 
cities, and by correspondence is seeking information from hundreds 
of dealers against whom complaints of high prices have been received. 
In this work it is securing the comparative tonnage of anthracite 
received this year and last, the cost of the coal delivered at the 
dealer's yard, and the asking prices. 

While this system, if extended widely enough, will give pertinent 
information, the Commission believes that the achievement of real 
relief to the consumer should not be left to the precarious outcome of 
mere powers of investigation and publicity. However, pending 
legislation by Congress, the Commission will vigorously continue its 
work along these lines. 

INTERDEPENDENCE OF ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS INDUSTRIES. 

The Commission's detailed investigation of anthracite conditions 
had progressed further than its investigation of bituminous, which it 
was also engaged upon, with the result that it was in a position to 
undertake effective work on anthracite prices as described above 
before its bituminous investigation was finished. 

It found, however, that no effective check could justly or practi- 
cally be placed on the steam sizes of anthracite coal so long as the 
price of bituminous was going to the exorbitant heights that have 
obtained in the markets since last fall. Thesteam sizes of anthracite 
are used for the production of steam and are substitutes for and in 
competition with bituminous coal. When bituminous coal prices 
are low the steam sizes of anthracite must be sold at competitive 
prices. For years the prices received for anthracite steam sizes 
have not been sufficient to pay the cost of production, so that the loss 
on these sizes had to be covered by higher prices on the domestic 
sizes. Now that bituminous prices are extraordinarily high, the 
steam sizes of anthracite have gone up, though to a less marked extent, 
in sympathy with them. 

As a consequence of this fundamental economic situation, the 
Commission found that while it could do something toward bringing . 
the wholesale prices of domestic sizes of anthracite to moderate 
levels, it could not help the steam size situation so long as specula- 
tion rules in the bituminous industry. This is a much more exten- 
sive problem and one which affects not only domestic users of coal 
in large areas of the country but also the whole fabric of industrial 
production. 

The problems of anthracite and bituminous are essentially identi- 
cal; one can not be handled successfully without the other. Because 
of this the Commission finds that the results obtained as to wholesale 
prices of domestic sizes of anthracite are being minimized by the 
fact that anthracite of these sizes is being used to do the work of 
coke and bituminous coal in industries which have hitherto never 
used anthracite, but which are now turning to it because bituminous 
is higher. Egg and pea coal are thus being sold to industrial plants 
in abnormal quantities. 



28 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Moreover, the proportion of domestic sizes produced has fallen 
off very sharply in May — the month of the Commission's activity in 
curbing the price of these sizes — as compared with the previous 
months of 1917. Domestic sizes (egg, stove, nut, pea) in May 
formed but 61 per cent of the total, as against 66.3 per cent in Jan- 
uary-April. In the case of the railroad coal companies these per- 
centages were 61.6 and 65.5, respectively. In the case of the inde- 
pendent operators, domestic sizes fell from 69 per cent in January- 
April to only 59.2 per cent in May. This appears to indicate that 
the forcing down of the price of domestic sizes has resulted in a 
crushing of these sizes at the breaker to supplv steam sizes. 

The increase of 1,630,000 tons in May, 1917, over April, 1917, did 
not help the domestic supply as much as it should, because only 48.8 
per cent of the increase was in domestic sizes instead of the normal 
66.3 per cent. 

All these things tend to neutralize the efforts of the Commission to 
protect household consumers of anthracite in the United States, and 
show the impossibility of handling the anthracite coal situation sepa- 
rately from the bituminous. 

DEPENDENCE OF BOTH ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS ON TRANSPOR- 
TATION. 

It is one matter to secure sufficient anthracite at reasonable whole- 
sale prices and another matter to secure prompt transportation of the 
coal to its place of use. 

For coal going to the Northwest by way of the Great Lakes, where 
the open season of navigation determines the quantity of coal that 
can be placed in storage at the head of the Lakes for the coming 
winter, prompt transportation is most important. The same is true for 
New England, whose coal must be brought in and stored during the 
season most favorable for transportation both by barge from New 
York and Philadelphia and also by the all-rail routes. If these trans- 
portation facilities are not utilized to full capacity during the next 
few months, serious shortages of coal are almost certain in the New 
England States and the Northwest. 

While partial relief is being afforded by the pooling of bituminous 
shipments under the auspices of the coal-production committee, and 
while similar measures are under consideration for facilitating New 
England water shipments of coal, the transportation problem is much 
larger than this. 

In the anthracite industry, where the initial anthracite railroads 
are identified or affiliated with the larger mining companies, the 
transportation difficulties are less serious than in the bituminous 
industry. With minor exceptions, the car supply for the production 
of coal at the anthracite mines seems adequate. Even in anthracite, 
however, the frequent embargoes on shipments all-rail to New England 
have hampered a normal distribution of tonnage through the rail 
gateways to that territory. Moreover, whatever acceleration may 
be secured in the water movement of anthracite, the present exorbi- 
tant barge rates, which are more than three times the normal, still 
remain to be remedied. 

In bituminous the transportation situation is absolutely funda- 
mental, since the inadequate supply of cars to the bituminous mines 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 29 

is the prime factor in cutting down the production of coal. The 
effect of inadequate car supply in producing a shortage of labor is 
clear, since mines which are furnished cars sufficient only for three or 
four days of work a week can not hope to keep their labor force when 
other industries will employ the men six days a week at the same or 
much more attractive wages. ^ 

It therefore develops that anthracite coal, bituminous coal, and 
the transportation of anthracite coal and bituminous coal form one 
great problem, and must be attacked as one, if the solution is to be / 
found. For this reason the recommendations of the Commission in 
this report go to the whole question. / 

THE PROSPECTIVE SUPPLY OF ANTHRACITE FOR 1917. 

Currency has been given to various allegations of a shortage of 
12,000,000 to 15,000,000 tons in the supply of anthracite that is said 
to be required to meet the coming year's demand. 

It is a common practice among dealers in all lines of trade to cir- 
culate reports of shortages in supply in order to stimulate demand and 
increase business. But it is particularly unfortunate in the present 
time of national crisis for dealers or the press, even with the best of 
intentions, to give currency to such reports which can not he sub- 
stantiated. 

A similar cry of shortage was made last fall, with disastrous re- 
sults to the public. As a matter of fact, the public demand last year 
was unwarranted by any material shortage of supply. Practically 
all the demand for anthracite was met in the course of the year, and 
would probably have been met as needed and without great increase 
in prices if the panic fear of the public had not been played on and 
used by the trade. 

The only condition resulting from the past which affects the future 
supply is the lessened stocks. According to reports from all com- 
panies having any considerable storage facilities, stocks in hands of 
anthracite producers on April 1, the beginning of the coal year, have 
been as follows : 

Stocks 

Apr. 1 — (gross tons). 

1913 3, 891, 711 

1914 5,223,844 

1915 7, 408, 502 

1916 4, 585, 908 

1917 894, 347 

The above shows that stocks on hand at the beginning of the past 
coal year (April, 1916) were about normal and that stocks on hand 
April 1, 1917, indicated a reduction during the year of 3,691,559 tons. 

This 3,691,559 tons represents the handicap with which the 
present coal year starts. There is little question that the production 
during the year can be increased sufficiently to offset the lessened 
stock at the beginning. 

The present spring has been an abnormally late one and has 
undoubtedly resulted in the consumption of a considerable tonnage 
that normally would have gone into stock. But the extraordinary 
demand in April and May of this year can be explained only in part 
by the late spring, and it is the better opinion, held by many of the 
best informed men in the trade, that there is at present in cellars of 
consumers a much greater tonnage than has heretofore been the rule. 



30 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Commercial production of anthracite for the past four coal years 
was as follows, based on statistics compiled by the Anthracite Bureau 
of Information: 

Gross tons. 

Apr. 1, 1913, to Mar. 31, 1914 66, 680, 768 

Apr. 1, 1914, to Mar. 31, 1915 68, 139, 522 

Apr. 1, 1915, to Mar. 31. 1916 71, 332, 976. 

Average for three years 68, 717, 755 

Apr. 1, 1916, to Mar. 31, 1917 67, 776, 589 

These figures show that during the past coal year production was 
3,556,387 tons less than the preceding year (when production was 
abnormally high), and 941,166 tons less than the average of the three 
preceding years. The unusual production of the year ending April 
1, 1916, resulted from the abnormal quantity mined in anticipation 
of possible trouble in the adjustment of the miners' wage scale a 
year ago. 

Disregarding exports and local sales to miners, neither of which 
materially affected conditions, the marketed tonnage by coal years 
was as follows : 



Year ending- 



Production. 



Taken from Added to 



stock. 



stock. 



Marketed 
tonnage. 



Mar. 31, 1914 66, 680, 768 

Mar. 31, 1915 68, 139, 522 

Mar. 31, 1916 71, 332, 976 

Mar. 31, 1917 67, 776, 589 



2, 820, 596 
3,691,559 



1,332,133 
2,182,658 



65,348,635 
65,956,864 
74,153,572 
71, 468, 148 



The above shows that during the past coal year the marketed ton- 
nage was only 2,685,424 less than the abnormal year preceding and 
was over 5,000,000 tons more than 1913-14 and 1914-15. 

The Commission's statement that it expects an increased output 
sufficient to meet the demand for anthracite is based on the authori- 
tative figures it has collected on stocks of producers and upon assur- 
ances from leading anthracite operators and representatives of the 
United Mine Workers of America that this will be a year of unusually 
large production. One of the very large operators stated that during 
1917 his company alone expected to produce 2,000,000 tons more 
than last year. 

The gravest problem will be to prevent the diversion of anthracite 
tonnage from normal use to take the place of unreasonably high- 
priced bituminous coal and coke. 

Bearing upon the supply, statistics are available for the first five 
months of 1917, and a comparison of these figures with those of pre- 
ceding years is significant, especially when taken in connection with 
assurances given for the future months of 1917. The following state- 
ment of commercial production is compiled from statistics collected 
by the Anthracite Bureau of Information: 



Month. 



Average for 

years 
1914-1916. 



1916 



191' 



1917 against 
average of 
1914-1916. 



1917 against 
1916. 



January . . 
February. 

March 

April 

May 

Tot:. 



Gross tons. 
5, 297, 894 
4, 722, 557 
5, 455, 782 
5, 752, 191 
5, 928, 133 



Gross tons. 

5. 884. 350 
5, 696, 306 

6. 127. 351 
4, 528, 784 
5, 547, 899 



Gross tons. 
5, 940, 725 
5, 178, 432 
6,989,075 
5, 592, 299 
6, 917, 525 



Gross tons. 
+ 642, 831 
+ 455, 875 
+1,533,293 
— 159, 892 
+ 989, 392 



Gross tons. 
+ 56, 375 
- 517, 874 
+ 861,724 
+ 1,063,515 
+ 1,369,626 



27, 156, 557 



27, 784, 



30,618,056 



+3,461, 



+2,833, 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL, 31 

The important figures in the above statement are the 2,833,366 tons 
increase in the five-month period of 1917 over the same period of 
1916, and the 3,461,499 tons increase in the five months of 1917 over 
the average of the iive months for the three years 1914-1916. 

The coal year, beginning with April 1, 1917, is the real period to 
consider with reference to this year's supply. April, 1917, shows an 
increase over April, 1916, of 1,063,515 tons. May shows the remark- 
able increase of 1,369,626 tons. April and May, the first two months 
of the new coal year, show an increase of 2,433,141 tons, or 24 per cent, 
over the corresponding months of 1916. 

These increases for January to May, it should be remembered, are 
increases beyond a 1916 period of abnormally high production and 
indicate that the present year's output will be unprecedented. 

The great essential to the realization of this production is the 
recognition by the Government that men engaged in mining and mine 
clerks should be exempt from military service. 

The increase in demand, so far as it is real, has arisen from the 
diversion of domestic anthracite to industrial use in competition with 
bituminous and coke, and from the natural increase in consumption 
due to the gradually increasing population. The tendency of popula- 
tion toward apartment houses in which steam sizes are used onsets 
to a degree the effect of increased population. Enactments by 
Congress of legislation that will lead to relief from the bituminous 
situation will remove much of the abnormal demand for domestic 
sizes of anthracite for industrial use and help restore the anthracite 
trade to the ordinary channels. 

There has undoubtedly been an immense artificial demand for 
anthracite this spring. Thousands of householders who normally do 
not buy till fall have this year poured in their orders in April and May. 

A fair consideration of all the factors here mentioned, noting in 
particular the very great increase in production already shown by the 
first two months of the new coal year, together with the prospect 
of such continued increase and the indication of unusual quantities 
in storage by consumers, contradicts reports of any prospective 
shortage of anthracite, provided the bituminous and coke production 
is increased sufficiently to take care of the demands properly belong- 
ing to those fuels, thus conserving anthracite for its normal uses. 

NECESSITY OF NEW LEGISLATION. 

The Commission's consideration of the whole problem leaves it 
face to face with the conclusion that the results thus far obtained 
in the moderation of wholesale prices of domestic anthracite can not 
be held, much less carried through the retail dealer to the consuming 
public, unless Congress promptly takes far-reaching action. What 
can not be accomplished in the arJthracite industry with present lim- 
ited powers certainly can not be accomplished in the bituminous 
industry which is much more extensive, and in which transportation 
is so vital. 

BRITISH GOVERNMENT'S CONTROL OF COAL MINES. 

In this connection a statement of the methods of the British Gov- 
ernment in handling the coal problem in war time is pertinent. 

For some three months the British Government has controlled all 
the coal mines in the United Kingdom. 



32 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

The owners operate the mines. All dividends paid to stock- 
holders of mining companies and other distribution of profits must 
be approved by the Government. 

All wage agreements entered hito between operators and mine 
workers must be approved by the Government. In the Welsh mines 
wage scales have been adjusted principally with regard to the selling 
prices of coal, and to some extent with regard to the cost of food and 
living expenses. In the northern fields, wage agreements have been 
principally adjusted with respect to the cost of food and living 
expenses. The cost of food and other necessities of living has 
advanced 94 per cent since the war began. 

To arrive at a maximum or "limitation" price for coal, to the 
average prices for coal which were received by any producing com- 
pany tor its fiscal year ending either December 31, 1913, or June 30, 
1914, has been added 4 shillings (about $1) per ton. No advances 
in these prices can be made unless the advances are approved by the 
board of trade. Since the first "limitation" prices were made 
effective, the board of trade has authorized one advance, amounting 
to 2 shillings 6 pence (about 60 cents), per ton. "Limitation" 
prices are confined to consumption within the British Isles, or domes- 
tic consumption. The Admiralty is paying at present 24 shillings 
per gross ton, which is an advance of 4 shillings per ton above the 
pre-war prices. 

Army requirements, navy requirements, and all other Government 
industries, including munition plants and railroads, are given priority 
in the distribution of coal and in the allotment of coal cars. The 
railroads are still receiving the best grades of coal, and it is being sup- 
plied largely by mines which formerly supplied it to them. 

In order to arrive at the basis for war taxes or excess profit taxes, 
each producer of coal was permitted to report profits for any two of 
the three calendar years, 1911, 1912, or 1913. The profits for the 
two years selected were added together and divided by 2. The 
result so obtained has been deducted for the profits of each coal 
producer for each year during the war, and any profit earned over and 
above the figure so arrived at is subject to a 50 per cent excess profit 
tax. The years 1912 and 1913 were the two most profitable years in 
the history of the British coal industry. 

When the war began there were about 1,000,000 mine workers in 
England. Two hundred and forty thousand of them promptly 
enlisted. Production of coal became so curtailed that the Govern- 
ment tried to return some of the enlisted men to the mines, but only 
between 15,000 and 20,000 men were sent back. No mine worker in 
Great Britain can now enlist in the Army or Navy unless his enlist- 
ment is certified to by local tribunals which have been formed in each 
district. These tribunals are composed of mine workers, operators, 
and Government officials. When it became known that mine workers 
would not be enlisted, men employed in other trades, in stores, and in 
various other occupations sought employment in the mines. This 
class of men has been largely drafted into the Army and Navy 
through the district tribunals. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 33 

REGULATION OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF COAL IN GERMANY 

DURING THE WAR. 

The syndicate agreement of the Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndi- 
cate, one of the largest and most powerful combines in Germany, 
expired on November 30, 1915. 

For many months prior to this date, conferences were being held 
by the members of the syndicate for the purpose of renewing the 
syndicate agreement without, however, reaching any satisfactory 
result. Certain large interests held out, it is alleged, because they 
expected a big boom in the coal industry after the close of the war, 
and wanted more leeway* than they could have under a syndicate 
agreement which would allot the output and fix prices. 

Fearing that the dissolution of the coal syndicate would result in 
high prices and would seriously affect economic conditions, the Im- 
perial Federal Council on July 12, 1915, issued a decree which pro- 
vided that — 

Unless up to September 15, 1915, at least a temporary agreement be made which is 
to run till the end of March, 1917, the Landeszentralbehorden (State central authori- 
ties) shall combine the owners of coal and lignite mines into compulsory producing 
and distributing companies. Prices are to be fixed by the general meeting of the 
members. A Government commissioner is to be a member of these compulsory 
combines with certain veto rights. 

As a result of this action of the Government all the recalcitrant 
mine owners immediately agreed to a renewal of the Rhenish-West- 
phalian Coal Syndicate and a new agreement was made to run till 
March 31, 1917. 

The above decree of July 12, 1915, was amended on August 30, 
1915 (see Reichsgesetzblatt, 1915, No. 113, p. 535 fol.), and provides 
in substance as follows : 

Article I. The imperial chancellor is authorized to combine the owners of coal 
and lignite mines, generally, for certain districts or for certain kinds of mining 
products, without their consent, into companies, whose duty it shall be to regulate 
the production and distribution of the mining produce of the members. 

Sec 5. Prices shall be fixed by the assembly of members. The first scale of fixed 
prices requires the sanction of the imperial chancellor, who is authorized to reduce 
the prices agreed upon. Motions to increase the fixed selling prices require the acqui- 
escence of more than 70 per cent of all votes. In case motions to reduce the fixed 
selling prices are voted down, there being a minority vote of 30 per cent of all votes, 
the imperial chancellor decides whether the prices shall be reduced. 

Sec. 6. Government-owned mines are not subject to these regulations regarding 
quantities and prices. 

Sec 7. The imperial chancellor has supervision of the company. He is authorized 
to be represented by a proxy at the meetings of the company who has an advisory vote. 

The proxy has the right to object to resolutions in violation of the laws, by-laws, or 
public interest. The imperial chancellor decides whether such objections are justi- 
fied. In case r esolutions are objected to as being contrary to the public interest, the 
imperial chancellor, prior to giving a decision, shall consult with an advisory com- 
mittee of representatives of the mine owners, miners, coal trade, industry, agriculture, 
and railroads. 

Sec 8. Whoever, contrary to the provisions of this decree does not turn over mining 
products to the company shall be punished by a fine up to 100,000 marks. 

Art. III. The imperial chancellor shall not place Article I of this decree into execu- 
tion in case more than 97 per cent of the mine owners combine within a period to be 
determined by the imperial chancellor. 

Art. VI. This decree ceases to operate two years after conclusions of peace. 

105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1 3 



34 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

ANTHRACITE ROYALTIES. 

The matter of royalties charged by landowners to anthracite 
operators is already serious and is growing more so. 

Leases are frequently made upon a sliding scale so that whenever 
there are increases in sale price, even if forced by increase in such 
operating expense as labor and supplies, the landlord exacts an 
increased royalty per ton. In other words, his gains increase with 
the tenant's expense. 

At each expiration of a lease efforts are made to exact an increased 
royalty and as the operator has large investment which would be 
substantially lost if he were to lose his tenancy, he is forced to submit. 

These heavy exactions levy hundreds of millions of dollars upon 
operators and are by them transferred to the public. The landlord 
performs no service whatever. He possesses a natural resource and 
as growing population makes demand more pressing he increases his 
levy upon the public, 

Whether the system had a foundation in justice and equity or not, 
it is certain that it has now reached a point of development that 
makes it a public hardship and a burden upon both miner and mine 
operator as well as upon the consuming public. 

The Commission believes that this is a matter worthy of the most 
careful study. 

PRICES AND GROSS MARGINS OF PROFIT IN THE ANTHRACITE 
INDUSTRY IN THE FALL AND WINTER OF 1916-17. 

The inquiry into prices and gross margins of profit of producers, 
jobbers, and retailers of anthracite during the unusual market condi- 
tions in the fall and winter of 1916-17 was undertaken by the Com- 
mission on its own initiative. Following the spirit of the Hitchcock 
resolution, it covered the extremely high prices that developed sub- 
sequent to the adoption of that resolution. The results of the inquiry 
also serve to answer, in part, Senator Calder's resolution of April 30, 
1917. The questions considered are the causes of the high prices 
and the extent to which producers, wholesalers, and retaners took 
advantage of panic conditions to unreasonably increase their gross 
margins. 

GENERAL CONDITIONS OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND. 

The commercial production of anthracite for the past coal year — 
i. e., April 1, 1916, to March 31, 1917— was 67,776,589 gross tons, or 
about 5 per cent less than the very large production of the year 
before, and 1^ per cent less than the average of the three past years. 
Though small in proportion, this shortage had marked effects. 

Authoritative labor statistics were secured for the first nine months 
of this period (April to December, 1916) for the railroad coal com- 
panies and seven independents, and may be regarded as representative 
of the whole industry. These statistics indicate the drawing off of 
some 13 per cent of the total labor supply from the mines^ The loss 
in miners' laborers alone, who went largely to industries paying 
higher wages, particularly to munition factories, reached from 26 per 
cent for the railroad coal companies to 38 per cent for the seven hide- 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 35 

pendents. In spite of this and of some shortage of cars, the commer- 
cial production of the anthracite field for the nine months fell off only 
8 per cent, and for the full coal year, as stated it fell off only 5 per 
cent. (For the calendar year 1916 complete statistics, courteously 
furnished in advance by the Pennsylvania State Department of Mines, 
covering all companies in the field, indicate a decrease of 10.1 per 
cent in all labor and of 23.7 per cent in miners' laborers; and a de- 
crease of 2.3 per cent in man-days worked. Yet the calendar year 
commercial production in 1916 fell off only two-thirds of 1 per cent, 
and the total production, including fuel used at the mines, fell off 
less than \\ per cent.) 

From these facts it is clear that great credit is due to the miners and 
to the mining companies. Apparently the remaining labor force, 
though working only eight hours a day instead of nine, was more 
efficient and the companies managed their operations so as to pro- 
duce the maximum possible under the difficulties encountered. 

MARKET SHORTAGE ONLY 3 J PER CENT. 

Except for the efforts of the miners and the operators and except 
for the 3,691,000 tons that the railroad coal companies were able to 
furnish from storage, the supply available for the market. would have 
been seriously short. As it was, for the entire coal year 1916-17 the 
supply sent to market from the mines and from storage combined was 
71,468,000 tons, or only 3J per cent less than in 1915-16. In fact, 
it was greater than the average supply marketed for the three pre- 
ceding coal years by 4 per cent. Conditions of supply, therefore, 
though accompanied by an increase in real demand, could not alone 
have produced the acute crisis nor have caused the panic prices that 
prevailed last fall and winter. 

" BUYING PANIC" THE CHIEF CAUSE. 

The difficulty lay rather in the local shortages in the consuming 
markets. Anthracite could not be had at the times, at the places, 
and in the quantities demanded by the dealers and the public. This 
market demand, though representing in part an increase in real need 
for anthracite, was largely the result of artificial and psychological 
conditions. The precipitation of demand in September and October 
by the imminence of a nation-wide railroad strike, the inability of 
the dealers to promptly supply this concentrated demand, and 
"scare" articles in the newspapers predicting a coal "famine," and 
"$12 to SI 5 coal," brought on a market crisis more serious than any 
since the strike of 1902, when there was an actual cessation of mining 
for four months. 

TRAFFIC CONDITIONS AND SHIFTING OF MARKETS. 

The congestion of railroad traffic and frequent embargoes resulted 
in delayed deliveries. In the case of seven representative New 
England markets reports from 22 dealers selected at random indicate 
no great delay in transit on the bulk of the tonnage in September 
to December, 1916, as compared with April to August. On the 
Boston & Maine road an anthracite embargo was an important 



36 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

factor in November. Average transit time of anthracite on seven 
roads from Buffalo to Chicago during November and early December 
varied from 7 to 15 days. In Detroit reports indicate marked delay; 
in April to August only 5 per cent of the tonnage covered was in 
transit over 20 days, but in September to December, 33 per cent 
took over 20 days. The diversion of coal barges in the New England 
service and of freight vessels on the Great Lakes to the carriage of 
more profitable freight threw a still heavier burden on the all-rail 
routes. 

Probably the most serious difficulty occasioned by shifting of 
markets resulted from the Erie Railroad diverting to the West a large 
part of the tonnage its subsidiary mining companies normally sold in 
New York City and New England. This gave the railroad a longer 
freight haul on the coal. Realizing the serious effect of this policy, 
these interests, beginning with June, 1917, are to some extent increas- 
ing their shipments to eastern territory. 

PANIC DEMAND. 

All these difficulties embarrassed the distribution of coal, but they 
could probably have been successfully met in most markets except 
for the panic demand. 

The majority of the dealers investigated in the different markets 
covered by the Commission's agents received nearly as much or even 
more anthracite than normally. Dealers who had not stocked large 
tonnages in the summer found that the artificial demand, intensified 
in periods of severe weather and local shortage, took the coal almost 
as fast as it came in. 

The panicky condition of the market throughout the fall and 
winter indicates the fear of the public when it believes its supply of 
this necessity will fail. 

PRICES AND COSTS OF THE RAILROAD COAL COMPANIES. 

To some extent the railroad coal companies followed the market 
upward in this crisis. Their basic circular prices in effect on domestic 
sizes in September were raised by them during the fall and winter of 
1916-17 in certain territories. Beginning in October and November, 
their circular prices f. o. b. the mine for all-rail shipment to New 
England were raised 10 cents per gross ton, except by one company. 
Circular prices for coal alongside Boston Harbor delivered by its 
own barges were increased by one company in October 45 cents 
per gross ton on prepared sizes and 60 cents on pea coal. Several 
other railroad coal companies effected an increase of from 25 to 50 
cents per gross ton in prices at Boston Harbor by increasing their 
barge rates, and one company increased rates by $1.50 or more, 
though ''company" barge rates were not nearly so high as the rates 
of independent vessels. The normal "company" rate was formerly 
about 50 cents per ton, which there is reason to believe may have 
been below the cost of the barge service rendered. 

In December, 1916, or January, 1917, circular prices, delivered 
f. o. b. cars at Chicago and certain markets in that territory, were 
increased 25 cents per gross ton on prepared sizes, but these increases 
are explained as the tardy shifting to the purchaser of a corresponding 
increase in freight rates which had been borne by the mining com- 
panies since July, 1915. In November one company raised its cir- 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 37 

cular prices f. o. b. cars at Buffalo 25 cents per gross ton on stove coal 
and 15 cents on chestnut, and another company made the same 
increases in December. 

Some of the railroad coal companies operating wholesale trestles 
increased their trestle prices in certain markets by 25 cents a ton on 
all sizes, beginning in November or December, 1916. This increase 
was alleged to cover a greater loss from degradation due to a greater 
breaking up of the coal when dumped into empty pockets. 

These various increases were small as compared with the premiums 
charged by many independents and jobbers, but they applied to very 
large tonnages. On steam sizes, which are commonly not covered 
by circular, the railroad coal companies advanced prices for the 
tonnage not under contract. 

On domestic sizes no sales were made by the railroad coal com- 
panies above the circular prevailing at the time of sale. But by no 
means all of the railroad coal reached the retailer at circular. Part 
of it reached him by way of the jobber, and much of this was at premium 
prices. Some of the railroad coal companies, at a time when they 
were supplying retail customers with less than normal tonnage, 
furnished favored jobbers with even more tonnage than in 1915. 
However, no case was found in which the railroad coal company or 
its officers shared in the premiums obtained by the jobber, except in 
one minor instance as to a subordinate officer. 

On the whole, the railroad coal companies were a moderating and 
stabilizing factor in the market. 

Their production from April to December, 1916, was within 1 per 
cent of that for the corresponding period, and throughout the tall 
and winter they supplied large tonnages from storage, 

So far as the price increases above referred to were made before 
December 31, 1916, they are included in the comparison of costs and 
sales receipts in the next section of this report in the response to the 
Hitchcock resolution. It should be stated, however, that a com- 
parison of the costs of nine of the railroad companies (those secured 
by months) shows that on the average there was no increase of costs 
in the period September-December, 1916, as compared with ilpril- 
August, 1916; nor in December, 1916, as compared with September, 
1916. Costs were not secured for 1917, but judging from the large 
tonnage produced up to April 30 of this year, the Commission believes 
that costs per ton did not increase from January to April. 

It may be further noted that the larger coal companies since 
December 31, 1916, have increased their quoted prices on the steam 
sizes. These sizes have heretofore been sold at a loss, in competition 
with bituminous coal, which loss has been covered by high prices for 
domestic sizes. It is obvious that, if costs remain the same, a 
reduction for any considerable period in the loss on steam sizes by 
the realization of higher prices therefor would enable the companies 
to lower the price of domestic sizes without lowering their profits 
from the total business. 

PRICES AND COSTS OF INDEPENDENT PRODUCERS. 

Many of the independent operators took advantage of the crisis to 
charge exorbitant prices, often increasing their prices $1, $3, and in 
some cases $5 a ton. Some of the independent producers sold a con- 
siderable part of their coal at circular to regular customers, and a 



38 ANTHRACITE AKD BITUMINOUS COAL. 

few perhaps sold entirely at circular; but a large part of the inde- 
pendent coal was sold at stiff premiums, and some 01 the independent 
producers practically auctioned their coal to the highest bidder, 
the price changing from day to day and even from hour to hour. 

Some instances came to the attention of the Commission in which 
independent producers arranged to ''split" premiums with particular 
jobbers. The producer sold to the jobber at circular prices, allowing 
him a commission, and then received from the jobber half of all 
premiums secured by him. Such arrangements appear to have been 
intended to supply the jobber with a larger and more profitable 
tonnage to sell, in return for his finding the highest possible market 
and sharing the premium. 

The records of eight important independent producers, including 
the two independents covered in the next section of this report, in 
answer to the Hitchcock resolution, were examined by the Commis- 
sion for the period from September to December, 1916. For the 
eight companies a comparison of their average costs accepted as 
comparable, with then average sales receipts indicates that their 
margin increased 40 cents per ton during the four months. If all 
the costs had been accepted as they stood on the books, their margin 
would still have increased 35 cents. 

When formerly the railroad coal companies under the perpetual 
"65 per cent contracts" purchased the total output of many mines, 
the coal so purchased was sold at circular, but these contracts having 
been abrogated by the Supreme Court as in restraint of trade, the 
coal from these independent mines has often been sold by its pro- 
ducers at high premiums in the recent crisis. In the last four months 
of 1916 coal purchased by the railroad coal companies from inde- 
pendents under short -time contracts fell off about 300,000 tons, or 
38 per cent. 

The total production of anthracite by all independent operators 
in April to December, 1916, fell off 9 per cent as compared with the 
same months of 1915. 

PRICES AXD GROSS MARGINS OF JOBBERS. 

The speculative transactions of jobbers were the most striking 
feature of the panic market. As a class they took full advantage of 
the abnormal demand. Some frankly stated that they were ''out 
to make all the money they could." The majority averaged double 
or treble their normal gross margins of profit, and a number averaged 
five or six times the normal margin. In the eastern markets indi- 
vidual sales were frequently made by jobbers at gross margins of 
$4 to $6 a ton, instead of the ordinary eastern margins of 10 cents to 
15 cents. 

Coal was often sold by one jobber to another. In a random selec- 
tion of 142 high premium purchases by retailers, 56 were found to 
have passed through the hands of more than one jobber. A number 
of these shipments passed through as many as three or four hands, 
and one through five hands, each jobber generally taking a large 
profit. Sometimes the same coal went through the same jobber's 
hands twice. 

No doubt, the normal costs of the jobbing business were somewhat 
increased by prevailing conditions. The credit risk taken by the 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 39 

jobbers was greater, although, in many cases he required the retailer 
to pay cash in advance. There was risk of direct losses if the market 
should fall, and some instances of losses as high as $1.50 per ton were 
found by the Commission. But giving all due weight to those con- 
siderations, it is obvious that the jobbers, with few exceptions, made 
unreasonable profits out of the necessities and fears of the dealers 
and the public. 

The jobber does not unload or store the coal nor deliver to the 
dealers ' wagons from a storage pocket as a wholesaler or dock com- 
pany does. He performs no physical service. In a market like the 
recent one, he is primarily a speculator. 

PRICES AND GROSS MARGINS OF RETAIL DEALERS. 

Retail dealers who had large stocks of coal purchased in the summer 
at circular, or who received sufficient current shipments from railroad 
coal companies, had an opportunity to raise their prices and make 
large profits. In some cases advantage was taken of this opportunity, 
while in others it was not. Retailers who were forced to purchase a 
large proportion of premium coal, or to pay extremely high rates 
($2 to $3 per gross ton) for transportation of coal in " independent" 
barges, as in New England, raised their prices; in some cases the 
increase was unduly large, in others only a corresponding increase 
was made, while in a few cases the increase was not sufficient to 
prevent loss. In many instances it appears that losses on certain 
classes of business, especially on contracts, were offset by increased 
margins on household sales. 

High premium coal, though not a large proportion of the total sales 
of anthracite, had an undue effect on retail prices. The individual 
retailer often used the premium prices he paid for part of his coal as a 
pretext for charging high prices on all his coal. Again, in some com- 
munities there was a tendency for all the dealers, those receiving low- 
priced coal as well as those receiving premium coal, to sell to the con- 
sumer at uniform prices high enough to give a profit to the dealer who 
had been compelled to pay the highest prices for his supply. 

PREMIUM COAL. 

The total percentage of premium coal — that is, coal purchased at a 
yard cost price greater than circular price plus normal transportation 
charges — handled by 52 dealers in New England (not including Boston) 
amounted to 34 per cent of the total anthracite purchased by these 
dealers. For six selected cities in other sections of the country the per- 
centage of premium coal handled by the dealers covered was highest 
for Chicago (24 per cent), Niagara Falls (16 per cent), and New York 
(12 per cent). For Detroit, Buffalo, and Milwaukee each it was 
less than 1 per cent. 

INCREASES IN COST. 

In cities where dealers delivered anthracite in ton lots or less, in 
order to distribute the current supply fairly among those customers 
in most immediate need of it, the cost of the additional delivery 
service involved increased to some extent their normal cost of doing 
business, but, speaking generally, the price increases more than offset 
all increases in cost, including labor and .supplies. 



40 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

VARIED INCREASES IN GROSS MARGINS IN DIFFERENT MARKETS. 

The Commission secured approximate gross margins from September 
to December, 1916, on the various classes of business and sizes of coal 
handled by representative anthracite retailers in various markets, 
covering from 20 to 75 per cent of the total tonnages handled in those 
markets. 

On the basis of rough averages, the dealers covered in Chicago, 
and in southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island, very largely 
increased their gross margin during the last four months of 1916, often 
increasing it by as much as $1.50 or $1.75 per net ton over the normal 
margin; those covered in New York City, Detroit, Niagara Falls, 
Boston, and in the region from Portland, Me., to Lawrence, Mass., 
took less marked advantage of the crisis, mostly increasing their 
margins by not more than 75 cents or $1 per net ton; those covered 
in central Massachusetts and Connecticut increased their gross 
margins only moderately; and the retailers covered in Minneapolis, 
St. Paul, Milwaukee, and Buffalo did not unduly raise their prices. 

No detailed inquiry was made in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and 
Washington because the normal price levels were not increased to 
any marked extent in those cities last fall and winter. 

On account of high rates on water routes, New England received 
more coal all-rail in April to December, 1916, than in the same period 
of 1915, the all-rail tonnage increasing from 3,916,771 to 4,112,214 
tons. 

QUALITY OF ANTHRACITE. 

Many complaints have been received as to the quality of anthracite 
shipped during the crisis and now being shipped, and apparently the 
pressure of demand has caused the producing companies to be less 
strict in enforcing their private standards of quality. The Commis- 
sion believes that, if feasible, Federal standards of quality maintained 
under a Federal inspection service would be beneficial to the anthra- 
cite producers and to the public and thinks it desirable that the 
Bureau of Standards and the Bureau of Mines consider the feasibility 
of a system for maintaining reasonable and practical standards, 
with a view to recommending any legislation that may be found wise. 

SPECIFIC REPLY TO THE HITCHCOCK RESOLUTION REGARDING 
PRICE INCREASES OF LEADING PRODUCERS OF ANTHRACITE 
IN 1916. 

Replying specifically to Senate resolution 217, Sixty-fourth Con- 
gress (Senator Hitchcock), June 22, 1916, which inquired regarding 
price increases of leading producers of anthracite and particularly 
whether or not wage increases in May, 1916, justified the subsequent 
price increases, the Commission reports as follows: 

The grounds alleged by operators for the price increases in the 
early part of 1916 were principally increased cost of labor under the 
wage agreement, effective April 1, 1916, but also increases in cost of 
supplies, in expense involved under the Pennsylvania workmen's 
compensation act, etc. The point to be determined in answer to the 
Hitchcock resolution is whether the increase in prices was justified 
by the increase in costs. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 41 

Thirteen companies — the only ones having an annual production 
of 1,000,000 tons or over — were covered in this part of the investiga- 
tion. These companies produced 79 per cent of the total commercial 
production of anthracite in 1916. Eleven of them, producing 76 per 
cent of the annual total, are " railroad coal companies" — i. e., rail- 
road companies directly engaged in mining, or mining companies 
directly or indirectly controlled by railroads. Two are "inde- 
pendents" — i. e., companies not affiliated with the railroads. 

BASIS OF COST COMPARISONS. 

The period covered is from 1913 to 1916, affording a comparison of 
costs under the wage agreements of 1912 and 1916. 

In the comparisons the Commission has not used the total costs as 
shown by the companies' books but only the operating costs and 
certain items of general expense. Without exhaustive analysis, it 
felt justified in accepting these costs as comparable for the purpose of 
answering the Hitchcock resolution. These costs " accepted as com- 
parable" include the most important items cited by the companies 
as causing higher costs. The Pennsylvania tonnage tax (Dawson 
Act) was not collected from the operators because of a suit brought 
by them testing its legality. The tax was declared unconstitutional 
on May 10, 1917, and will never be paid, though the operators, in 
substance, charged the tax to their customers. This item has been 
omitted from the " Costs accepted as comparable." 

The chief items reserved by the Commission for further analysis 
are the tonnage tax, extraordinary repairs, improvements, stripping, 
general office expense, and selling expense. The book entries under 
these items are important in the aggregate, and show some increase as 
between the two periods. Unusual amounts expended in 1916 by 
some companies for extraordinary repairs and similar items should 
apparently be distributed over a period of years instead of being 
charged against 1916 alone. Such items can not be accepted as they 
stand for comparison with 1913. 

The costs considered are for fresh-mined coal only. The small pro- 
portion of "washery" coal, recovered at relatively slight expense 
from culm banks, is not included in the averages. 

The costs per ton are computed on the total fresh-mined tonnage 
produced by the 13 companies and include coal of all sizes sold by them 
at the mine during various months from April to December, 1916, at 
prices ranging from about 20 cents to $5.20 per gross ton, according 
to sizs, the average sales receipts for all sizes f. o. b. the mine being 
$3.24 per gross ton. 

INCREASE IN COST. 

In terms of the average of the 13 companies the increase over 1913 
in operating costs and in items of general expense accepted by 
the Commission as comparable was 28 cents per gross ton. Sub- 
stantially all of this increase occurred after April, 1916. The average 
increase in direct labor cost was 15 cents; in supplies, 2 cents; 
in comparable items of general expense, 11 cents, which includes 
increases of 4 cents for the workmen's compensation act, 3 cents for 
taxes other than the tonnage tax, 1 cent for heat, light, and power, 
1 cent for royalties, and 2 cents for other items. 



42 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

In addition to these increases in costs accepted as comparable, the 
companies' books show a further average increase of 8 cents a ton 
in the items reserved by the Commission for further analysis, includ- 
ing 2J cents increase in the tonnage tax. A considerable part of 
this additional increase was due to unusual expenditures in 1916, the 
cost of which, as has been pointed out, should apparently be dis- 
tributed through several years in order to make a proper comparison 
with 1913. 

GREATER INCREASE IN RECEIPTS. 

In the period from 1913 to 1916 the actual average sales receipts 
of the 13 companies f. o. b. the mine increased on the average 46 
cents per gross ton, or 18 cents per ton more than the increase in the 
costs accepted as comparable. 

This increase in margin would still have been as high as 10 cents 
per ton, even if all the costs as they stand on the companies' books, 
including the reserve for the unpaid tonnage tax, had been accepted 
as comparable i and would have been as high as 12 J cents if all costs 
except the tonnage tax had been accepted. A full analysis of all the 
items, not possible in the time spent on the books, would probably 
show that the actual increase in margin was as high as 15 cents. 

HIGH-COST AND LOW-COST COMPANIES. 

The 5 companies whose costs were above the average of the 13 
sustained an increase in comparable costs over 1913 which averaged 
33 cents; and the 8 who were below the average of the 13 sustained 
an increase averaging 25 cents. Against these increases in costs 
accepted as comparable, the increase in average sales receipts for the 
high-average group was 45 cents per gross ton and for the low- 
average group 47 cents. The highest-cost company had comparable 
cost increases amounting to 60 cents, while its average receipts 
increased 44 cents. This company was not, however, one of the 
largest. The lowest-cost company had increases in comparable costs 
amounting to 5J cents, while its average receipts increased 37 cents. 

CONCLUSION IN RESPONSE TO HITCHCOCK RESOLUTION. 

Comparing 1913 with April to December, 1916, the average increase 
in margin of the 13 companies investigated was, as stated, about 15 
cents per gross ton. These companies sold 41,780,000 tons of fresh- 
mined anthracite in the last nine months of 1916 for a total sum of 
$135,450,712, on which an increased margin of 15 cents a ton would 
amount to $6,267,000. 

The increase in prices, as measured by a comparison of the average 
sales receipts, was not justified by the increase in costs; whether 
the prices themselves were reasonable or unreasonable, on the basis 
of the profit they afforded on the investment, remains to be deter- 
mined by fuller investigation. 

It is clear that the increase in labor cost alone did not justify the 
price increases. The average increase of direct labor cost was only 
15 cents a ton, of indirect labor cost (included in general expense) 
probably not more than 3 cents a ton, making the total average labor 
cost increase about 18 cents, as against the average increase of 46 
cents in sales receipts, though other items brought the increase in 
costs accepted as comparable up to 28 cents. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 43 

VALUATION OF COAL-MINING PROPERTIES. 

As regards production, it is difficult to determine the actual cost 
of the investment of the coal-mining companies. This or any other 
basis that may be used in judging the reasonableness of prices at the 
mines requires careful investigation and study. Moreover, the finan- 
cial affairs of the railroad coal companies and of the railroads that 
control them have in many cases been intermingled. Substantial 
control of mining and transportation of anthracite by the same or 
closely affiliated interests (contended by the Government to be a 
violation of law) means that a real understanding of the facts can not 
be reached without an investigation of the costs and profits of pro- 
duction and transportation combined. The Interstate Commerce 
Commission is engaged in making a valuation of the railroads of the 
country, including the anthracite roads. A study of the investment 
and value of the coal properties of the anthracite railroads in con- 
nection with the Interstate Commerce Commission's valuation of their 
railroad properties, and with the full investigation of economic condi- 
tions in the mining of anthracite, will furnish the information needed 
to determine reasonable prices for this commodity at the mines and 
reasonable rates for its transportation in interstate commerce. 

In the distribution of anthracite by the trade a wider range of condi- 
tions must be taken into account than in its production and trans- 
portation. The fundamental principle, however, is clear. The sys- 
tem of handling from the mines to the consumer should be such as to 
provide economy of cost, reasonable prices, and in times of shortage 
a fair distribution of available tonnage. How far these public ends 
are attained by the trade in normal times and what extent of change 
may be necessary in order to attain them is a matter for further study 
and report. Certainly the trade absolutely fails to attain them in 
times of stress. 

BITUMINOUS COAL SITUATION. 

For several years prior to 1916 it was a matter of general knowledge 
that the bituminous coal industry in the United States was in an 
unsound condition. In this basic industry, so necessary to the indus- 
trial life of the country, conditions had developed so that it was de- 
moralized financially, wasteful methods of mining resulted in the 
permanent loss of millions of tons of coal that could have been saved 
otherwise, the existing mines through lack of demand were kept idle 
from one-fourth to one- third of the working time, with consequent 
hardship to labor. 
; On August 18, 1916, the House of Representatives passed a resolu- 
tion (H. Res. 352, 64th Cong.) introduced by Congressman Rainey, 
which called attention to the foregoing conditions, and directed the 
Federal Trade Commission to make inquiry into the conditions in the 
production and distribution of bituminous coal and to report the facts 
to Congress with recommendations. 

RESOLUTION SUBMITTED BY ME. RAINEY AUGUST 18, 1916. 

House resolution 352, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session. 

Whereas it is alleged that unfair methods of competition are widely practiced 
in the bituminous coal-mining industry of the United States ; and 

Whereas it is alleged that in consequence thereof the industry in many dis- 
tricts has been demoralized financially and numerous operating companies 
have been forced into receiverships ; and 



44 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Whereas it is also alleged that in consequence thereof some 200,000,000 tons 
of coal are permanently lost to the Nation each year by unwise and improvi- 
dent methods of mining; and 

Whereas it is further alleged that in consequence thereof some 500,000 em- 
ployees at the mines are kept idle from one-fourth to one-third of the work- 
ing time, with much ensuing hardship and loss to themselves and those de- 
pendent upon "them ; and 

Whereas such conditions, if existing in the bituminous-coal industry, vitally 
touch the interests and welfare of the public as a whole: Therefore be it * 
Resolved, That the Federal Trade Commission be, and is hereby, directed to 

begin and make inquiry immediately into the conditions in the production and 

distribution of bituminous coal and to report the facts to Congress with 

recommendations. 

The Commission at once began such inquiry. In view of the work 
necessitated by inquiries into other industries also directed by Con- 
gress, and the limited funds and force avail able ; it has not been able 
as yet to complete the extensive investigation required in the bitumi- 
nous coal industry. 

Bituminous coal is produced in commercial quantities in about 30 
States. In many of the States the coal lies in several distinct fields. 
The coal is mined under a large number of different conditions — 
which vary from field to field and mine to mine. It is of many dif- 
ferent qualities — suitable for different uses, such as steam making, 
gas making, blacksmi tiling, and for coke. Some coal has such valu- 
able qualities that it can profitably be transported to different 
markets, other coal must be used in localities near the mines. 

The United States Geological Survey has estimated the production 
of bituminous coal in 1916 at 509,000,000 tons, about three-quarters 
of it coming from Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Illinois, and Ohio, and 
the remaining quarter from some 26 other States. As near as can be 
estimated, about 5,000 producers are engaged in mining coal for 
commercial purposes. 

To answer the questions raised by the Rainey resolution, and 
report the facts to Congress with recommendations, has necessitated 
a comprehensive study embracing the principal fields and markets, 
in order to obtain the facts covering conditions of production and of 
distribution. The work on production requires a study of mining 
methods, the production of coke and utilization of by-products, 
efficiency of management, the conditions involved in the necessary 
size of the operation, whether on a large or small scale, the natural 
advantages and disadvantages of different fields, such as physical 
conditions under which the coal must be mined, thickness of seam, 
good or bad roofs, occurrence of water and gas in mines, quality of 
coal, accessibility to markets, railroads, freights, etc.; the cost of 
production in different fields, including the investment required, cost 
of mining, the depreciation, etc. ; the cost of coal land in fee, or coal 
royalties paid on leased lands; the questions of necessary coal reserves 
of operating companies; and the ownership of undeveloped coal lands. 
Inquiry is also required into the question of irregularity of operation, 
and its effect on labor conditions, and into the question of eliminating 
preventable waste in the mining of the Nation's coal resources. 

The distribution of bituminous coal is made over almost the entire 
country, and considerable quantities go also into the export and the 
bunkering trade. This involves a study of the present methods of 
selling coal, the principal markets for the different fields, the character 
of demand for different kinds of coal from different fields, including 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL, 45 

variations in demand from seasonal and other causes ; the transporta- 
tion problems involved in getting the coal from the mines to the point 
of consumption, the functions of the wholesalers, commission men, 
and retailers in distributing the coal to consumers, and the affilia- 
tions of producers with certain classes of consumers, such as railroads 
and other public utilities, and with industrial consumers. 

While this inquiry directed by the Rainey resolution has been in 
progress, conditions in the bituminous industry have changed radi- 
cally. The Commission, taking cognizance of this change, directed 
that special inquiry be made at once into the causes of the extraor- 
dinarily high prices of bituminous coal, and the difficulty and 
delay in obtaining supplies thereof, to the end that immediate reme- 
dial action could be recommended to Congress. 

In accordance with this direction, such inquiry was at once given 
precedence in the work on bituminous coal. A report on the results 
of this inquiry, with suggestions for remedial action which should be 
taken, was transmitted to the House of Representatives on May 19, 
1917. 

Further information, both along the lines of the inquiry called for 
by the Rainey resolution, particularly into the actual cost of pro- 
ducing coal in different fields, and along the line of the inquiry into 
immediate and intolerable conditions relating to present transporta- 
tion difficulties, high prices, and unwarranted speculative activities 
in bituminous coal, is being actively sought by the Commission. 



ANTHRACITE COAL REPORT. 



CHAPTEE I. 
BRIEF SURVEY OF ANTHRACITE INDUSTRY. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The Federal Trade Commission, under two resolutions of the 
Senate, has made investigations into the anthracite coal industry. 

Senate resolution 217, Sixty-fourth Congress, first session, intro- 
duced by Senator Hitchcock and adopted June 22, 1916, was as 
follows : 

Resolved, That the Federal Trade Commission be, and it is hereby, requested 
to make an immediate investigation into the operations and accounts of the 
leading companies producing anthracite coal for the purpose of ascertaining 
the facts concerning the recent increase in the price of anthracite coal and re- 
port the same to the Senate during the present session of Congress if possible. 

Resolved, That the Commission be requested to include in its report a showing 
'of the relation between the cost of labor and the price of anthracite coal 
prior to said increase and at the present time. 

Senate resolution 51, Sixty-fifth Congress, first session, introduced 
by Senator Calder and adopted April 30, 1917, was as follows: 

Resolved, That the Federal Trade Commission be, and it is hereby, requested 
to report to the Senate at the earliest possible moment all information obtain- 
able relative to the anthracite coal industry in the United States, and to 
include in its report a statement of the amount of coal produced during the 
year 1916 and the probable output during the year 1917. 

Resolved, That the Commission be requested also to investigate and report 
to the Senate the cost of mining anthracite coal and the disposition of the 
anthracite coal supply during the years 1916 and 1917 as compared to previous 
years. 

In response to these resolutions there follows herein a brief account 
of the anthracite coal industry of the United States; a statement of 
the anthracite production of 1916 and of the probable output for 
1917, together with facts bearing on the question of a shortage of 
anthracite for the present coal year; a study of the price increases 
made by leading producers of anthracite following the wage agree- 
ment of May, 1916, and of the relation of those price increases to 
the increased cost of production, particularly the increased cost of 
labor on account of the agreement ; and a study of the unusual market 
conditions and extremely high prices of anthracite in the fall and 
winter of 1916-17, including an account of the causes of those con- 
ditions and the extent to which producers, jobbers, wholesalers, and 
retailers of anthracite took advantage of conditions to increase their 
profits at the expense of the consumer. 

47 



48 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



This report answers in full the questions raised in Senator Hitch- 
cock's resolution and supplies the data requested in Senator Calder's 
resolution so far as gathered and digested up to the present time. 

Section 1. Location of Anthracite Fields. 

A high degree of concentration of ownership of a limited natural 
resource located in a restricted area is the outstanding feature of 
the anthracite industry. With this localized production and the 
widespread demand for the output, the transportation of anthracite 
is a very important factor. 

With insignificant exceptions the only deposits of anthracite of 
commercial value in the United States underlie an area of 484 square 
miles (309.760 acres) in the northeastern part of Pennsylvania, dis- 
tant by rail at the nearest points 90 miles .from Philadelphia, 145 
miles from New York, and 265 miles from Buffalo, 

In the trade the anthracite field is divided into three regions — 
the Wyoming, embracing 176 square miles in the northern part of 
the field; the Lehigh, 45 square miles in the eastern part; and the 
Schuylkill, 263 square miles in the southern and western part. 

Scranton and Wilkes-Barre are the principal cities of the Wyom- 
ing region, Hazleton of the Lehigh, and Pottsville of the Schuylkill. 

Section 2. Production — Quantity Produced. 

The entire output for the calendar year 1916, as shown by advance 
data obtained through the courtesy of the Pennsylvania Department 
of Mines, was 78,273,790 gross tons, as against 79,801,523 tons for 
1915. 

The classification of the 1916 production, as between quantity 
shipped out of the mining region, quantity used for fuel by the pro- 
ducing companies, and quantity sold to employees and to the local 
trade, was as follows : 



Calendar year 1916. 



Gross tons. 



Shipped... ! 68, 007, 295 

Sold locally - | 1,873,468 

Total commercial production 

Used at mines in production 



i 69,880,763 
i, 393, 027 



Total production. 



. 273, 790 



Per cent. 



86.9 
2.4 



10.7 



100.0 



The total commercial production (coal shipped and coal sold 
locally) was 69,880,763 gross tons, or 89.3 per cent of the total output. 

The consideration of the commercial production for the coal year 
ending March 31, 1917, and of that from April to December, 1916, 
with reference to the shortage of anthracite during those periods, is 
taken up elsewhere in this report. (See pp. 57 and 87.) 

Railroad coal companies. — By far the largest part of the coal de- 
posits in the anthracite fields is owned or controlled by the anthra- 
cite railroad companies or their affiliated mining companies. Like- 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 49 

wise they produce a heavy percentage of the output, though their 
percentage of production is less than their percentage of control of 
deposits because of the large reserves they hold. 

The anthracite railroad companies and their principal producing 
companies operating in these fields are as follows : 

Railroad companies. Anthracite producing companies. 

m rw„ ™ s tt^c,™ r^* /The Delaware & Hudson Co. 

The Delaware & Hudson Co ( The Hudson Coal Cq 

Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Delaware, Lackawanna & Western 

R. R. Co. 1 R. R. Co. 

t?t.i-o t? t? rv, (Pennsylvania Coal Co. 

Lne R. R. Co iHillside Coal & Iron Co. 

New York, Susquehanna & Western 
R. R. Co. 2 
Lehigh & New England R. R. Co. 3 Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co. 8 

Leh.gh Valley E. E. Co_____. ^KffiS: 

New York, Ontario & Western Ry. Co Scranton Coal Co. 

Pennsylvania R. R. Co Susquehanna Coal Co. 

Northern Central Ry.* 
Reading Co. 6 

Philadelphia & Reading Ry. Co , Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron 

Co. 

The Central R. R. of New Jersey 6 Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co. 

Excluding coal used as fuel in the operation of the mines, the out- 
put of the collieries owned and controlled by the above railroad 
coal companies amounted in the calendar year 1916 to 52,945,573 
gross tons, or 75.8 per cent of the total commercial anthracite pro- 
duction. In addition to the amount thus produced the railroad coal 
companies purchased from independents 2,691,123 tons. Thus the 
quantity which the railroad coal companies controlled for market, 
not counting coal in storage, was 55,636,696 tons, or 79.6 per cent 
of the total commercial production for the year. 

Independents. — There are numerous so-called independent op- 
erators not controlled by the anthracite railroads. The aggregate 
commercial production of the independents, obtained by subtracting 
the commercial output of the railroad coal companies from the total 
commercial production, was 16,935,190 gross tons in 1916, making 
24.2 per cent of the whole. However, as just noted, 2,691,123 tons 
of this was purchased by the railroad coal companies, leaving only 
14,244,067 tons, or 20.4 per cent that was marketed through inde- 
pendent channels. 

Among the principal independent producers are: Thorne, Neale 
& Co. interests (Temple Coal Co., Lackawanna Coal Co., Forty Fort 
Coal Co., Mount Lookout Coal Co., Buck Run Coal Co., and Dark- 
water Coal Co.) ; G. B. Markle Co., Kingston Coal Co., Dickson & 
Eddy interests (West End Coal Co. and Price-Pancoast Coal Co.) ; 
Weston Dodson & Co. interests (Dodson Coal Co., C. M. Dodson Coal 
Co., and Locust Mountain Coal Co.) ; Madeira, Hill & Co. interests 

1 Mines coal direct. 

2 Controlled by Erie R. R. Co. 

3 Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co. controls the Lehigh & New England R. R. Co. 

4 Northern Central Ry. is leased to the Pennsylvania R. R. Co. 

5 Reading Co. controls th£ Philadelphia & Reading Ry. Co. and the Central R. R. of 
New Jersey. 

6 The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co. owns a large portion of mileage of the lines 
operated bv the Central R. R. of New Jersey and has leased this trackage to the Central 
R. R. of New Jersey for 900 years, binding itself to ship 75 per cent of its output over 
the leased trackage. 

105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1 4 



50 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

(Harleigh-Brookwood Coal Co., Thomas Colliery Co., Colonial Col- 
lieries Co., and Wilkes-Barre Colliery Co.) ; J. S. Wentz Co. in- 
terests (Maryd Coal Co., Mid valley Coal Co., Upper Lehigh Coal 
Co., and J. S. Wentz & Co.) : and Pardee Bros. & Co. (Inc.). 

The 65 per cent contracts. — During the period prior to 1912 a large 
number of independents had been selling their output to the rail- 
road coal companies under perpetual 65 per cent contracts. In brief, 
these contracts provided, as to prepared sizes, that the operator 
should sell his coal f . o. b. the mine to the railroad coal company and 
should receive therefor 65 per cent of the average price at which 
the prepared sizes (from the same trade region) sold f. o. b. tide 
points at or near New York Harbor. A lower per cent applied in 
the case of pea and smaller sizes. Contracts of this character cov- 
ered, in 1912, nearly half the tonnage produced by all the independ- 
ents taken together. 

In 1912 the United States Supreme Court directed the canceling 
of these contracts, holding that " they were designed by the anthracite 
carriers as a means of controlling the sale of the independent out- 
put in the market at tidewater points, thereby preventing competition 
with their own coal and as a plan for removing the great tonnage 
controlled by the independents from being used as an inducement 
for the entry of competing carriers into the district." In accord- 
ance with court decrees these contracts, with a few permitted excep- 
tions, had all been abrogated by the middle of 1913. 

As a result of the above decrees the tonnage purchased by the 
anthracite railroads from the independents fell off materially. Some 
independent operators, however, continued to dispose of their out- 
put to the railroad coal companies on the basis of 65 per cent of the 
tidewater prices on agreements terminable by either party on short 
notice. By this arrangement, it is pointed out, they are free, on 
short notice, to market their own coal in case it becomes to their 
advantage to do so, instead of being perpetually bound as before. 

Fee lands and leases*. — The coal fields are largely owned in fee by 
the companies that operate them, but there is nevertheless a con- 
siderable area on which operating companies hold only leases. There 
are many kinds of leases. Some require that all merchantable coal 
in the ground be mined ; some specify the order in which the develop- 
ment of the mine shall proceed ; many provide a different royalty on 
prepared sizes from that on steam sizes. Often the royalty is based 
on a certain percentage of the tidewater price of coal at the time 
the coal is mined. As the leases expire and new ones are made, the 
royalties are practically always increased. Royalties on leases now 
being made are in the neighborhood of 50 cents a ton. 

Section 3. Wage Agreements and Corresponding Price Increases 

Since 1902. 

In spite of the geographical and industrial concentration of the 
anthracite industry, conditions of work in the mines differ much 
because of differences in the pitch of tunnels, the size and direction 
of veins, the proportion of slate and sulphur in the coal, the methods 
of mining, etc. These conditions have necessitated unusually elabor- 
ate systems of differential rates of pay. Under the award of March 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 51 

18, 1903, made by the anthracite strike commission, following the 
strike of 1902, the rates of pay and hours of work have been governed 
by an agreement between the miners and the operators and all dis- 
putes under that agreement are referred to a board of conciliation. 

Under the terms of the award of the anthracite strike commission 
of 1903, there was granted (with certain exceptions as to engineers 
and pump men) a 10 per cent wage increase to all employees and a 
nine-hour day. In addition to the minimum rates thus established a 
sliding scale was introduced by the same award which provided that 
for each increase of 5 cents in the average price of prepared sizes of 
white ash anthracite above $4.50 per ton f. o. b. New York tidewater, 
the employees should have an increase of 1 per cent in their com- 
pensation. If the price fell below $4.50, no corresponding reduction 
in wages was made. This agreement was in effect until March 31, 
1906. 

The agreement of May 7, 1906, reenacted the same rates for another 
three-year term, ending March 31, 1909. 

The agreement of May 29, 1909, again enacted the rates established 
by the original award of 1903, together with modifications introduced 
by the decisions of the board of conciliation. It was further agreed 
that the rates paid for new work should not be less than the rates 
under the strike commission award for old work of a similar char- 
acter. 

The agreement of May 20, 1912, provided for an increase of 10 
per cent over and above the basic rates tiiat had been in effect since 
1903, and abolished the sliding scale. 1 In other respects the 1912 
agreement continued the terms and conditions of the anthracite coal 
strike commission's award and of the agreements of 1906 and 1909. 

The current agreement of May 5, 1916 (retroactive to April 1, 
1916) increased the contract rates of wages 7 per cent over and 
above the rates effective since 1912 and, with a few exceptions, 
changed the nine-hour working day established by the anthracite 
strike commission to eight hours. This agreement is to run until 
March 31, 1920. An emergency wage agreement signed on April 26, 
1917, has been interpolated in the current agreement, and is to run 
until March 31, 1918, when the regular agreement is to be resumed. 
This emergency agreement makes an average increase of about 14 per 
cent in the wages of the men. 

From the above account it is seen that the agreements have in- 
volved wage increases only in the case of the original award of 1903 
four wage increases has been followed by an increase by the opera- 
tors in the price of anthracite. 

Thus at the close of the strike in October, 1902, a uniform f. o. b. 
New York tidewater schedule of monthly prices of domestic sizes 
was put into effect, averaging about 50 cents per ton higher than the 
previous prices. (E. Jones, The Anthracite Coal Combination, p. 
160). From this schedule the summer discounts, which had been in- 
troduced in 1901, were allowed, namely, 50 cents per ton in April, 
40 cents in May, 30 cents in June, 20 cents in July, and 10 cents in 
August. 

x The increase in wages was actually only 5.8 per cent above the wages received in the 
beginnine- of 1912, because the operation of the sliding scale during the nine years since 
1903 had already raised wages 4.2 per cent above the basic rates. (H. Doc. 1442, 62d 
Cong., 3d sess., pp. 24, 28.) 



52 AXTHRACITE AXD BITUMIXOUS COAL. 

The April discount was omitted in 1906 when operations were sus- 
pended pending the negotiations for the renewal of the wage agree- 
ment. 

In 1912 the summer discounts were suspended for April and May 
pending the new wage agreement. Following its adoption the prices 
advanced about 25 cents per ton. considering the average of all 
sizes. (House Doc. 1442. 62d Cong., 3d sess.. p. 33.) 

In 1916 there was likewise an increase in price following the wage 
agreement. This increase and the extent of its justification is 
treated in full in Chapter II. together with certain other price in- 
creases made in 1916. 

Section 4. Distribution. 

Railroad coal companies. — The production of the railroad coal 
companies is generally distributed by their own selling organizations. 
There is a notable absence of any large number of middlemen such 
as intervene between the producer and the consumer in many lines of 
trade. Under normal conditions the greater portion of coal produced 
by the railroad coal companies is sold to the retailers direct, a rela- 
tively small portion being marketed through jobbers. 

The Philadelphia & Heading Coal & Iron Co., the Susquehanna 
Coal Co., the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., and the Lehigh & 
T\ llkes-Barre Coal Co. maintain sales agencies of their own which 
sell principally to retailers direct. The Lehigh Valley Coal Co. 
and Coxe Bros. & Co. (Inc.) market their product through the 
affiliated Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co., while the Delaware. Lacka- 
wanna & Western Railroad Co. sells its output to the Delaware, 
Lackawanna & \Vestern Coal Co. These coal sales companies sell 
principally to retailers direct and are so closely identified, both in 
finance and management, with the producing companies that they 
may be regarded rather as selling departments of the latter than 
as separate wholesalers. 1 

The Scranton Coal Co. markets its production through Dickson & 
Eddy, of Xew York, while the Pennsylvania Coal Co. and the Hill- 
side Coal & Iron Co. sell their output through 'Williams & Peters, 
also of Xew York. Dickson & Eddy and Williams & Peters main- 
tain various branch offices and sell this coal on a commission basis, 
principally to retailers direct. The Hudson Coal Co.. which pur- 
chases and prepares at its breakers the mine production of the Dela- 
ware & Hudson Co.. sells entirely at the mines. Its coal is bought 
principally by wholesalers located in different parts of the country, 
except for about 1.700.000 tons bought annually by certain other 
railroad coal mining companies. A considerable quantity of the 
steam sizes is also sold direct to manufacturers and to other rail- 
roads. 

The principal branch offices of the selling departments of the rail- 
road coal companies are at Xew York. Boston. Xew Haven. Provi- 
dence. Philadelphia, Baltimore. Albany. Utica. Syracuse. Eochester. 
Buffalo, Montreal. Cleveland, Detroit. Chicago, Milwaukee, and 

1 The Delaware. Lackawanna & "Western Railroad Co. owns a large controlling interest 
of the capital stock of the Delaware. Lackawanna & Wpstern Coal Co. Originally the 
stockholders of the Lehigh Vallev Coal Sales Co. and the Lehigh Valley Railroad Co. 
were practically identical. The 'Lehigh Vallev Railroad Co. owns all of the capital 
stock of the Lehigh Valley Coal Co. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 53 

Minneapolis. From these points sales agents canvass their desig- 
nated territories. The companies sell to the retailers direct through 
these agents, who generally are paid on a salary basis. Thus the 
retailers have the opportunity to purchase coal from the railroad 
coal companies at a price to which has been added the expense and 
profit of but one selling department. 

Independent producing companies. — Several of the independent 
producing companies maintain sales agencies, which sell to the re- 
tailers direct and, at times when the market is dull, or in a feverish 
demand, to jobbers (because the jobber is in a position to obtain 
more for the coal than the independent producer). The greater 
number of independent producing companies, however, market 
their coal through jobbers on a commission basis. Generally 
the independent producing companies which contract with selling 
agencies and jobbers to market their entire production on a com- 
mission basis require that he coal be sold at the best market price 
while the selling agency or the jobber is to receive a stated sum per 
ton, usually 15 cents on prepared sizes and 10 cents on steam sizes. 
The independent producer is generally not concerned as to whether 
his sales agent sells to retailers direct or to jobbers. He asks that he 
receive a return commensurate with the best market prices. 

A few independent producers do not contract with sales agencies 
or jobbers for the marketing of their coal, but sell outright to various 
jobbers and retailers. From week to week they sell to different firms, 
disposing of their product to the highest bidders. Generally these 
producers sell to jobbers for the reason that their own selling organi- 
zations are not extensive enough to reach the retailers. 

Some of the independent producing companies sell their entire out- 
put to the railroad coal companies f. o. b. the mine. This coal is 
marketed by the latter in the same manner as the railroad coal. 

Jobbers. — The trade has applied the term " jobber '•' to any firm not 
a coal producer which sells coal by the carload or barge load. How- 
ever, concerns such as Williams & Peters and Dickson & Eddy, which 
are sole selling agents of the railroad coal companies they represent, 
are not called jobbers. The selling agencies of the independent pro- 
ducers are commonly included in the term jobber. The jobber does 
not physically handle the coal he buys and sells. He simply finds a 
buyer and reconsigns to him the bill of lading for coal on the car or 
in the barge. 

The sources of the jobber's supply of coal are (1) independent pro- 
ducing companies for which he is the sales agent; (2) railroad coal 
companies which have contracts with him for the sale of certain 
quantities, usually of broken or of the steam sizes, or which sell him 
other coal that he is supposed to resell to the retailers at not more 
than 10 cents above circular prices; (3) independent producing com- 
panies which have no selling agencies but sell him outright; and (4) 
other jobbers and sales agencies. There are a number of jobbers 
whose supply is drawn chiefly from other jobbers and sales agencies. 
A few principal jobbers maintain branch offices in different parts of 
the country. The greater number of jobbers, however, supply the 
local trade only. 

Local wholesale trestle and dock companies. — The wholesale trestle 
and dock companies differ from the jobbers in that they physically 



54 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

receive, store, and reload the coal, selling it either in carload lots 
to outlying dealers or in wagon-load lots to local dealers. In Buf- 
falo, Rochester, and Chicago wholesale yards or docks are oper- 
ated, at which the retail distributers purchase their coal, although 
there are some retailers in each of these cities who buy in car- 
load lots shipped from the mines and maintain their own yards. 
In Chicago many retailers with yards of their own purchase 
thus from^ local wholesale companies, while all the 4.000 to 5,000 
k * peddlers,-' or smaller dealers without yards, depend wholly upon 
the wholesale yards or docks for their supply. In each of these cities 
some of the storage trestles are operated by railroad coal companies 
themselves, while others are maintained by local companies. In sev- 
eral instances the wholesale concerns also operate retail distributing 
departments. This is the case in Minneapolis and St. Paul. The 
wholesale business of these two cities and of the large territory tribu- 
tary to Dulutli is in the hands of so-called dock companies, with 
docks at the head of the Lakes, which handle coal largely from rail- 
road coal companies. 

Section 5. Circular Prices and Premium Prices. 

On April 1 of each year it has been the practice of the Phila- 
delphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. to send to the trade a list of prices 
for anthracite. Following this announcement the other railroad 
coal companies publish price lists which quote practically the same 
prices as the Philadelphia & Reading. These prices are known in 
the trade as " circular " or " company " prices. They are the basic 
prices for the following year, and from them are deducted the sum- 
mer discounts, as explained above, of 50 cents for shipments in 
April, 40 cents for May, 30 cents for June, 20 cents for July, and 10 
cents for August, Xormally, the full basic prices which are reached 
in September are maintained until the following April. 

With very few exceptions the sales of the railroad coal com- 
panies are at the circular prices. Sales made during the discount 
months are billed at the price for the month of actual shipment, even 
though the order may have been placed in a month when the price 
was lower. 

Independent producers, however, frequently do not adhere to the 
" company " circular prices. In the summer they generally sell be- 
low "circular 5 ' and in the winter above ; * circular/' Their situation 
is different from that of the large railroad coal companies. If the 
latter are unable to market their entire production in the summer 
they place their surplus coal in storage. The independent producers, 
on the other hand, generally have no storage facilities. Thus, they 
must either sell below the circular prices or curtail production. If 
they can market their entire production at a figure somewhat less 
than the railroad coal companies are asking, they generally prefer 
not to close their mines. 

In winter, however, the situation is commonly the reverse. The 
demand for certain grades and sizes is greater than the supply. The 
supply of the railroad coal companies is not sufficient to meet the 
demands of the retailers. The independent producers are then 
able to sell their coal at prices above the circular. These prices are 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 55 

known as " premium " prices. A few of the independents, however, 
follow the practice of the railroad coal companies and sell to their 
regular customers at circular, summer and winter. 

The present spring and summer have been abnormal in that the 
panic buying of consumers has enabled the independents to secure 
high premiums for their coal, except so far as they have voluntarily 
limited the price charged to conform to their view of other duty in 
the present national emergency. 

Company connections. — It is a common understanding in the coal 
trade that a retailer who purchases his supply at circular in the sum- 
mer months from a producing company or sales agent should receive 
his supply during the winter months at circular from the same source. 
Thus, the retailer who does not go into the market in summer to pur- 
chase coal from other sources at a low figure is generally taken care 
of during the winter at circular prices. Such retailers are said to 
have " good company connections." 



CHAPTEK II. 
ANTHRACITE PRODUCTION IN 1916-17. 

The Prospective Supply of Anthracite for 1917. 

Currency has been given to various allegations of a shortage of 
12,000,000 to 15,000,000 tons in the supply of anthracite that is said 
to be required to meet the coming year's demand. 

It is a common practice among dealers in all lines of trade to cir- 
culate reports of shortages in supply in order to stimulate demand 
and increase business. But it is particularly unfortunate in the pres- 
ent time of national crisis for dealers or the press, even with the best 
of intentions, to give currency to such reports which can not be sub- 
stantiated. 

A similar cry of shortage was made last fall, with disastrous results 
to the public. As a matter of fact, the panic demand last year was 
unwarranted by any material shortage of supply. Practically all the 
demand for anthracite was met in the course of the year and would 
probably have been met as needed and without great increase in 
prices if the panic fear of the public had not been played on and used 
by the trade. 

The only condition resulting from the past which affects the future 
supply is the lessened stocks. According to reports from all com- 
panies having any considerable storage facilities, stocks in hands of 
anthracite producers on April 1, the beginning of the coal year, have 
been as follows: 

Gross tons. 

April 1, 1913 3, 891, 711 

April 1, 1914 5.223,844 

April 1, 1915 7,406,502 

April 1, 1916 4,585,906 

April 1, 1917 894, 347 

The above shows that stocks on hand at the beginning of the past 
coal year — April, 1916 — were about normal, and that stocks on hand 
April 1, 1917, indicated a reduction during the y^ear of 3.691,559 tons. 

This 3,691,559 tons represents the handicap with which the present 
coal year starts. There is little question that the production during 
the year can be increased sufficiently to offset the lessened stock at the 
beginning. 

The present spring has been an abnormally late one and has un- 
doubtedly resulted in the consumption of considerable tonnage that 
normally would have gone into stock. But the extraordinary de- 
mand in April and May of this year can be explained only in part by 
the late spring, and it is the better opinion, held by many of the best- 
informed men in the trade, that there is at present in cellars of con- 
sumers a much greater tonnage than has heretofore been the rule. 
56 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



57 



Commercial production of anthracite for the past four coal years 
was as follows, based on statistics compiled by the Anthracite Bureau 
of Information : 

Gross tons. 

April 1, 1913, to March 31, 1914 66, 680, 768 

April 1, 1914, to March 31, 1915 68, 139, 522 

April 1, 1915, to March 31, 1916 71, 332, 976 

Average for three years 68, 717, 755 

April 1, 1916, to March 31, 1917 67, 776, 589 

These figures show that during the past coal year production was 
3,556,387 tons less than the preceding year (when production was 
abnormally high), and 941,166 tons less than the average of three 
preceding years. The unusual production of the year ending April 1, 
1916, resulted from the abnormal quantity mined in anticipation of 
possible trouble in the adjustment of the miners' wage scale a year 

a g°\ 

Disregarding exports and local sales to miners, neither of which 

materially affected conditions, the marketed tonnage by coal years 

was as follows: 



Period. 



Produc- 
tion. 


Taken 
from stock. 


Added to 
stock. 


66,680,768 
68,139,522 
71.332,976 
6^776,589 




1,332,133 

2,182,658 




2,820,596 
3,691,559 







Marketed 
tonnage. 



Year ending Mar. 31, 1914. 
Year ending Mar. 31, 1915. 
Year ending Mar. 31, 1916. 
Year ending Mar. 31, 1917. 



65,348,635 
65,956,8C4 
74,153,5^2 
71,468,148 



The above shows that during the past coal year the marketed ton- 
nage was only 2,685,424 less than the abnormal year preceding, and 
was over 5,000,000 tons more than in 1913-14 and 1914-15. 

The Commission's statement that it expects an increased output 
sufficient to meet the demand for anthracite is based on the authori- 
tative figures it has collected on stocks of producers and upon as- 
surances from leading anthracite operators and representatives of 
the United Mine Workers of America that this will be a year of 
unusually large production. One of the very large operators stated 
that during 1917 his company alone expected to produce 2,000,000 
tons more than last year. 

The gravest problem will be to prevent the diversion of anthracite 
tonnage from normal use to take the place of unreasonably high 
priced bituminous coal and coke. 

Bearing upon the supply, statistics are available for the first five 
months of 1917 and a comparison of these figures with those of pre- 
ceding years is significant, especially when taken in connection with 
assurances given for the future months of 1917. The following 
statement of commercial production is compiled from statistics col- 
lected by the Anthracite Bureau of Information : 





Average 
for years 
1914-16. 


1916 


1917 


1917 against 

average of 

1914-16. 


1917 against 
1916. 


January 


Gross tons. 
5,297,894 
4,722,557 
5,455,782 
5, 752, 191 
5,928,133 


Gross tons. 
5,884,350 
5,696,306 
6,127,351 
4,528,784 
5,547,899 


Gross tons. 
5,940,725 
5,178,432 
6,989,075 
5,592,299 
6,917,525 


Gross tons. 
+ 642, 831 
+ 455,875 
+1,533,293 
- 159,892 
+ 989,392 


Gross tons. 
+ 56,375 


February 


- 517,874 
+ 861, 724 


March 


April 


+ 1,063,515 
+ 1,369,626 


May 




Total 


27,156,557 


27, 784, 690 


30,618,056 -4-3. 461. 499 


+2,833,366 









58 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

The important figures in the above statement are the 2,833,366 tons 
increase in the five months' period of 1917 over the same period of 
1916, and the 3,461,499 tons increase in the five months of 1917 over 
the average of the five months for the three years 1914-1916. 

The coal year beginning with April 1, 1917, is the real period to 
consider with reference to this year's supply. April, 1917, shows an 
increase over April, 1916, of 1,063,515 tons. May shows the remark- 
able increase of 1,369,626 tons. April and May, the first two months 
of the new coal year, show an increase of 2,433,141 tons, or 24 per 
cent over the corresponding months of 1916. 

These increases for January to May, it should be remembered, are 
increases beyond a 1916 period of abnormally high production and 
indicate that the present year's output will be unprecedented. 

The great essential to the realization of this production is the 
recognition by the Government that men engaged in mining and 
mine clerks should be exempt from military service. 

The increase in demand, so far as it is real, has arisen from the 
diversion of domestic anthracite to industrial use in competition 
with bituminous and coke and from the natural increase in con- 
sumption due to the gradually increasing population. The tendency 
of population toward apartment houses in which steam sizes are 
used offsets to a degree the effect of increased population. Enact- 
ments by Congress of legislation that will lead to relief from the 
bituminous situation will remove much of the abnormal demand for 
domestic sizes of anthracite for industrial use and help restore the 
anthracite trade to the ordinary channels. 

There has undoubtedly been an immense artificial demand for 
anthracite this spring. Thousands of householders who normally 
do not buy till fall have this year poured in their orders in April 
and May. 

A fair consideration of all the factors here mentioned, noting in 
particular the very great increase in production already shown by 
the first two months of the new coal year, together with the prospect 
of such continued increase and the indication of unusual quantities in 
storage by consumers, contradicts reports of any prospective short- 
age of anthracite, provided the bituminous and coke production is 
increased sufficiently to take care of the demands properly belonging 
to those fuels, thus conserving anthracite for its normal uses. 

The following table is based on figures of anthracite production by 
sizes furnished by all anthracite operators, including the smallest, 
and in this respect will differ from the Anthracite Bureau of Infor- 
mation reports, which reflect production in the form of statistics 
covering shipments by all the initial anthracite carriers. Other data 
on the anthracite supply appear in different parts of this report. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS. COAL. 



59 






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CHAPTER III. 

ANSWER TO SENATE RESOLUTION 217, SIXTY-FOURTH CONGRESS, 
(SENATOR HITCHCOCK), JUNE 22, 1916. 

Senate resolution 217, Sixty-fourth Congress (Senator Hitchcock), 
June 22, was as follows : 

Resolved, That the Federal Trade Commission be, and it is hereby, requested 
to make an immediate investigation into the operations and accounts of the 
leading companies producing anthracite coal for the purpose of ascertaining the 
facts concerning the recent increase in the price of anthracite coal, and report 
the same to the Senate during the present session of Congress, if possible. 

Resolved, That the Commission be requested to include in its report a show- 
ing of the relation between the cost of labor and the price of anthracite coal 
prior to said increase and at the present time. 

In specific response to this resolution, there follows a study of the 
price increases made by leading producers of anthracite following the 
wage agreement of May, 1916, and of the relation of those price in- 
creases to the increased cost of production, particularly the increased 
cost of labor. The questions raised in Senator Hitchcock's resolution 
are answered in full in this chapter. 

Section 1. Increases in Circular Prices, January to September, 

1916. 

Circulars issued by the principal railroad coal sales companies have 
been secured showing prices effective in the territorial divisions for 
which prices. are quoted from January to September, 1916, and the 
prices have been arranged in tabular form. For the important com- 
panies not issuing circulars, statements of the prices in effect have 
been obtained. 

The prices for the territorial trade, covered by territorial circulars, 
have been uniform for nearly all railroad coal companies. The few 
exceptions are noted on the accompanying table. 

It is generally known that winter prices in normal years have 
become effective September 1 and remained unchanged through the 
winter until April, when a 50-cent reduction has been made, fol- 
lowed by a 40-cent discount in May, 30 in June, 20 in July, and 10 
in August, the full winter price being again restored in September. 

Tonnage tax. — This rule was slightly varied in the winter season 
beginning September, 1915, not by the change of published prices, 
but on account of the Pennsylvania tax. The prices had, since 1913, 
been made by most companies to include an amount covering the 
Pennsylvania State tax (Roney act) of 2 \ per cent of value at the 
mine. This amount was approximately 10 cents per ton on prepared 
sizes and 5 cents on pea. Those companies whose published prices 
62 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 63 

did not include the tax, added it as a separate item on their bills. 
In considering the prices, for comparison, they have all been put on 
a basis exclusive of this tax. The constitutionality of the tax 
was denied by a decision of the courts, 1915. The Dawson act was 
then passed, to replace the Roney act, and all companies increased 
their prices 10 cents on prepared sizes and 5 cents on pea coal, be- 
ginning January 1, 1916. The Dawson Act was likewise declared 
unconstitutional May 10, 1917. 

Omission of April discount. — The usual April discount of 50 
cents per ton was not announced in April, 1916, due to the uncer- 
tainty of the labor situation at the mines, as explained in more detail 
elsewhere. 

The winter prices were thus kept in effect, the only change being 
in the mine prices of coal shipped to New York tidewater ports 
from Lehigh, Schuylkill, and Wyoming regions. This change was 
brought about in April, not by a change in circular, but by failure 
to change the delivered prices at New York tidewater, following 
changes in freight rates ordered by the Interstate Commerce Com- 
mission. The rates were reduced 10 cents per ton on prepared sizes 
and 5 cents on pea coal; they were raised 15 cents per ton on buck- 
wheat, the mine prices, inversely, increasing 10 cents on prepared 
sizes, 5 cents on pea, and decreasing 15 cents per ton on buckwheat. 
Quoted prices in other territories remained unchanged at this time. 

Increase of basic circular prices in May, 1916. — After the omission 
of the usual April discount and after the adjustment of the labor 
difficulties which were the principal cause of the omission, new cir- 
culars were issued in May, advancing basic prices generally from 15 
to 40 cents a ton on prepared sizes and from 25 to TO cents on pea and 
buckwheat. The usual May discounts of 40 cents per ton from these 
circulars effected a net reduction in most cases from the prices of the 
previous month. Each month thereafter a 10-cent increase was made 
until the full circular was established on September 1. These changes 
were generally the same for all companies in any one territory. 

The circular prices of railroad coal sales companies have been 
tabulated on the basis of f . o. b. mines, showing the principal changes 
from September, 1915, to September, 1916, and the amounts of the in- 
creases. The table is presented below. Abbreviations have been 
adopted for the various companies as follows : 

P. &R. Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. (P. & R. R. R.). 

D. L. & W. Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Coal Co. (D. L. & W. R. R.). 

L. V. C. S. Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co. (L. V. R. R.). 

W. &P. Williams & Peters, sales agents for Pennsylvania Coal Co. and 
Hillside Coal & Iron Co. (Erie R. R.). 

L. & W. B. Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co. (C. R. R. of N. J.). 

S. C. Co. Susquehanna Coal Co. (P. R. R.). 

L. C. &N. Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co. (This company issued no cir- 
culars; prices in effect have been tabulated.) 

D. & E. Dickson & Eddy, sales agents for Scranton Coal Co. (N. Y., O. 
& W. R. R.). 

This table shows that during the period covered the price at the 
mine varied according to the territory into which the coal was to be 
shipped. Such price differentials between territories had been the 
rule for several years, but in the winter of 1916-17 and in May, 1917, 
increases in circular prices were made in such a way as to avoid 
territorial differentials. 



64 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

It should be emphasized that the prices given in the following table 
were the regular " asking " prices of the railroad coal companies. 
Few, if any, sales are made above these prices, but often sales are 
made below them, because of the conditions in the market at the time. 
Many computations of how much the increases in price in May, 1916, 
amounted to on the average of all the sizes have been published in 
the trade press and elsewhere, but these have all had to use these ask- 
ing prices for each size as their basis of calculation in connection 
with the statistics of the proportion of each size normally produced. 
The Commission, however, in section 3, below, presents the exact 
average receipts per ton, by sizes, as taken from the books of the com- 
panies. These figures show the actual results of the business reduced 
to a per ton basis for each size, and are more authoritative than is 
possible for figures based on the methods of computation referred 
to above. Hence the following table of circular prices should not be 
used for the purpose of determining actual average selling prices or 
the increase in the same. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



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70 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Section 2. Causes Alleged in Justification of Increase in Cir- 
cular Prices in January, April, and May, 1916. 

The increase in circular prices which was made on January 1, 1916, 
was attributed by some of the operators to the workmen's compensa- 
tion act of Pennsylvania, effective on that date, while other operators 
attributed it to the Pennsylvania State tax of 2^ per cent of the 
f . o. b. mine price. 

The omission of the customary discount in April, 1916, constituted 
a price increase which the operators alleged was justified by the 
uncertainties arising from the inability of the operators and miners 
to reach an agreement. 

Many causes were advanced by the operators for the increase in 
circular prices in May, 1916. Assuming that all increases in cost of 
production which had taken place prior to the spring of 1912 were 
fully covered by the price increases made in May of that year, only 
the increases made in the last four years need to be reviewed here. 

Much publicity has been given to the wage increase of May 5, 1916, 
as a reason for the price increases made shortly after that date. How- 
ever, increased labor cost, though the principal item, is not the only 
reason assigned by the operators for the advance in prices. 

Among the general causes of increased costs during this period 
the operators alleged the increased cost of supplies, the increasing 
quantities of water, rock, and gas which have to be removed in deeper 
mining, and the decreasing proportion of prepared sizes. Among 
the specific causes urged were increased taxation during the last few 
years, the workmen's compensation act of Pennsylvania, effective 
January 1, 1916, and, most important of all, the wage increase of 
May, 1916. 

Supplies. — In the long list of mining supplies used, explosives, 
round timber, rails, mine car axles, steel-wire rope, castings, copper 
wire, copper rivets, sheet steel, cast-iron pipe, cement, brattice cloth, 
harness goods, and mules were usually mentioned by the operators 
as having increased greatly in price between May, 1912, and May. 
1916. The full increase in cost of explosives falls on the companies, 
their agreement with the miners providing a flat rate for explosives 
used. 

Deeper mining. — It was pointed out by the operators that deeper 
mining becomes necessary as upper coal beds become exhausted. 
Water constantly has to be removed from the mines, and the quantity 
reaches, in some collieries, as much as 25 tons of water for each ton of 
coal mined, increasing as lower beds are worked. 

They pointed out that as mining proceeds year after year the 
deeper and thinner seams must be relied upon, necessitating the re- 
moval of larger quantities of rock and refuse to get at the coal ; and 
that the rate paid the miner for rockwork increases progressively 
in proportion to the quantity to be removed. Also, they pointed out 
that mining at greater depth naturally requires more expensive ven- 
tilation, and that as the mine grows in extent the underground trans- 
portation becomes more and more expensive. 

Pennsylvania workmen's compensation act. — The Pennsylvania 
workmen's compensation act of June 2, 1915, became effective Janu- 



ANTHKACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 71 

ary 1, 1916. It throws all the burden upon the employer and pro- 
vides for money compensation for personal injuries sustained by 
accident in the cuurse of employment, causing disability for more 
than 14 days or causing death within 300 weeks. 

The death benefits include $100 funeral expenses and up to 60 per 
cent of weekly wages to the widow for a period not exceeding 300 
weeks, and with provision for children. Basic wages are not less 
than $10 nor more than $20 weekly. 

Compensation for disability is limited to 50 per cent of weekly 
wages for 500 weeks, the total payments not to exceed $4,000. 

The Pennsylvania tonnage tax and its effect on prices. — On July 1, 
1913, the Pennsylvania State tax on anthracite (under the Roney 
Act of June 27, 1913) amounting to 2% per cent on the market value 
of anthracite coal at the mines, became effective. Some of the min- 
ing companies immediately began adding the amount of the tax to 
their bills., as a separate item, while others deferred action until 
December 1, 1913, and then advanced the circular price sufficiently 
to cover the tax item. The tax amounted to approximately 10 cents 
a ton on the domestic sizes, five cents a ton on pea, and three cents on 
buckwheat. In some instances the tax was not added and by 
some companies the tax was added without having been separately 
itemized. 

This tax was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of 
Pennsylvania in an opinion handed down in October, 1915 (96 At- 
lantic, 246). In anticipation of the court's action, the legislature re- 
pealed the Roney Act, as of June 1, 1915, replacing it by the Daw- 
son Act (Pa. Laws, 1915, p. 721 ) 5 which was drawn to meet the 
constitutional difficulty, but which imposed a similar rate. 

The State has not collected any tax under the Dawson Act, its 
constitutionality having been attacked by the operators in the courts. 
Beginning January 1, 1916, the coal companies in every instance 
ceased to add the tax as a separate item, but the price of coal was 
maintained at a level which included both the regular January price 
and an amount equivalent to the tax (Report of Pennsylvania An- 
thracite Coal Commission, p. 27). In May^ 1917, the Dawson Act 
was likewise declared unconstitutional. 

The wage agreement of 1916, and effect of labor conditions on cost 
of production. — The new wage agreement of May 5, 1916, retroac- 
tive to April 1, has already been sufficiently described so far as its 
features affecting labor cost are concerned. Briefly 1 , it established the 
eight-hour day and provided, with a few exceptions, for a 7 per 
cent increase over the 1912 rates. The operators emphasized this 
as a double increase of cost — an increase of 7 per cent in wages and a 
decrease of 11 per cent in hours of work. 

They also pointed out that while the agreement was being nego- 
tiated considerable idleness among the miners curtailed the April 
(1916) output, which was 2,000,000 tons below that of 1915. 

They further stated that while the eight-hour agreement provided 
that a full eight hours should be worked, many of the miners have 
been satisfied to work fewer hours a day than this, thus using the 
increased rate of pay to add to their leisure rather than to their in- 
come, but thereby cutting down production and increasing the cost 



72 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

of operation. An unusual number of full holidays taken by the 
miners was cited by the operators as a further cause for lessened 
output and increased cost. They likewise emphasized the cutting 
down of production by the large number of local strikes, many of 
them the so-called " button " strikes in which the paid-up union 
men at a colliery or in a part of a colliery frequently refuse to work 
so long as there are any men in the colliery without the union button 
or whose union button does not indicate that their dues have been 
paid to date. 

The operators further urged that the results following the wage 
agreement were not justifying the contention of the miners that the 
reduction in hours would increase the efficiency and that as much 
coal would be mined in eight hours as was formerly mined in nine. 

Thus the operators contended, in brief, that the reduction of hours 
by the agreement, failure of miners to work even this reduced num- 
ber of hours, excessive holidays and petty strikes — all reduced out- 
put, and thus increased the cost of production in addition to the in- 
crease of cost due to higher wages. 

Section 3. Besults of Investigation op the Books of Leading 

Producers. 

The Commission's investigation of costs could not segregate the 
effect which the reduction in hours worked might have had from 
the effect of increased wages, but it has ascertained the total in- 
crease in direct labor costs from whatever cause. This section gives 
the results of the Commission's investigation and shows that the 
increase in the f. o. b. mine price of coal was not justified by net 
increases in the cost of production since 1913; though whether the 
prices themselves were reasonable or unreasonable, on the basis of 
the profit they yielded on the investment, remains to be determined 
by fuller investigation. 

So far as separate data could readily be secured on the particular 
items of cost referred to in the foregoing section, the facts are shown. 
Further data on the effect of the 8 -hour day are given in a later 
chapter (p. 91). 

The books of 13 companies producing 79.2 per cent of the total 
commercial anthracite tonnage in 1916 were examined by the Com- 
mission. Of these, 11 were so-called railroad companies, with a 
production of 75.7 per cent, and 2 were independents, i. e., com- 
panies with no railroad affiliation, with a production of 3.5 per cent. 
The examination went into the cost of production and sales receipts 
for the same periods with a view to ascertaining the increase or de- 
crease in costs, receipts, and margins. 

Periods. — The periods covered were the calendar years 1913 and 
1914, and from January to March, April to August, and September 
to December for the years 1915 and 1916. As the wage increase took 
effect April 1, 1916, it was necessary to compare figures prior to that 
date with those subsequent. The panic condition in the market began 
to take form in September, 1916, and figures were secured separately 
for the period from September to December so as to compare the 
panic period with April to August, 1916, and with September to 
December in the previous year. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 73 

Methods of compiling costs. — Costs as shown were taken from the 
companies' records, but not all of the items charged as costs were 
included by the Commission in the comparison. Some of these items 
were of a nature which would not have shown an increase had the 
records been kept in the same manner all during the period, and 
therefore could not be accepted as comparable. Others were items 
which probably were comparable but which could not be accepted 
without a more detailed analysis than was possible at this time. An 
instance of the first class is the practice by some companies of making 
no charge for depreciation, but in lieu of it charge all improvements 
to operating costs. It is manifest that if no improvements were made 
in one year and a good many in the next, the second year would show 
an increased cost where none existed, as the increased cost shown 
would be simply paying what were really deferred charges from 
previous periods. If provision were made for depreciation this 
would result in a regular charge each year instead of a fluctuating 
one. 

An instance of the second class is selling expense, which includes 
degradation. This can not be accepted until the prices used as a 
basis in calculating degradation are known. If full selling prices 
are used, the figures can not be accepted, since an expected profit 
not realized is not an element of cost. 

The Commission has accepted certain items of cost with a view to 
their comparability for succeeding periods, but without expressing 
a conclusion as to their absolute accuracy. For example, the deple- 
tion figures shown on the companies' books have been accepted as 
being comparable for the successive periods, but considerable study 
and revision would be necessary in order to obtain absolute accuracy 
of these items. 

Costs , receipts :, and margins, with increases therein. — The increase 
in the items accepted by the Commission as comparable are snown in 
the following table, which is based on fresh-mined coal only — the 
cost as well as the sales of the small proportion of washery coal 
recovered from the culm banks having been eliminated. In the items 
of cost included in general expenses there are some small amounts 
which a detailed analysis might show as properly chargeable against 
washery cost. However, as washery is a reclamation process, and 
the tonnage recovered is only a small proportion of the total (10 
per cent for the highest company), these small amounts have been 
left in the cost of fresh-mined coal. A test of three companies shows 
that if these items were distributed on the basis of labor involved, the 
effect on the cost of fresh-mined coal would be less than 1 per cent. 



74 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 3. — Costs, receipts, and margins, per gross ton at the mines, of fresh- 
mined anthracite, with increases or decreases oy years 1913-1916, for 5 high- 
cost and 8 loiu-cost producers. 

Note. — It is emphasized that a large part of the general expenses "not accepted" are no doubt proper 
costs but are either not comparable as between the periods or require further analysis. 

[(— ) indicates decrease.] 

13 COMPANIES. 





Year 
1913. 


Year 
1914. 


In- 
crease. 


Year 
1915. 


In- 
crease. 


Total 

in- 
crease. 


9 

months, 

1915. 


9 

months, 

1916. 


In- 
crease. 


1913- 
1916 
in- 
crease. 


Labor 


SI. 575 
.346 

.328 


$1. 575 
.319 

.352 


—SO." 027 

.024 


$1,577 
.306 

.358 


$0. 002 
- .013 

.006 


$0,002 
- .040 

.030 


$1,553 
.293 

.345 


$1. 729 
.364 

.435 


$0,176 
.071 

.090 


$0,154 


Supplies 


.018 


General expenses 
(accepted) 


.107 






Total accepted 
cost 


2.249 
2.782 


2.246 

2.858 


- .003 
.076 


2.241 

2.823 


- .005 

- .035 


- .008 
.041 


2.191 
2.837 


2.528 
3.242 


.337 
.405 


.279 


Receipts, all sizes 


.460 


Margin over ac- 
cepted cost 

General expenses not 
accepted 


.533 
.294 


.612 
.322 


.079 
.028 


.582 
.326 


- .030 
.004 


.049 
.032 


.646 
.312 


.714 

.374 


.068 
.062 


.181 
.080 







5 HIGH-COST COMPANIES. 



Receipts, all sizes 

Cost (accepted) 

Margin over accepted 

cost 

General expenses not 

accepted 

Receipts, all sizes 

Cost (accepted) 

Margin over accepted 

cost 

General expenses not 

accepted 

receipts, all sizes 

Cost (accepted) 

Margin over accepted 

cost 

General expenses not 

accepted 

R eceipts , all sizes 

Cost (accepted) 

Margin over accepted 

cost 

General expenses not 

accepted 



$2. 734 
2.400 


$2. 782 
2.408 


$0,048 
.008 


$2. 739 
2.401 


-$0,043 
- .007 


$0. 005 
.001 


$2. 749 
2.356 


.334 


.374 


.040 


.338 


- .036 


.004 


.393 


.231 


.253 


.022 


.237 


- .016 


.006 


.239 



S3. 182 
2. 732 


$0,433 
.376 


.450 


.057 


.297 


.058 



$0,448 
.332 



116 



8 LOW-COST COMPANIES. 



S2.823 
2.130 


$2. 920 
2.129 


.693 


.791 


.302 


.341 



$0,097! $2,890 
- .001 2.126 

.098 .764 



.039 



, :S97 



-$0,030 
- .003 


$0. 067 
- .004 


82.907 
2.077 


$3,292 
2.383 


$0. 385 
.306 


- .027 


.071 


.830 


.909 


.079 


.056 


.095 


.335 


.394 


.059 



$0,469 
.253 



.216 
.092 



HIGHEST-COST COMPANY. 



82. 898 
2.440 


$2. 928 
2.516 


SO. 030 

.076 


$2. 8S9 
2.628 


-SO. 039 
.112 


-$0. 009 

.188 


.458 


.412 


- .046 


.261 


- .151 


- .197 


.354 


.349 


- .005 


.273- .076- .081 

! 1 



$2. 917 $3. 336 
2. 5881 3. 043 



.329 
.330' 



$0. 419 
.455 



- .036 
.070 



$0. 438 
.603 

- .165 

.046 



LOWEST-COST COMPANY 



$2. 938 
1.878 


$2,973 
1.989 


$0. 035 
.111 


$2,913 
1.769 


-$0. 060 
- .220 


-SO. 025 
- .109 


$2. 964 
1.711 


$3. 310 
1.933 


$0. 346 
.222 


1.060 


.984 


- .076 


1.144 


.160 


.084 


1.253 


1.377 


.124 


.297 


.226 


- .071 


.187 


- .039 


- .110 


.204 


.270 


.066 



$0. 372 
.055 



.317 
- .027 



The above table shows cost, receipts, margins, and increases per 
gross ton for all sizes of coal produced by 13 companies. The prin- 
cipal comparison to be made is between 1913 and the 9 months of 
1916 following the wage agreement. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 75 

From 1913 to 1915 labor shows practically no increase, while sup- 
plies, show a decrease of 4 cents. The increase in accepted items of 
general expense — which are superintendence, heat, light and power, 
taxes, royalty, depreciation, depletion, and injuries — show an increase 
of only 3 cents, so the total accepted cost from 1913 to 1915 shows a 
decrease of 0.8 cent. If all costs had been accepted, the net result 
would have been an increase of 2.4 cents in that period. Of this 
amount 1.6 cents represents the increase in Pennsylvania tonnage 
tax, which most of the companies charged into cost. This tax has 
not been paid. Hence the net increase, even accepting all costs, was 
only 0.8 cent, notwithstanding the fact that there was a decrease in 
production of over 3,000,000 tons, or 5.7 per cent. During the same 
period the receipts from all sizes of coal at the mine increased 3.8 
cents, with the result that the margin over accepted items shows an 
increase of 4.6 cents and over all items, except the Pennsylvania 
tonnage tax, an increase of 3 cents. 

The cost for the first three months of 1915 was higher than for the 
entire year, due largely to the low production in that period, which 
averaged 3,600,000 tons per month as against an average of 4,400,000 
tons per month for the entire year. This results in the costs for the 
last nine months of 1915 showing a lower figure than the costs for the 
entire year. 

The costs for the last nine months of 1913 were the same as for 
the entire year. As there was a variation in cost as between 1913, 
1914, and 1915 of less than 1 cent, the 1913 figures may be considered 
as the average for the three years. Hence, the most significant and 
accurate comparison is between the last nine months of 1916 and the 
year 1913. 

The costs for the last nine months of 1916 show an increase in all 
items over 1913. Labor increased 15.4 cents; supplies, 1.8 cents; and 
accepted general expense items, 10.7 cents. Included in general ex- 
pense for 1916, in addition to the items above named, was provision 
for workmen's compensation, which amounted to an increase of 3.8 
cents over the amount formerly charged for injuries. The next 
largest increase was in taxes, which amounted to 3.3 cents. The in- 
crease in other items was comparatively slight. 

The unaccepted items of cost show an increase of 8 cents, of which 
2.5 cents was Pennsylvania tonnage tax, 2.1 cents was selling expense, 
and 1 cent was extraordinary repairs and renewals. 

The receipts from all sizes of coal show an increase of 46 cents per 
ton, which, against an increase of 27.9 cents in accepted costs, gives 
an increased margin of 18.1 cents. This increase would be as high 
as 10.1 cents even with the inclusion of all the unaccepted items, and 
omitting only the Pennsylvania tonnage tax the increase would 
still be 12.6 cents. 

The five companies whose costs in 1916 were above the average 
show an increase in receipts of 44.8 cents, in accepted cost of 33.2 
cents, an increase in margin over accepted costs of 11.6 cents. The 
eight companies whose cost was below the average in 1916 show an 
increase in receipts of 46.8 cents, in cost of 25.3 cents, and in margin 
over accepted cost of 21.5 cents. The fluctuation is still more marked 
as between the highest cost company and the lowest; the highest 



76 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



showing a decrease in margin of 16.5 cents, while the lowest shows 
an increase of 31.7 cents. 

Prices by sizes, f. o. b. mines. — The following table shows the aver- 
age f . o. b. mine price received for each size by 12 leading companies, 
the data for the thirteenth company not being available by sizes. 
The wide range between the smaller or steam sizes and the larger or 
prepared sizes is the most significant fact brought out by this table. 
As will be seen in the table following this one, the percentage of 
prepared sizes is about 63 per cent, and these sizes are the ones on 
which the profit is made. The steam sizes in a normal market are 
all sold at a loss, and this loss must be made up on the prepared sizes 
before any profit on the output as a whole will be shown. 

Table 4. — Prices per gross ton received for various sizes of fresh-mined anthra- 
cite, f. o„ o. mine, by 12 leading producers, 1913-1916. 



Size. 


1913 


1914 


1915 


January to 
March. 


April to 
August. 


September to 
December. 


April to 
December. 




1915 


1916 


1915 1916 


1915 


1916 1915 


1916 




S3. 018 


S3. 043 

3.013 
3.513 
3.(33 

3.895 


$3,060 
3.030 
3.479 
3.623 
3.883 


S2.984 
3.C08 
3.536 
3.704 
3.977 


S3. 229 
3.108 
3.726 
3.817 
4.102 


S3. 030 S3. 475 
3. 007 3. 366 


S3. 143 
3.060 
3.661 
3.806 
4.047 


S3. 666 513.086 


?3. 567 




2. 949 
3.454 
3.591 
3.834 


3.493 
4.083 
4.298 
4.459 


3.035 
3.465 
3.602 
3. 859 


3.423 


Egg 


3.335 


3.724 


3.887 




3.421 
3.646 


3.917 
4.050 


4.093 


Chestnut 


4.272 








Average pre- 


3.581 


3.642 


3.628 


3.693 


3.838 


3.431 


3.855 


3.800 


4. 243 1 3. 607 


4.045 






Pea 


2.174 
1.351 
.829 
.527 
.C86 
.034 


2.199 
1.364 
.856 
.524 
.678 
.036 


2.131 
1.347 
.834 
.520 
.663 
.129 


2.189 
1.334 
.847 
.514 
.697 
.340 


2.215 
1.436 
.918 
.535 
.698 
.353 


2.080 
1.334 
.825 
.515 
.654 
.074 


2.394 
1.509 
.918 
.596 
.837 
.007 


2.133 
1. 367 
.837 
.525 
.649 
.071 


2.769 
1.586 
.966 
.732 
.933 
.487 


2.111 
1.351 
.830 
.520 
.653 
.072 


2.594 


Buckwheat 

Rice 


1.548 
.942 


Barley 


.671 


Boiler 


.889 




.281 






Average steam . . . 


1.390 


1.416 


1.389 


1.195 


1.572 


1.312 


1.590 


1.438 


1.777 


1.378 


1.688 


Average all sizes . 


2.774 


2.835 


2.799 


2.734 


2.952 


2.730 3.089 


2.905 


3.324 


2.817 


3.207 



Percentage of sizes produced and sold. — The following table shows 
the percentage of each size of coal produced and sold during the years 
1913 to 1916, inclusive. It also gives the same information for the 
periods January to March, April to August, and September to De- 
cember, 1915 and 1916. It will be seen that the percentage of pre- 
pared sizes produced in 1916 showed a slight increase over 1913, so 
that no increase in average cost or decrease in average receipts can 
be asserted as due to this factor. 

The production percentage was fairty constant during the four 
years, not only as regards the yearly averages, but also as regards 
the period averages in 1915 and 1916. The sales percentage was also 
nearly uniform as regards the yearly averages, but the period aver- 
ages show more variation, and this variation applies to both 1915 
and 1916. In the period from January to March the sales were less 
than the production, the difference being more marked in 1915 than 
in 1916, as in 1915 the sales were 90 per cent of the production, while 
in 1916 the sales aggregated 95 per cent. This was probably due to 
an attempt on the part of the retailers to stock up in anticipation of a 
strike. During the period April to August for both years the sales 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



77 



)f prepared sizes exceeded the production, while from September to 
Oecember they were slightly less. 

The heaviest use of steam sizes appears to be from January to 
March and the lightest from April to August, while during the 
period from September to December the sales were very close to the 
production. 

In general the differences in the percentages between produced and 
sold is due to changes in stocks. In those periods in which much 
of the prepared sizes went into storage the percentages of such sizes 
sold was correspondingly smaller. It may be noted that the per- 
centage sold of total prepared and total steam sizes was the same in 
September to December, 1916, as in 1913, though the percentages 
among the sizes varied. 



Table 5. 



-Percentage of sizes of fresh-mined anthracite produced and sold by 
12 leading producers, 1918-1916. 



Size. 


1913 


1914 


1915 


1916 


Produced 


Sold. 


Produced. 


Sold. 


Produced. 


Sold. 


Produced. 


Sold. 


Lump 


00.7 
06.7 
12.6 
19.0 
24.3 


00.5 
06.8 
12.3 
19.8 
23.4 


00.3 
06.9 
11.9 
20.6 
23.2 


00.3 
06.5 
12.3 
21.0 
23.5 


00.3 
06.8 
11.8 
20.9 
23.2 


00.2 
06.7 
12.5 
20.7 
23.0 


00.3 
07.4 
12.4 
20.8 
22.7 


00.2 




06.6 


Egg 


12.8 




20.2 




23.7 








Total 


63.3 


62.8 


62.9 


63.6 


63.0 


63.1 


63.6 


63.4 








Pea 


12.4 
13.2 
05.7 
03.2 
02.1 
00.1 


11.7 
13.7 
05.8 
03.2 
01.9 
00.9 


12.8 
13.2 
05.4 
03.4 
02.2 
00.1 


12.0 
12.8 
05.2 
03.3 
02.3 
00.8 


12.9 
13.4 
05.2 
03.2 
02.2 
00.1 


12.4 
12.9 
05.5 
03.3 
01.9 
00.9 


12.1 
13.7 
04.3 
02.6 
03.4 
00.3 


13.3 




13.0 




04.4 




02.3 




02.6 




01.0 








Total... 


36.7 


37.2 


37.1 


36.4 


37.0 


36.9 


36.4 


36.6 








January to March. 


April to August. 


September to December. 


Size. 


1915 


1916 


1915 


1916 


1915 


1916 




Pro- 
duced. 


Sold. 


Pro- 
iuced. 


Sold. 


Pro- 
duced. 


Sold. 


Pro- 
duced. 


Sold. 


Pre- 
duced. 


Sold. 


Pro- 
duced. 


Sold. 




00.3 
07.1 
12.2 
20.7 
24.0 


00.3 
06.6 
11.7 
17.5 
21.7 


00.3 
07.6 
11.8 
21.4 

22.8 


00.3 
05.9 
11.9 
19.3 
23.5 


00.2 
06.4 
12.4 
23.5 
23.1 


00.2 
06.9 
15.2 
22.7 
21.9 


00.2 
07.1 
12.1 
21.2 
22.4 


00.2 
07.4 
14.5 
22.3 
21.8 


00.3 
07.2 
11.0 
21.3 
22.9 


00.2 

06.4 
10.2 
20.4 
24.9 


00.3 
07.6 
13.2 
20.3 
22.3 


00.2 




06.1 


Egg 


11.9 


Stove 


18.9 


Chestnut 


25.7 


Total 


64.3 


57.8 


63.9 


60.9 


62.6 


66.9 


63.0 


66.2 


62.7 


62.1 


63.7 


62.8 






Pea 


13.3 
13.1 
04.0 
02.8 
02.4 
00.1 


14.4 
15.5 
05.4 
03.8 
02.2 
00.9 


12.6 
14.1 
04.7 
03.2 
01.4 
00.1 


16.3 
12.8 
04.4 
03.3 
01.4 
00.9 


12.8 
13.5 
05.5 
03.1 
02.4 
00.1 


09.7 
11.9 
05.5 
03.1 
02.1 
00.8 


12.5 
13.5 
04.0 
01.9 

04.8 
00.3 


11.2 
13.0 
04.3 
01.7 
02.7 
00.9 


12.7 
13.6 
05.6 
03.4 
01.9 
00.1 


14.0 
12.5 
05.6 
03.3 
01.6 
00.9 


11.5 
13.8 
04.3 
02.9 
03.3 
00.5 


12.8 




13.3 


Rice 


04.6 




02.1 


Boiler 


03.4 




01.0 






Total 


35- 7 


42.2 


36.1 


39.1 


37.4 


33.1 


37.0 


33.8 


37.3 


37.9 


36.3 


37.2 























Increases in price, cost, and margin, by sizes. — The following table 
shows the increases in price, cost, and margin for each size coal. The 
figures in this table are for 12 companies only, as the records of one 
company were kept in such a way that the figures by sizes could 



78 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



not be obtained. As the cost increases are based on accepted costs 
only, the increases in margins would be reduced, roughly, by the 
increase in unaccepted items, as shown above in the first table in this 
section for all 13 companies. 



Table 6. — Increases per gross ton in prices, costs, and margins of fresJi-min^d 
anthracite only, by sizes, for 12 leading producers, 1913-1916. 

[Figures in italics indicate decreases.] 

















January to March. 


Size. 


1913. 


1914. 


1913. 


1915 over 
1914. 


1916 over 
1915. 


1916 over 
1913. 




Price. 


Mar- 
gin. 


Price. 


Mar- 
gin. 


Price. 


Mar- 
gin. 


Price. 


Mar- 
gin. 


Price. 


Mar- 
gin. 


Price. 


Mar- 
gin. 


Lump 


SO. 025 
.064 
.059 
.042 

.061 


SO. 019 
.058 
.053 
.036 
.055 


SO. 017 
.017 

.034 

.010 

.012 


SO. 026 SO. 042 
.026, .081 
. 02 5\ . 025 
.001\ .032 
.0031 .049 


SO. 045 $0,059 
.084 .005 
.028 .023 
.035 .071 
.052 .082 


$0,220 
.166 
.138 
.090 
.079 


SO. 245 
.100 
.190 
.113 
.125 


SO. 30S 
.163 
.253 
.176 

.188 


$0. 211 
.159 
.272 
.226 
.268 


SO. 107 
.055 


Egg 


.168 




• .122 


Nut 


.164 










Average (prepared)... 


.061) .0.5-5 


.014 


.005 


.047 


.050 


.051 .110 


.145 


.208 


.257 


.153 


Pea 


. 025| . 019 
.013 .007 
.027 .021 
.0031 .009 
. 008\ . 014 
.070| .064 


.068 
.01? 
.022 
.004 
.015 
. 165 


. 059 
.008 
.013 
.005 
.006 
. 156 


.043 
.004 

.005 

.007 
.023 
.095 


.040 
.001 
.008 
.004 
.020 
.092 


.010 ' .171 
. 030\ . 191 


.026 
.102 
.071 
.021 
.001 
.693 


.089 
.165 
.134 

.084 
.064 
.756 


.041 
.085 
.089 
.008 
.012 
.387 


.063 
.019 


Rice 


.009 


.170 


.015 


Barley 


.010 
.019 

.376 


.171 
.142 
.537 


.096 




.092 




.283 












Average (steam) 


. 026j . 020 


.02: 


.018 


.001 


.002 


.221 .382 


.377 


.440 


.182 


.078 


Average (prepared 
and steam) 


.061 . 0.55 


.036 


:« 


._ 


.028 


.101 .262 

! 


.218 


.281 


.178 .074 




1 




.0A6 


.009 


.003 


.161 


.063 


.104 































April to August. 


September to December. 


Size. 


1915 over 
1914. 


1916 over 
1915. 


1916 over 
1913. 


1915 over 
1914. 


1916 over 
1915. 


1916 over 
1913. 




Price. 


Mar- 
gin. 


Price. 


Mar- 
gin. 


Price. 


£■>** 


Mar- 
gin. 


Price. 


Mar- 
gin. 


Price. 


Mar- 
gin. 


Lump 

Broken 


$0,013 
.006 
.178 
.212 
.249 


SO. 035 
.042 
.130 
.164 
.201 


I 
SO. 445 SO. 104 
. 359 . 018 
.3891 .048 
. 496 . 155 
.404! .063 


1 1 
SO. 457 SO. 158 SO. 100 
. 417i . 118 . 053 
. 2701 . 029, . 148 
.326 .027 .173 
. 216! . 083 . 152 


SO. 161 
.114 
.209 
.234 
.213 


SO. 523 
.427 
.422 
.492 
.412 


SO. 173 
.077 
.072 
.142 
.062 


SO. 648 
.544 
.629 
.707 
.625 


SO. 353 
.249 


Egg 


.334 




.412 


Nut 


.330 






Average (prepared)... 


.211 


.163 


.424 .083 


. 274J . 025 


.158 


.219 


.443 


.093 


.662 


.367 


Pea - 


.119 
.030 
.031 
.009 
.024 
.038 


.071 
.018 
.017 
.039 
.024 
.086 


.314 
.175 
.093 
.081 
.183 
.067 


. 027 
.166 

.248 
.260 

. 158 
.408 


.220 


.079 


.066 
.003 
.019 
.001 

.029 
.107 


.005 
.064 
.042 
.062 
.032 
.046 


.636 
.219 
.129 
.207 

.284 
.558 


.286 
.131 
.221 
.143 
.066 
.208 


.595 
.235 
.137 
.205 
.247 
.521 


.300 


Buckwheat 


.158 
.089 
.069 
.151 

.041 


.141, 

.210 
.230 
.148, 
.258 


.060 


Rice 

Barley 


.158 
.090 


Boiler 


.048 




.226 














Average (steam) 


.104 


.056 


. 278 . 063 


. 200! • 099 


. 022,1 . 083 


.339 


.011 


.387 


.092 


Average (prepared 
and steam) 


.105 


■ m 


.359 .018 


! | 
.315; .016 


.070 .131 
i 


.419 


.069 


.550 


.255 


Cost accepted 1 


.048 


.341 


.299 


.061 


. 350 


.295 







1 For approximate effect allowance of " costs not accepted as comparable " would have 
on the increases in margins shown in this table, see the first paragraphs of text discus- 
sion preceding table. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 79 

Table 6. — Increases per gross ton in prices, costs, and margins, etc. — Continued. 





April to December. 


Size. 


1915 over 1914. 


1916 over 1915. 


1916 over 1913. 




Price. 


Margin. 


Price. 


Margin. 


Price. 


Margin. 




$0,043 
.022 
.048 
.031 

.036 


$0,096 
.075 
.005 
.022 
.017 


$0,481 
.388 
.422 
.491 
.413 


$0. 136 
.043 
.077 
.146 
.068 


$0. 549 
.474 
.433 
.502 

.438 


$0. 251 




.176 


Egg 


.135 




.204 


Nut 


.140 


Average (prepared) 


.035 


.018 


.438 


.093 


.464 


.166 


Pea 4 


.088 
.013 
.026 

.004 

.025 
.036 


.035 
.040 
.027 
.049 
.028 
.089 


.483 
.197 
.112 
.151 
.236 
.209 


.138 
.148 
.233 
.194 
.109 
.136 


.420 
.197 
.113 
.144 
.203 
.315 


.122 




.101 




.185 




.154 




.095 


Screenings 


.017 






Average (steam) 


.038 


.015 


.310 


.035 


.298 


.000 


Average (prepared and steam) . . 


.018 


.035 


.390 

1 


.045 


.433 


.135 


Cost accepted x 


. 053 


. 345 


.298 

















i For approximate effect allowance of "costs not accepted as comparable " would have on the increases 
in margins shown in this table, see the first paragraphs of text discussion preceding table. 

The steam sizes are all normally sold at less than cost, and the loss 
on them is borne by the prepared sizes. Consequently any increase in 
margin shown in the table is really a decrease in this loss, which, 
however, has the same effect on the total realization figures as an 
increase in margin. 

The margin of all the steam sizes during the period from April 
to December, 1916, showed no increase over the year 1913. This was 
due to the fact that the steam sizes come in competition with bitumi- 
nous coal, and the price is consequently held down to somewhere near 
the bituminous price. During the period from April to August, 1916, 
the price increase was not enough to offset the cost increase, and the 
margin therefore showed an actual decrease, but in September the 
price of steam sizes began to rise, following the rise in bituminous, 
thus offsetting the decrease of the earlier period. In 1917 the price 
of steam sizes has gone still higher. 

Among the steam sizes pea shows an increase of 12.2 cents as 
against no increase on all steam sizes. This was due to the fact that 
this size is beginning to come into domestic use and, although classed 
as a steam size in this table, is now often considered a prepared size. 

The margins on the prepared sizes, taken as a whole, also showed 
a decrease in the period from April to August, due to the discounts 
on these sizes allowed during these months. From September to 
December the conditions were reversed, and a very appreciable in- 
crease was shown. This was due to the higher prices received by 
some companies during this period. These prices were high enough 
to show an increase in margin for the last four months of 1916 over 
the year 1913 of 36.7 cents and an average increase for the nine 
months of 16.6 cents. 



80 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Practically all the increase in margin took place in 1916, as from 
1913 to 1915 the increase in margin was only 5 cents on prepared 
sizes and only 0.2 cent on steam sizes. 

While the percentage of prepared and steam sizes produced is 
fairly constant, the percentage of each kind sold varies from time 
to time, due to stored coal. This variation prevents the total average 
from having any real significance, and consequently this figure is not 
shown. 



CHAPTER IV. 

HIGH PRICES OF ANTHRACITE IN FALL AND WINTER OF 1916-17. 

Section 1. Investigation Undertaken in Response to General 

Public Demand. 

The public demand for an investigation of the causes of the ex- 
tremely high prices of anthracite during the fall crisis was wide- 
spread and insistent. Since anthracite is mainly used as a domestic 
fuel and is a necessity to many thousands of householders in the 
territory served by the mines, and since the high prices caused great 
distress, especially among the poorer people, the Commission felt it to 
be its duty to undertake a rapid survey of the market conditions to 
determine the causes thereof and the responsibility therefor, so far as 
it lay in the anthracite coal trade itself. 

In this the Commission followed the spirit of the Senate resolution 
which inquired regarding the price increases made prior to the adop- 
tion of the resolution in June — increases not nearly so marked as 
those that developed in the fall and winter following. 

Recent Federal, State, municipal, and civic investigations of the 
anthracite and bituminous coal situation. — In an effort to get at the 
causes of the coal shortage and of the unusual conditions in the coal 
market, as well as to remedy them, if possible, numerous investiga- 
tions have been undertaken in various parts of the country. Federal, 
State, and municipal authorities, as well as civic organizations, in- 
stituted inquiries on a more or less elaborate scale into the coal situa- 
tion that confronted them, both as regards anthracite and bituminous 
coal. 

On the part of the Federal Government the Department of Justice 
conducted a nation-wide investigation with special reference to any 
possible conspiracies in restraint of interstate commerce. The In- 
terstate Commerce Commission held hearings at Louisville, Ky., in 
November with regard to the alleged shortage of car supply. A 
report was subsequently issued, viz, Interstate Commerce Commis- 
sion Order No. 9284, Car Supply Investigation, submitted December 
28, 1916, decided January 18, 1917. United States attorneys in 
Boston, New York, Chicago, and in other important centers con- 
ducted investigations into the coal situation in their respective terri- 
tories. Grand juries in New York, Niagara Falls, Cleveland, in 
southern Michigan, and elsewhere, took under consideration charges 
laid before them in this connection. 

The State authorities of several States concerned themselves with 
the coal situation, among them Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Ohio, 
105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1 6 81 



82 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, and Kansas. In this connection 
bills were introduced in the Legislatures of Illinois, Iowa. Minnesota, 
and Kansas. The Pennsylvania State Anthracite Commission ap- 
pointed by the governor of Pennsylvania, pursuant to a joint resolu- 
tion of June 15, 1915, of the legislature of that State, to investigate 
the increase in the cost of anthracite coal in Pennsylvania, issued a 
report in January, 1917. In Massachusetts a commission on the cost 
of living, appointed by the governor, made a report on the cost of 
anthracite in that State with recommendations for Federal, State, 
and municipal action. Public utilities commissions in Illinois, Ohio, 
and Indiana investigated the car shortage and traffic congestion at 
different points within those States, and in a number of cases adopted 
stringent measures to regulate the intrastate traffic within their juris- 
diction. State attorneys in Kansas, Indiana, and in some other 
States were active in a similar direction. In North Dakota a 
plan was considered to organize a State coal board to procure a 
proper distribution of coal. 

Efforts were made by municipal authorities in large and small 
cities in many States to remedy the coal situation. In many cases 
the remedy offered consisted in municipal coal yards or municipally 
leased or owned coal mines. It appears that this was the case par- 
ticularly in Indiana, where municipal coal yards were planned or 
put into operation in Muncie, Evansville, Terre Haute, Huntington, 
Anderson, and Indianapolis. In Michigan similar plans were con- 
sidered, and put into effect in some cases, at Highland Park (De- 
troit), Bay City, Kalamazoo, and Lansing. Other cities of this 
class were Cleveland, Ohio : Chicago and Granite City, 111. : Niagara 
Falls, N. Y. ; Hartford, Conn.; Lewiston and Auburn, Me. In 
several instances city councils petitioned State legislatures to pass 
bills authorizing cities of a certain class to establish and maintain 
fuel yards, and to buy and deal in fuel. Resolutions to the same 
effect were adopted at a conference of representatives of 40 Illinois 
cities and towns held at Springfield, 111., in December. During No- 
vember inquiries into the coal situation in New York City were 
made by the police department, the district attorney, and the com- 
missioner of accounts. 

A committee representing the Greater Dayton Association, of 
Dayton, Ohio, investigated the coal situation in that city and issued 
a report on coal prices on December 2. A municipal inquiry was 
also made at Cincinnati. 

The above is an incomplete account of the many investigations and 
public activities entered upon last winter and this spring on account 
of the high price of fuel. 

Extent and character of material secured by the Commission. — In 
addition to general information and statistics relative to the causes of 
the high prices, the Commission secured from the books of operators, 
jobbers, and. retailers sufficient data to establish the exact or approxi- 
mate gross margins on which their business was conducted dur- 
ing the months from September to December, 1916. 

In the case of all the railroad coal operators the cost of produc- 
tion, and the amount received for each size of coal, were secured for 
this period. In the case of independent operators, whose aggregate 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 83 

production is only a small proportion of the total, only the more im- 
portant of those complained of as selling premium coal were covered. 
For some of these both costs and sales for the period were taken, for 
others only the sales. 

From the books of jobbers and wholesalers were taken the purchase 
price of coal bought each month and the sale price of coal sold each 
month, and from these the gross margin for the month was calcu- 
lated, allowance being made where necessary for the cost of ton- 
nages carried over from previous months. In the case of most job- 
bers the margins on each separate size of coal were not calculated, 
but all sizes were lumped together since it was much quicker to se- 
cure the information in this form and since the differences between 
the margins on the separate sizes were understood to be relatively 
slight. 

From the retailers were secured the tonnage of each size of an- 
thracite purchased and the amount paid, by months; and selected 
typical selling prices per ton, t>y months, for each size and each 
principal class of business handled by the dealer, e. g., household 
sales, contract sales, yard sales, etc. From these items, with allow- 
ance for inventories, the gross margin by months could be calculated. 
The method of selecting typical prices, instead of taking the total 
sales, was necessary because very few retailers have in summarized 
form the average price received for each size of coal, and still fewer 
have this information summarized by classes of business. For the 
Commission's agents to have compiled totals from the original sales 
slips would have required an inordinate amount of time, hence the 
method of inspecting these sales records and selecting typical prices 
was the only feasible plan. 

In a few instances costs of doing business, including shrinkage 
and degradation, were secured from representative retailers. 

Section 2. General Causes of High-Price Conditions. 

In a normal coal year, as already explained, the independent opera- 
tors who sell in the open market are likely to sell at 25 cents or more 
below circular during the summer months, and jobbers and retail 
dealers who are looking for bargains buy from them. In the winter- 
time, on the other hand, the independents aim to sell above circular. 
Dealers who are " shopping around " for cheap coal during the sum- 
mer usually find that the railroad coal companies refuse to sell them 
at the time of sharp demand in winter. They are often compelled, 
therefore, to buy from independents at a premium, while their com- 
petitors with good " company connections " get the railroad coal at 
the regular price. The same condition obtained in 1916, except that 
unusual circumstances intensified the situation. Even the steady 
" company " dealers were often unable to get coal from their regular 
source last fall, and were therefore compelled to resort to paying 
high premiums in competition for coal in the hands of independent 
producers or jobbers. 

Increase of real demand for anthracite. — In order to judge the 
anthracite situation in 1916 correctly it is necessary in considering 
the factor of demand to distinguish between the increase in normal 



84 ANTHBAOITE AXD BITUMINOUS COAL. 

demand and the increase in demand essentially psychological and 
produced by artificial means. The increase in legitimate demand was 
an underlying cause, the effect of which on the market was inevitable. 
The panic demand of the later months of 1916. fed by newspaper 
predictions of coal famine, simply made a bad matter worse, heighten- 
ing a crisis that might by prudence have been modified. That the 
panic demand was artificial and that much of the difficulty experi- 
enced could have been avoided is shown in the further treatment of 
this subject on page 110. 

The normal demand for coal of all kinds showed a larger increase 
in 1916 than in any one year for the past 20. It has been estimated 
by trade authorities that the increased demand for all coal was fully 
20 per cent the country over. 

While, so far as manufacturing plants are concerned, demand has 
increased primarily for bituminous, wage earners, farmers, and 
householders generally have increased their calls for anthracite. 
Moreover, the shifting of population, due to the attraction of higher 
wages, no doubt brought into the area of anthracite consumption 
many who had before lived in communities where wood or bituminous 
coal are the principal fuels. The great increases in the population of 
Xew York. Bridgeport. Schenectady, and other places in the East 
are examples. 1 In the Northwest many farmers who formerly used 
wood as fuel now burn hard coal. Bringing new lands under culti- 
vation has also had its effect. Xear Ashland. Wis., for instance, 
where timber is gradually disappearing and the cut-over lands are 
being settled, the increase in population is reflected in the growing 
demand for domestic sizes of anthracite. 

The greater consumption of large sizes of anthracite by gas and 
carbon plants and by railroads has caused an increase in demand for 
these sizes. This is due largely to the fact that coal which formerly 
came in competition with anthracite coal has been diverted to other 
uses. Many gas plants which in the past have been making coke as 
a by-product, some in competition with anthracite, have very mate- 
rially curtailed their output because of the high price of soft coal. 
Large manufacturing plants which use coke in connection with their 
manufacturing processes have turned to anthracite on account of the 
shortage in coke. These industries can not use bituminous coal. 
Public utilities in some parts of the country have been affected to a 
considerable extent by the shortage of coke and have substituted 
anthracite for it. An unprecedented industrial activity created a 
growing demand for steam sizes by manufacturing plants regularly 
using anthracite. A large industrial concern in Buffalo, for in- 
stance, consumed from April to December. 1916. 18.500 tons of 
anthracite more than during the same period in the preceding year. 

Another case at hand is a large plant at Xiagara Falls, which 
used 30 per cent more anthracite in 1916 than in 1915. A number of 
other plants were forced into the open market to meet their need 
in anthracite over and above the quantity contracted for. 

On account of the prevailing scarcity of bituminous coal through- 
out 1916 many manufacturing plants in the East, as well as in the 

1 Testimony of W. H. Williams before the Massachusetts commission on the high cost 
of living. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 85 

Middle West, were obliged to substitute anthracite, chiefly steam 
sizes, for bituminous. In certain sections in Maine a number of 
users of bituminous coal, refusing to pay the prices demanded for 
soft coal, substituted pea coal, which they could buy about $2 per 
ton cheaper. This was done also in Detroit and Chicago. The fact 
that the users of anthracite for steam purposes were willing to pay 
much more for pea and buckwheat than the domestic consumer cre- 
ated an abnormal situation, especially in New York, where retail 
dealers reported that they were not able to meet the demand of their 
regular trade in pea, buckwheat, and rice. Many former users of 
steam coal burned chestnut in their domestic furnaces instead of pea 
and buckwheat. The municipal utilities, hotels, and apartment 
houses in the East are large consumers of steam sizes, and the de- 
mand from these interests grows rapidly. One selling agency esti- 
mates the increase in annual consumption of these sizes in New York 
City alone at from 500,000 to 750,000 tons during the last five years. 

Anthracite is also beginning to be used in the form of powdered 
fuel, mixed with bituminous, and forced into the fire box by a me- 
chanical device. This has been adopted by some industrial plants, 
and experiments are being made for its use in railroad engines. 

In Ohio and in parts of Pennsylvania and New York a shortage 
of natural gas brought on an extra demand for anthracite from 
household and industrial consumers. In some cases the price of 
natural gas was advanced to such an extent, because the flow from 
the wells is diminishing, that it became too expensive for fuel pur- 
poses, and consumers turned to anthracite as a substitute. In other 
cases natural gas distributing companies either curtailed or com- 
pletely shut off the gas supply from hundreds of manufacturing 
plants which had been using it as fuel for years and forced them to 
substitute either bituminous coal or anthracite, taking just that much 
more coal out of the market and increasing the demand materially. 

Increased consumption of coal by steel, cotton, and munition in- 
dustries. — The great expansion of industrial activity in the steel, 
the cotton textile, and the munition industries accounts for a ma- 
terial increase in the consumption and demand for bituminous coal, 
which in turn has indirectly placed an added demand on the anthra- 
cite supply by industries that could substitute anthracite when bi- 
tuminous could not be had or when the price of bituminous was 
higher than that of anthracite. The increased production of steel 
in 1916 over 1915 has been estimated at 10,000,000 tons. 1 On the 
basis of 4 tons of bituminous coal said to be necessary on the average 
to produce 1 ton of steel products, the increased output of steel in 1916 
would indicate an increased demand of 40,000,000 tons of bituminous 
coal in 1916 for the steel industry. 

The cotton mills in the Carolinas and in New England have in- 
creased their output far above the normal, and the extra demand 
for coal from these sources during 1916 is estimated to have been 
close to 4,000,000 tons. 2 New munitions plants and the greatly in- 
creased output of old plants have taken additional large quantities 
of coal out of the market. One new plant in Virginia — Hopewell — 

* The Iron Age, Jan. 4, 1917, p. 108, s The Blacjs Diamond, Noy, 1, 1916, 



86 AXTHBACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

under existing conditions is consuming the total production of two 
moderate-sized eastern mines. 1 

Increased conswm/piion of cool by railroads. — It is impossible to 
appraise the coal situation accurately, particularly in the Eastern 
States, without taking into account the increased consumption of 
coal by the railroads due to the enormous demand for transportation 
services. It has been estimated that the demand for railroad fuel 
has increased about 30 per cent, due chiefly to the extra mileage, to 
the wastefulness of the large number of old locomotives forced into 
service, and to an increased demand for fuel needed for new loco- 
motives. The railroads in normal times take 25 per cent of the coal 
produced each year. This means that they have been using about 
125,000.000 to 135.000,000 tons of coal per year. If they are using 
30 -per cent more this vear. their current requirements call for at 
least 175.000.000 tons of coal, or an increase of -±0.000,000 tons. 2 The 
bulk of this increase was in bituminous coal, but in many cases 
anthracite was substituted. 

Supply available for market. — Over against this increased demand 
for fuel, especially for industrial purposes, which was real in char- 
acter and which affected anthracite to a considerable extent, the 
supply of anthracite was only slightly less than in previous seasons. 
The slight shortage, however, accompanied by pressure from indus- 
trial users, had marked effects. 

To confine the figures to the coal season under discussion, the 
period beginning April 1 is taken, and the supply calculated for the 
nine months from April to December, inclusive. The nine-month 
period is here used for comparison because the detailed material 
gathered in the investigation of prices, etc.. covered only the period 
up to December 31, 1916. On page 57 above the production and 
storage figures are given for the entire coal year 1916-17. 

The method of the computation is to add to the tonnage in storage 
April 1 the quantity shipped from the mines by the initial anthra- 
cite carriers during the nine months, including shipments to storage, 
and to subtract from this total the tonnage in storage on December 
31. This, with allowance for exports, will give the supply available 
for market in the United States. 

The following table shows a comparison of these items and of the 
net supply for the nine months for the years 1913 to 1916. inclusive : 

!The Black Diamond, Nov. 4. 1916. p. 385. 
2 The Black Diamond, Nov. 4, 1916, p. 386. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



87 



Table 7. — Supply of anthracite available for market, April to December, 

1913-1916. 



[Roman figures 


in percentage column indicate increase ; i 


talic figui 


•es indicate deci 


ease.] 


Gross tons. 


1913. 


1914. 


In- 
crease 
or de- 
crease 
over 
1913. 


1915. 


In- 
crease 
or de- 
crease 
over 
1914. 


Average, 
1913- 
1915. 


1916. 


In- 
crease 
or de- 
crease 

over 
1915. 


In* 

create 
or de- 
crease 
over 
aver- 
age of 
1913- 
1915. 


In storage by pro- 
ducers, Apr. 1 1. 

Sales locally at 
mines 2 


Tons. 
3,891,711 

1,198,268 
52,749,193 


Tons. 

5, 223, 844 

1,282,248 
55,280,872 


Per ct. 
34.2 

7.0 

4.8 


Tons. 

7,406,502 

1,247,780 
53,624,969 


Perct. 

41.8 

2.7 
3.0 


Ton?. 
5,507,352 

1, 242, 765 
53,885,011 


tons. 

4,585,906 

1,037,400 
49, 668, 357 


Perct. 

38.1 

16.9 
7.4 


Per ct. 

16.7 

16.5 


Shipments from 
mines, including 
shipments to 
storage, Apr. 1 
to Dec. 313 


7.8 


Subtotal 

Deduct: In stor- 
age by produc- 
ers, Dec. 31 


57,839,172 
6,573,697 


61,786,964 
8,024,915 


6.8 
2.2 


62,279,251 
8,265,270 


.8 
3.0 


60,635,128 
7,621,294 


55, 291, 663 
2,824,945 


11.2 
65.8 


8.8 
62.9 


Total avail- 
able for 
all mar- 
kets 

Deduct: Exports. 


51,265,475 

3,328,802 


53, 762. 049 
3,312,545 


4.9 

.5 


54,013,981 
3,046,657 


.5 

8.0 


53,013,834 
3,229,335 


52,466,718 
3,2S2,513 


2.9 

7.7 


1.0 
1.6 


Total avail- 
able for 
Unite d 
States 
markets «. 


47, 936, 673 


50,449,504 


5.2 


50,967,324 


1.0 


49,784,499 


49,184,205 


3.5 


1.2 



1 Includes coal in transit to storage. 

2 Estimated. 

3 Excluding shipments from Bernice basin and from river dredge operations. The total Bcrni?e and 
river dredge production was 665,993 tons in 1915 and 650,000 tons in 1916. A considerable proportion of 
this is consumed locally. 

* Excluding items in note 3 and coal used for railroad fuel. 

From the foregoing table it appears that the supply of anthracite 
in 1916 from April through December, although greater by 1,217,532 
tons, or 2.6 per cent, than the supply for the same period in 1913, 
was 3.5 per cent less than that for this period in 1915, and 1.2 per 
cent less than the average of 1913, 1914, and 1915 for the period. 
The increase over 1913 was due to the comparatively small tonnage 
in storage on April 1, 1913, amounting to only 3,891,711 tons, while 
the amount in storage on the same day in 1916 was 4,585,906 tons, 
an increase of 18 per cent over 1913. The actual commercial ship- 
ments from the mines in the 1913 period exceeded those in the 1916 
period by 5.8 per cent. 

Because of the diversity in the general price policy followed by 
the railroad coal companies and that followed by the independ- 
ent operators, it is important to consider the proportion of the supply 
handled by each of these two classes. The total sales of the railroad 
coal companies for the last nine months of 1915 (exclusive of sales to 
each other) were 42,960,826 gross tons, and for the last nine months 
of 1916 were 42,383,095 tons. Subtracting these quantities from the 
totals of coal marketed as shown for these periods in the above 
table, it appears that the tonnage sold on the market by all the incle- 



88 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



pendent operators from April to December, 1915. was approximately 
11,053.155 gross tons, or 20.4 per cent of the total, and for the corre- 
sponding months of 1916 was approximately 10.083,623 tons, or 19.2 
per cent of the total. 

These results indicate that while the quantity of coal furnished to 
the market by the railroad coal companies decreased 1.3 per cent for 
the first nine months of the past coal year, the quantity furnished by 
the independents decreased 8.8 per cent. 

The geographical location of the tonnage of stored coal on hand 
on April 1 and on December 31 for the years 1913, 1914, 1915, and 
1916, was as follows, in gross tons: 

Table 8. — Geographical location and gross tons of stored anthracite on hand, 
April 1 and December 31, 1913-1916. 

[Increases are in roman figures: decreases in italic] 



In or at 

the 
mines. 



Between 

the At tide- 



mines 
and tide- 
water. 



water 
ports. 



At in- 
terior 
points 
west of 
mines. 



In Xew 

England 



Apr. 1. 



1913. 
1914. 



Increase or decrease from 1913. 

Percent 

1915 



Increase or decrease from 1914.. . 

Per cent -. 

1916 



Increase or decrease from 1915.. 

Per cent 

1913-1915 average 



1916 increase or decrease from 

average 

Per cent 



148,887 
287, 931 



139,044 
93.4 

539,870 



1.363,334 900,484 11,102,023 
1,670,106 981,329 jl, 846,077 



306,772 : 80,845 ; 738,054 
22. 5 9. I 67. I 

2,902,737 1.194,712 2,108.430 ! 



112.030 
148,691 

36, 661 
32.7 

216,492 



251.939 1.232,631 
73 8 
486,880 1,576,325 



213.383 268.353 
21. 7 ■ 14. 6 

570. S65 1,485,524 



67, 801 
45.6 

35,440 



Other. 



264, 953 
295, 710 

30, 757 
11.6 

444,261 



Total. 



148, 551 
50.2 

430, 872 



52,990 1,326,412 623,847 622,906 I 181.052 

9. 8 45. 7 52.2 29. 5\ 83.6 

325,563 1,978,726 1.025.508 1,683.510 159,071 



13.319 

3.0 

334.975 



Dec. 31. 



161,317 
49.6 



402.401 454.643 197,986 
20.3 '44.3 11.8 



123. 631 
77.7 



95, 897 
28.6 



1913. 
1914. 



Increase or decrease from 1913.. 

Per cent 

1915 

Increase or decrease from 1914. 

Per cent 

1916 



493,861 2,443,588 702,532 2,620,216 
625,075 3,389,470 1,036,037 2,594:300 



113.354 , 200,146 
145,128 234,905 



131.214 945.882 333.505 25,916 

26.6 38.7 I 47.5 1.0 

773.076 3,269,342 j 806,058 2.654,555 



31,774 j 34,759 

28. 1 17. 4 

101,032 661,207 



Increase rdecrease from 1915. 

Per cent 

1913-1915 average 



1916 increase or decrease from 

average 

Per cent 



148, 001 

23.7 

193.908 



120,128 
3.5 



579,168 2.215.314 

74.9 69.6 

630.671 3.034.133 



436, 



69.3 



,040,135 
67.2 



229, 979 60, 255 

22. 2 2. 3 

192,065 1,171.266 



44,096 I 426,302 

30. 4 181. 4 

21.395 252,313 



3,891,711 
5.223,844 

1,332.133 

34 2 

7. 406, 502 

2. 182, 658 

41.8 

4,585,906 



2,820,596 

38.1 

5.507,353 



921, 447 
16.7 



6, 573, 697 
8, 024, 915 



1,451,218 

22. 1 
8, 265, 270 



613.993 1,483.289 

76.2 ■ 55.9 

84S.209 2,623.024 



79,637 
78.8 

119.838 



408,894 

61.8 

365.419 



240, 355 

3.0 

2,824,945 

5,440,325 

65.8 

7.621.294 



656, 1U 1,451,758 
77. 4 I 55. 3 



98,443 I 113,106 
82.1 ! 31.0 



6.349 
62.9 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



89 



The movement of storage coal shown comparatively for the nine 
months' period in each year, by location of storage points, is indi- 
cated by the following : 

Table 9. — Movement of storage anthracite shown comparatively by location of 
storage points, for 9 months of each year, 1913-1916. 





In or at 

the 
mines. 


Bet veen 
the 

mines 
and tide 

water. 


At tide- 
water 
ports. 


At in- 
terior 
points 
west of 
mines. 


In Ne~v 
England. 


Other. 


Total. 


Apr. 1, 1913 


148, 887 
493, 861 


1,363,334 
2, 443, 588 


900, 484 
702, 532 


1,102,023 
2,620,216 


112,030 
113, 354 


264, 953 
200. 146 


3,891,711 
6, 573, 697 


Dec. 31, 1913 












197, 952 
22.0 






64, 807 
24.5 




Per cent 
























Apr. 1, 1914 


287, 931 
625, 075 


1, 670, 106 
3,389,470 


981, 329 
1,036,037 


1, 840, 077 
2,594,300 


148, 691 
145, 128 


295, 710 
234, 905 


5, 223, 844 
8, 024, 915 


Dec. 31, 1914 






Net movement from storage 










3,563 
2.4 


60, 805 
20.6 




Per cent 
























Apr. 1, 1915 


539, 870 
773, 076 


2,902,737 
3,269,342 


1, 194. 712 
806,058 


2, 108, 430 
2, 654, 555 


216, 492 
101,032 


444, 261 
661,207 


7, 406, 502 
8,265,270 


Dec. 31, 1915 




Net movement from storage 






388, 654 
32.5 




115, 460 
53.3 






Per cent 
























Apr. 1, 1916 


486, 880 
193, 908 


1,576,325 
993, 998 


570, 865 
192, 065 


1, 485, 524 
1,171,266 


35, 440 
21.395 


430, 872 
252, 313 


4,585,906 
2,824,945 


Dec. 31, 1916 




Net movement from storage 

Per cent 


292, 972 
60.2 


582,327 
36.9 


378, 800 
66.4 


314. 258 
21.2 


14,045 
39.6 


178, 559 
41.4 


1,760,961 
38.4 







Because of the seasonal character of the demand and because of 
the special market conditions that developed in the fall of 1916, it 
is desirable to analyze the aggregate statement given above of the 
supply marketed by railroad coal companies. The distribution, by 
months and by periods, of the tonnage sold by them from April to 
December, 1915 and 1916, was as follows : 

(For 7 of the 10 companies the figures are given for each month. 
For the remaining 3 companies only the figures for each period were 
available.) 



90 



AXTHBACITE AXD BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 10. — Distribution, by months and by periods, of anthracite sold from 
April to December, 1915 and 1916. 





Sales from current 
production. 


Dales from storage. Taan ^^ adto 


Total sales. 




1915 


1916 


1915 1916 


1915 


1916 


1915 


1916 


Total for 7 
companies by 
months — 
April 


3, 159, 392 
2, 372, 903 
2, 031, 639 
1, 916, 564 


2, OlS, 076 
2,207,220 

2,278,917 
2, 013, 068 


597, 190 


40.077 
100i 830 






3, 756, 582 
2,372,903 
2. 031 039 


2,05S,153 
2, 303, 050 
2,27S,917 
2, 013, 068 
2, 239, 951 


Ma v 


261,871 
379, 691 
523, 847 
459, 020 








294, 873 


July 






389,238 j 1,916,564 
133,760 1. 968. 217 


August 


1,968,217 


..J 9,951 












Total of 7 corn- 


11, 448, 765 
8, 704, 077 


10,807,232 

8.611.054 


597, 190 
569, 542 


140, 907 

172.4^5 


1, 624, 429 
1, 673, 330 


822,871 
753, 659 


12, 045, 955 
9,273,619 


10, 948, 139 
8,772,549 


Total of 3 com- 
panies, April- 
August, inclu- 




i 1 


Total of all -com- 
panies, April- 
August, inclu- 


20, 152, 842 

2, 203, 649 
3, 133, 974 
3,094,921 
2, 996, 862 


19,407,286 

2, 432, 812 
2, 644, 352 
2, 714, 232 
2. 604. 033 


1, 166, 732 


313,402 

285, 428 
624, OSO 
600, 711 


3, 302, 809 
335,444 


1, 581, 530 


21,319,574 

2, 203, 649 
3. 375, 330 
3, 525, 309 
3,701,755 


19, 720, 688 

2,711,240 
3, 268. 432 
3, 314, 943 
3, 157, 968 


Total for 7 
companies "by 
months — 

September 

October 


191, 356 
430, 33S 
704, 893 














Total of 7 com- 
panies, Septem- 
ber-December, 










11,479,406 

8,034,051 


10, 395,429 
9.258. 2 U 


1,326,637 2,064,154 
801,158 ! 944,620 


335,444 

396. 718 




12,806,043 
8,835,209 


12,459,583 
10,202,824 


Total of 3 com- 
panies, Septem- 
ber-December, 












Total of all com- 
panies, Septem- 
ber-December, 


19, 513, 457 19, 653, 633 


2, 127, 795 


:■: o S. --+ 


739. ifio 




21,641,252 


22, 662, 407 








Toral of 7 com- 
panies, April- 
December, in- 


22, 925, 171 21, 202, 661 
39,666,299 39.060.919 


1, 923, 827 
3,294,527 


2,205,061 1,959,873 1 822,871 
3,322,176 4.034.971 1.581.530 


24,851,998 
42,960,826 


23, 407, 722 
42,383,095 


Total of all com- 
panies, April- 
December, in- 















Analysis of the above table shows that in 1915 the total sales (of 
seven companies) decreased each month from April through August, 
while in 1916 they were very nearly uniform for each month. In the 
period from September through December, however, sales increased 
each month in both 1915 and 1916, except for- a slight decrease in 
December, 1916. With the exception of 597,190 tons in April, 1915, 
and 110,907 tons in April and May, 1916. which were sold from 
storage, practically all of the coal sold by the seven companies in 
the earlier periods of both 1915 and 1916 came directly from cur- 
rent production. During the April to August periods coal was 
being added to storage each month, except in April. 1915. and April 
and May of 1916. In the periods from September through December, 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



91 



1915 and 1916, very little coal was added to storage (except 335,414 
tons in September, 1915). During these periods, however, consid- 
erable quantities of coal were sold from storage, amounting for the 
10 companies to 2,127,795 tons in 1915 and 3,008,774 tons in 1916. 
This marked increase in sales from storage in the fall of 1916 over 
those for the same period in 1915 is significant of the tightened sup- 
ply and increased demand prevailing in the fall of 1916. For the 
same period the total sales of all the companies were 21,641,252 tons 
in 1915 and 22,662,407 tons in 1916. 

While a great deal of coal was sold from storage in the fall of 
1915 and 1916, much of it was coal which had been added to storage 
from current production after April 1. In considering the extent 
to which storage coal served to relieve the shortage for the entire 
season from April through December these additions to storage after 
April 1 must be deducted. Consequently, although 3,322,176 tons 
were sold from storage in the last nine months of 1916, 1,581,530 
tons of this was coal added to storage after April 1, leaving only 
1,740,646 tons sold from storage on hand April 1. 

The immediate effect of the eight-hour day on the output. — Imme- 
diately upon the introduction of the eight-hour day through the 
wage agreement of May 5, 1916, the output of the majority of the 
anthracite coal operators diminished. From some quarters the alle- 
gation has been made that this diminished output was due mainly, 
if not wholly, to the decreased productivity of labor caused by the 
shortening of labor hours. This allegation can not be sustained in 
the light of facts. 

Comparing the output for the five-month period April-August 
in 1916 with that of 1915, it is found that for 12 of the principal 
companies the output had decreased from 22,323,134 gross tons to 
20,330,485 gross tons, or almost 2,000,000 gross tons, constituting a 
reduction of 8.9 per cent, as shown in the following table. 

Table 11. — Production of anthracite, by 12 companies, April-August, 1915 and 

1916. 



Companies. 



Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co 

Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R. Co. 

Delaware & Hudson Co 

Lehigh Valley Coal Co. 
Coxe Bros. & Co. (Inc.)/ 
Pennsylvania Coal Co. .1 
Hillside Goal & Iron Co/ 
Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co . 

Susquehanna Coal Co 

Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co . 

Scranton Coal Co 

Kingston Coal Co 



1915 
(gross 
tons). 



3,357, 
3, 598, 
3,370, 
2, 747, 

612, 
2.063, 

614, 
1, 727, 
1, 530, 
1, 569, 

656, 

473, 



Total 22, 323, 134 20, 330, 485 



1916 



tons). 



592, 671 
311,423 
745, 324 
405, 903 

619. 287 
987, 014 
518, 733 
639, 651 
412, 495 

051. 288 
589, 515 
457, 181 



Decrease ( — ) or i:j 
crease (+) in 1916 a 
compared with 1915. 



(In 



+234, 794 
-287,527 
-625, 565 
-341,396 
H- 6,954 

- 76,602 

- 95, 788 

- 87,703 
-118,234 
-518,319 

- 67,382 

- 15,881 



-1,992,649 



Per cent. 



+ 7.0 
-8.0 
-18.6 
-12.4 
+ 1.1 
-3.7 
-15.6 
- 5.1 
-7.7 
-33.0 
-10.3 
-3.4 



8.9 



92 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Examining the labor supply of the same 12 companies during the 
same periods of 1915 and 1916, it is found that in almost every 
instance the labor force had diminished, and the percentages of 
decrease in labor supply outran the percentages of the decrease in 
production. Hence it can not be maintained that the shortening of 
labor hours from nine to eight (11 per cent) following April, 1916, 
was responsible for the decreased production. 

Table 12. — Percentages of decrease in output, and in labor supply, by month*, 
for 12 companies, Aprils- August, 1916, as compared with 1915. 



* 


Decrease 
(-)or 

increase 
( + )in 
output. 


Decrease in labor supply. 


Companies. 


Average, 
5 months. 


April. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


August. 


Philadelphia & Reading Coal & 
Iron Co 


+ 7.0 

- 8.0 
-18.6 

J -12.4 
\ + 1.1 
/ -3.7 
\ -15.6 

- 5.1 

- 7.7 
-33.0 
-10.3 

- 3.4 


10.9 

5.1 
10.8 
14.0 
16.1 

8.8 
16.0 
20.7 
15.4 

G) 

14.7 
14.3 


2.1 

3.0 
11.5 
12.6 
12.5 

8.1 
15.3 
16.7 
12.9 

G) 

17.8 
15.7 


7.1 

4.5 
12.5 
17.8 
17.3 

8.1 
16.8 
20.8 
15.6 
G) 
15.5 
15.0 


12.6 

5.6 
10.9 
14.5 
17.8 

7.6 
14.8 
19.7 
16.9 

G) 

15.0 
14.4 


17.2 

5.8 
9.3 
11.8 
16.6 
10.3 
16.9 
20.6 
16.0 

G) 

12.7 
13.2 


15.6 


Delaware, Lackawanna <L- West- 
ern R. R. Co 


6.4 


Delaware & Hudson Co 

Lehigh Valley Coal Co.\ 

Coxe Bros. & Co. (Inc.)/ 

Pennsylvania Coal & Iron Co.\ 

Hillside Coal Co [~ 

Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co. 
Susquehanna Coal Co 


9.7 
12.7 
16.6 
11.0 
16.4 
25.6 
15.6 


Lehigh Coai & Navigation Co. . . 
Scranton Coal Co 


7.3 
12.3 




13.3 







i No data secured. 

Only in the case of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Rail- 
road and the Delaware & Hudson Co. was the percentage of decrease 
in production larger than the percentage of decrease in labor force. 
In two instances, however, the reverse was true: The Reading's 
output increased 7 per cent, while its labor force diminished 10.9 
per cent; the output of Coxe Bros. & Co. (Inc.) likewise increased 
1.1 per cent, although its labor force decreased 16.1 per cent during 
the same period. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



93 



The monthly shipments by all companies in the anthracite field, 
which had dropped 2,000,000 tons in April and 400,000 tons in May 
as compared with the same months in 1915, showed an increase in 
June, July, and August, 1916 : 

Shipments of anthracite, in gross tons. 



Months. 



April . . 
May. .. 
June... 
July... 

August 



1915 



6,655,625 
5,954,949 
5, 459, 610 
5, 103, 665 
5,330,831 



1916 



4,528,784 
5,547,899 
5, 636, 975 
5, 432, 878 
5, 531, 797 



Decrease (— ) 
or increase 
(+)in 1916 
over 1915. 



-2,126,841 
- 407, 050 
+ 177,365 
+ 329,213 
+ 200, 966 



The heavy drop in the April shipments was due primarily to the 
absence of the usual discount and to partial cessation of work pend- 
ing the wage agreement. The May decrease in shipments may be 
accounted for by the increase in price, which discouraged buying. 
But the increased shipments during June-August could not have 
taken place simultaneously with diminishing labor force and di- 
minished hours of labor, except for the increased efficiency of the 
miners and for the efforts of the companies to produce coal. 

Labor supply of railroad coal companies and seven independent 
operators, April to December, 1915-16. — The anthracite-coal operators 
have rightly contended that the chief cause of the shortage of produc- 
tion in 1916 was the shortage of labor at the mines. Miners' laborers 
and semi-skilled workmen were drawn from the mines by the prospect 
of obtaining higher wages in munition factories and other high- 
wage industries. 

The Commission obtained from 11 railroad coal companies and 
from 7 independent producers the number of men employed at the 
mines (men on strike being excluded) during each month of the 
periods April-December, 1915 and 1916. 

The two following tables show, respectively, for 11 railroad coal 
companies and for 7 independent producers, the number of laborers 
employed as " outside men," contract miners, contract-miners' labor- 
ers, and miscellaneous inside employees during each month of the 
periods April-December, 1915 and 1916. The third table is a sum- 
mary showing totals for the 18 companies. 



94 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 13. — Labor supply of railroad coal companies, April-December. 1915 and 

1916. 

[Based on data supplied by the companies.] 



Men employed- 



Grand 
total. 



Total 

outside. 



In side . 



Total. 



Contract 
miners. 



Contract 

miners ; 
laborers. 



All other. 



April, 1915 

April, 1916 

Per cent decrease 

MaT.1915 

May. 1916 

Per cent decrease 

June, 1915 

June. 1916 

Per cent decrease 

Julv.1915 

July. 1916 

Per cent decrease 

August. 1915 

August, 1916 

Per cent decrease 

September, 1915 

September, 1916 

Per cent decrease 

October, 1915 

October; 1916 

Per cent decrease 

November, 1915 

November, 1916 

Per cent decrease 

December, 1915 

December, 1916 

Per cent decrease 

Total, 9 months (J^ 

Average number em-/1915 

ployed per month \1916 

Per cent decrease 

April to August inclusive| 1?)1 ? 

Average number em- (1 915 

ployed per month \1916 

Per cent decrease 

September to December|19l5 
inclusive \1916 

Average number em-(19l5 

ploved per month \1916 

Per cent decrease 



131.952 

120. 136 

'9.0 

131.951 

116, 593 

11.6 

131,468 

115'. 314 

12.3 

132,217 

115.021 
13.0 

139,510 

121.434 

13.0 

13S. 07U 

119; 634 
13.4 

135. 700 

US', 774 

12.5 

137,097 

119,329 

13.0 

135. 534 

US', 991 

12.2 



1.213.499 
1,065; 226 

134,833 

118,358 

12.2 

667,098 
588, 498 
133,420 
117, 700 
11.8 

54 p.. 401 
476, 728 

136,600 

119,182 

12.8 



32.930 

3i; 808 

3.4 

32.817 
31 ; 255 



32.718 

30; 903 

5.5 

33.369 

31,489 

5.6 

35,259 

33, 674 

4.5 

35.145 
33;4S7 

4.7 | 

34.400 

32,2:2 ' 

'6.1 

35, 112 

32,293 

8.0 

34,694 
32,23> 

7.1 



99,022 

88, 328 

10.8 

99,134 

85,338 

13.9 

98, 750 

84.411 
14.5 

98.848 

83. 532 

15.5 

104,251 

87, 760 

15.8 

102, 925 

86, 147 

16.3 

10] . 300 

86, 482 

14.6 

101,985 

87,036 

14.7 

100, 840 

86, 753 

14.0 



306.444 
289:439 



34.049 



167. 093 
159,129 
33.419 
31, 826 

4.8 

139.351 

130, 310 

34.838 
32, 578 



907. 055 
775, 787 

100. 78-1 
86; 199 

14.5 

500, 005 
429, 369 
100, 001 
85,874 
14.1 

407,050 

346,418 

101,763 

86.605 

14.9 



34, 741 

32. 886 

5.3 

35, 219 

31, 681 

10.0 

35,083 

31,408 
10.5 

35, 360 

31.298 

11.5 

37, 357 

33, 0S4 
11.4 

37,149 
32. 814 

11.7 

36,597 

32; 786 

10.4 

37,166 

33, 348 

10.3 

36. 860 

33, 583 

8.9 



325. 532 
292; 8SS 

36. 170 

32. 543 

10.0 

177,760 

160', 357 

35.552 

32', 071 

'9.S 

147. 772 
132,531 

36.943 
33. 133 

10.3 



24. 737 

19.369 

21.7 

24.362 

18, 365 

24.6 

24.387 

18,333 

24.8 

24,122 

17, 945 
25.6 

23,793 

17, 601 

26.0 

23.385 

16, 2S5 

30.4 

23,195 

17,121 

26.2 

22,889 

17,098 

25.3 

22.717 

17,069 

24.9 



213. 5^7 
159, 186 

23,732 

17,687 
25.5 

121.401 
91.613 
24, 2«.0 
18,323 
24.5 

92,186 
67, 573 

23.047 

16. 893 

28.7 



39,544 
36, 073 



39. 553 

35, 292 

10.8 

39.2*0 

34. 670 

11.7 

39. 366 

34.289 

12.9 

43,101 

37. 075 

14.0 

42. 391 

37.018 

12.6 

41, 508 

36'. 575 
11.9 

41,930 

36.590 

12.7 

41,263 

36,101 

12.5 



367,936 
323, 713 

40. 882 

•35,968 

12.0 

200,844 

177', 399 

40. 169 

35. 480 

11.7 

167.092 
146, 314 

41,773 

36. 579 

13.4 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



95 



Table 14. — Labor supply of seven independent anthracite operators, April- 
December, 1915 and 1916. 

[Based on data supplied by the companies. The "Grand total" column covers all 7 companies, the 
" Total outside " covers 6 companies, and the "inside" columns cover 5 companies only; hence the 
cross additions in this table do not add to the totals.] 



April , 1915 

April, 1916 

Per cent decrease 

May, 1915 

May, 1916 

Per cent decrease 

June, 1915. 

June, 1916 

Per cent decrease 

July, 1915 

July, 1916 

Per cent decrease 

August, 1915 

August, 1916 

Per cent decrease 

September, 1915 

September, 1916 

Per cent decrease 

October, 1915 

October, 1916 

Per cent decrease. . „ 

November, 1915 

November, 1916 

Per cent decrease 

December, 1915 

December, 1916. 

Per cent decrease 

Total, 9 months |{g} jj 

Average number employed per month \\q\q 
Per cent decrease 

April to August, inclusive 11916 

Average number employed per month j j ~?. 
Per cent decrease 



September to December, inclusive. . . 



A915 



■\1916 

Average numberemployed per month j z~~. 
Per cent decrease 



Men employed— 



Grand 
total. 



1«2,083 

10,131 

16.2 

12, 125 

10,027 

17.3 

12, 149 

9,820 

19.2 

12,181 

9,917 

18.6 

11,980 

9,764 

18.5 

12,005 

9,523 

20.7 

11, 896 

8,926 

25.0 

11,667 

9,580 

17.9 

11, 595 

9,580 

17.4 



107,681 

87, 268 

11,965 

9,696 

19.0 

60,518 

49, 659 

12, 104 

9,932 

17.9 

47, 163 

37, 609 

11,791 

9,402 

20.3 



Total 
outside. 



2,994 

2,541 

15.1 

3,057 

2,529 

17.3 

3,091 

2,502 

19.1 

3,082 

2,491 

19.2 

2,933 

2,456 
16.3 

2,838 

2,455 

13.5 

2,784 

2,347 

15.7 

2,713 

2,393 

11.8 

2.724 

2,386 

12.4 



26, 216 

22, 100 

2,913 

2,456 

15.7 

15,157 
12,519 
3,031 
2,504 
17.4 

11,059 

9,581 

2,765 

2,395 

13.4 



Inside. 



Total. 



8,397 

6,970 

17.0 

8,389 

6,897 

17.8 

8,397 

6,756 

19.5 

8,428 

6,899 

18.1 

8,380 

6,765 

19.3 

8,497 

6,479 

23.7 

8,449 
5,976 
29.3 

8,302 

6,450 

22.3 

8,225 

6,450 

21.6 



75,464 

59,642 

8,385 

6,627 

21.0 

41,991 

34, 2S7 

8,398 

6,857 

18.3 

33,473 

25, 355 

8,368 

6,339 

24.3 



Contract 
miners. 



2,702 

2,373 

12.2 

2,704 

2, 3S9 

11.6 

2,689 

2,351 

12.6 

2,681 

2,336 

12.9 

2,674 

2,360 

11.7 

2,674 

2,336 

12.6 

2,667 

2,125 

20.3 

2,646 
2, 338 



2,604 
2,353 



24, 041 

20, 961 

2,671 

2,329 

12.8 

13.450 
H',809 
2,690 
2,362 
12.2 

10,591 

9,152 

2,648 

2,288 

13.6 



Contract 
miners' 
laborers. 



2,491 
1,582 
36.5 

2,481 
1,547 
37.6 

2,485 
1,504 
39.5 

2,436 
1,607 
34.0 

2,323 
1,573 
32.3 

2,371 
1,419 
40.2 

2,327 
1,304 
44.0 

2,269 
1,429 
37.0 

2,241 
1,413 
36.9 



21,424 

13, 378 

2,380 

1,486 

37.6 

12,216 

7,813 

2,443 

1,563 

36.0 

9,208 
5,565 
2,302 
1,391 
39.6 



All 
other. 



2,859 

2,618 

8.4 

2,847 

2,558 

10.2 

2, 844 

2,490 

12.4 

2,929 

2, 532 

13.6 

2,989 

2,402 

19.6 

3,076 

2,290 
25.6 

3, 062 
2, 113 
31.0 

2,986 

2,247 

24. 7 

2,967 

2.245 

24.3 



26, 559 

21,495 

2,951 

2, 388 

19.1 

14, 468 

12, 600 

2, 894 

2, 520 

12.9 

12,091 
8,895 
3,\023 
2,224 
28.4 



96 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 15. — Summary showing comparative labor supply, April-December, 1915 
and 1916, for 18 coal companies included in the two preceding tables. 



[Cross additions do not add to totals. See note in heading of preceding table.] 



Inside. 



Total for 9 months in 1915 

Total for 9 months in 1916 

Average number of men employed 

monthly in 1915 

Average number of men employed 

monthly in 1916 

Per cent of decrease 



Grand 
total. 


1 


Total 
outside. 


1,321,180 
1,152,494 

146, 798 

128, 055 
12.8 


332, 660 
311,539 

36,962 

34,615 
6.3 



Total. 



Contract 
miners. 



982,519 I 349,573 
835,429 313,849 

38,841 



92, 825 
15.0 



34, 872 
10.2 



Contract 
miners' 
laborers. 



235,011 
172,564 

26,112 

19,174 
26.6 



Allother. 



394, 495 
345,208 

43,833 

38,356 
12.5 



It will be noted from the above tables that in all cases the number 
of men employed during 1916 was less than during the correspond- 
ing month or period of 1915. The summary of both tables shows 
that the average number of employees during the last nine months of 
1916 was 12.8 per cent less than during the same period of 1915, the 
greatest decrease being in the case of contract miners' laborers whose 
number in 1916 was 26.6 per cent less than in 1915. Miscellaneous 
inside employees decreased 12.5 per cent, contract miners decreased 
10.2 per cent, while outside employees decreased only 6.3 per cent. 
The shortage of labor was not confined to any particular month or 
season, as the total number of employees during each month of 
1916 was substantiallv less than during the corresponding months 
of 1915. 

The railroad coal companies did not suffer from labor shortage as 
greatly as did the independent producers. 

The decrease in 1916 over 1915 of the average number of men em- 
ployed during the last nine months Avas 12.2 per cent for the rail- 
road coal companies and 19 per cent for the independent producing 
companies. The decrease during the period April- August was 11.8 
per cent for the railroad coal companies and 17.9 for the independent 
producers, while during the last four months of the year it was 12.8 
per cent for the railroad coal companies and 20.3 per cent for the in- 
dependent companies. 

Labor supply of all companies, calendar years 1915 and 1916, and 
relation to production. — The Pennsylvania State Department of 
Mines, courteously furnished to the Commission, in advance, calendar- 
year data respecting the production and labor supply of the 35 
largest anthracite operators in 1916, thus enabling a comparison to be 
made with the department's published statistics for 1915. These 35 
operators produce some 90 per cent of the entire production, and, in 
less detail, similar data were furnished on all remaining operators. 

Table 16 shows, respectively, for the 11 railroad coal companies 
and for 24 independent producers, the average number of employees 
classified as to occupation, the average number of days worked, " man 
clays " worked, and production and output per " man day " for the 
calendar years 1915 and 1916. Though this information is more 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 97 

complete and authoritative than the data secured by the Commission 
and set forth in the three preceding tables, it does not afford a direct 
comparison of conditions jn the coal year 1916-17, which is the period 
particularly under discussion. 

The 11 railroad coal companies employed, on the average, 8.7 per 
cent less men in 1916 than in 1915, the decrease being greatest in the 
case of contract miners' laborers, whose numbers decreased 21.2 per 
cent. The average number of days worked was 244 in 1916, an in- 
crease of 10.4 per cent over 1915. Thus the number of " man days " 
(the number of employees multiplied by the number of days worked) 
worked by the miners and their laborers in 1916 was only 1.7 per cent 
less than in 1915. 

The production of fresh-mined coal by these 11 companies de- 
creased but 1.2 per cent in 1916. 
105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1 7 



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108 



AHTHEAClTE AKD BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Car shortage at the mines. — Statistics were obtained relating to the 
railroad car supply at the operations of the following 15 anthra- 
cite mining companies: 

Buck Run Coal Co., Coxe Bros. & Co. (Inc.), Darkwater Coal 
Co., Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R., the Kingston Coal 
Co., the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., the Lehigh' Valley Coal 
Co., Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co., G. B. Markle Co., Pennsyl- 
vania Coal Co., and Llillside Coal & Iron Co., Philadelphia & Reading 
Coal & Iron Co., Scranton Coal Co., Susquehanna Coal Co., and 
Traders Coal Co. 

The figures furnished by 13 of these companies indicated the esti- 
mated railroad car tonnage requirements by months during the 
calendar years 1915 and 1916 for shipment of their potential com- 
mercial anthracite production and also showed the tonnage actually 
shipped from their operations. For one company the loss in potential 
shipments through inadequate car supply was shown by months, and 
the tonnage taken in place of actual shipments represents commer- 
cial production, without deduction for coal sold to employees or 
locally. One company furnished statistics of estimated potential 
shipments and of actual shipments on the calendar-year basis only 
for 1915 and 1916, but not for monthly periods. 

A consolidated tabulation follows of the statistics available on 
this subject. 

Table 17. — Estimated railroad-car tonnage requirements of 13 anthracite mining 
companies, and estimated commercial tonnage lost through an inadequate car 
supply, oy months, 1915 and 1916. 





Estimated commercial 
shipments if fully sup- 
plied with cars. 


Tonnage shipped. 


Estimated production 
of commercial tonnage 
lost through an inade- 
quate car supply. 




1915 


1916 


1915 


1916 


1915 


1916 


January 


Gross tons. 
3,250,582 
2,959,208 
3,486,054 
4, 604, 499 
4, 136, 732 
3,734,623 
3,469,623 
3,661,909 
3, 799, 054 
4, 659, 901 
4, 557, 863 
4, 553, 814 


Gross tons. 
4,417,709 
4, 369, 660 
4, 894, 091 
3, 279, 103 
3, 950, 546 
4,077,789 
3,917,704 
4,084,790 
4,083,075 
4, 292, 709 
4,402,371 
4,179,373 


Gross tons. 
3,141,210 
2,836,550 
3,338,020 
4,605,631 
4,051,140 
3, 699, 578 
3, 389, 589 
3,626,009 
3,811,188 
4,562,631 
4,467,130 
4,176,305 


Gross tons. 
4,097,664 
3,976,877 
4,394,644 
3,073,936 
3,776,639 
3,989,027 
3,820,079 
3,965,309 
3,866,956 
4,138,915 
4,299,327 
4,076,594 


Gross tons. 
109, 372 
122, 658 
148, 634 
1379 
85,592 
35, 045 
80,034 
35, 900 
12,396 
97, 270 
90, 733 
377, 509 


Gross tons. 
320,045 




392, 783 




499, 447 




205, 167 




173,907 




88, 762 


July 


97,625 




119,481 


September 


216,119 




153, 794 




103,044 




102, 779 






Total 14 companies 

1 company 1 2 months 


46,874,462 
4, 642, 807 


49,948,920 
5,137,916 


45, 704, 981 
4, 562, 925 


47,475,967 
4,413,507 


1,185,522 
79, 882 


2,472,953 
724,409 






Total 15 companies 


51,517,269 


55, 086, 836 


50, 267, 906 


51, 889, 474 


1,265,404 


3,197,362 



1 One company reported car tonnage furnished in excess of shipments, 1,511 tons in April, 1915, and 
14,530 tons in September, 1915. 

The total production of anthracite shipped to market from all 
operations in 1915 was 69,266,465 gross tons, and in 1916 was 68,- 
007,295 gross tons. The statistics obtained by the Commission relat- 
ing to railroad car supply cover the shipment or commercial pro- 
duction of 50,267,906 gross tons shipped in 1915, which is 72.6 per 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 109 

cent of all commercial shipments during that year, and cover 51,- 
889,474 gross tons, or 76.3 per cent of all commercial shipments 
in 1916. 

At the operations for which figures were secured there was a loss 
in potential production during the calendar year 1915 of 1,265,401 
gross tons, resulting from inadequate railroad car supply, and of 
3,197,362 gross tons during 1916 from the same cause. Thus, re- 
specting the operations for which data are available, the estimated 
shortage in production attributable to deficiency in car supply was 
1,931,958 gross tons greater in the calendar year 1916 than during 
the preceding year. In 1915 the estimated loss in production trace- 
able to this cause at operations for which figures were obtained was 
equal to 2.517 per cent of their combined commercial shipments, and 
the corresponding loss in the whole year 1916 represented 6.161 per 
cent of their commercial shipments. In 1915 the estimated shortage 
arising through insufficient car supply at the operation referred to 
represented 1.827 per cent of the total commercial anthracite ship- 
ments from all operations during that year, and in 1916 was 4.7015 
per cent of all anthracite shipments. 

Figures supplied by. one railroad coal company indicated its esti- 
mated loss in production through insufficient car supply for the cal- 
endar years 1915 and 1916 at 79,992 and 724,409 gross tons, respec- 
tively, but did not particularize the estimated loss on this account 
by months. 

The 14 remaining companies shipped 36,389,201 gross tons of com- 
mercial production during the April-December period of the coal 
year 1915, which is 67.86 per cent of the 53,624,969 tons shipped in 
that period by all operations, and shipped 35,006,782 gross tons dur- 
ing the corresponding months of 1916, equal to 70.48 per cent of the 
49,668,357 tons shipped from all anthracite operations during these 
months. Through car shortage it is estimated that they lost 804,858 
gross tons of potential production in the last nine months of 1915, 
which is equal to 2.212 per cent of their commercial shipments dur- 
ing the period referred to. In April-December, 1916, these 14 com- 
panies lost 1,260,678 gross tons through the same cause, equivalent 
to 3.601 per cent of their commercial shipments during the period. 

Respecting the 14 companies under consideration, 68 per cent of 
the estimated loss in potential commercial production during the cal- 
endar year 1915 is noted in the April-December period, and 32 per 
cent in the first three months of the year. In the calendar year 1916, 
only 51 per cent of the estimated loss attributable to car shortage is 
shown during the April-December period, the remaining 49 per cent 
having been caused in January-March; but the loss in tonnage on 
this account was greater by 455,820 tons, or 56.6 per cent, during 
April-December, 1916, than in the corresponding months of 1915. 

If the September-December periods of both years are considered, 
the loss through insufficient car supply during those months in 1916 
was but 7,828 tons greater than in 1915, a difference of 1.4 per cent, 
and this negligible decrease could not have appreciably affected the 
supply. 

The last three months of 1916 included the period when the anthra- 
cite situation became most acute, and if the October-December periods 
of both years are considered it appears that the estimated loss of 



110 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

these 14 companies due to car shortage, actually was greater by 
205,985 tons, or 57 per cent, in 1915 than it was in 1916. 

In October, 1916, the estimated loss in tonnage by these companies 
resulting from car shortage was 56,524 tons greater than in October, 
1915, equivalent to 58 per cent. 

In November, 1916, the month of greatest stress, the estimated loss 
in tonnage by these companies through car shortage was but 12,311 
tons greater than in 1915, a difference of 13.6 per cent. 

In December, 1916, the railroad car situation as it affected commer- 
cial production of the 14 companies referred to was very much more 
favorable than during December, 1915, when the estimated com- 
mercial production tonnage lost through car shortage was 377,509 
tons. In December, 1916, the shortage on this account was but 
102,779 tons, and thus in 1915 was greater by 267 per cent. 

In November-December, 1916, combined, the shortage in commer- 
cial production traceable to lack of cars was 205,823 tons, while in 
the same months of 1915 it was 468,242 tons, or 127^ per cent, greater 
than in the corresponding months of 1916. 

From the foregoing comparisons and analyses of the loss in poten- 
tial production through car shortage at the 14 operations that have 
been discussed, it does not appear that during the September-Decem- 
ber period of 1916 the loss in commercial production traceable to the 
railway transportation factor was serious. In fact, it was of neg- 
ligible importance and affected the supply at these operations to but 
a very slight extent. The common report of a then existing car 
shortage to account for shortage in supply and high prices of anthra- 
cite during the latter part of 1916 is not sustained by the statistics 
compiled for these 14 companies, and there is no reason to believe 
that if similar compilations were available to cover all anthracite 
operations, the results or proportions would be materially changed. 

Abnormal increase in demand due to artificial causes. — Along with 
the increase in normal demand, set forth in an earlier section, there 
developed during the latter third of 1916, an artificial demand of ex- 
traordinary intensity. This was the outstanding feature in most of 
the principal anthracite markets. Toward the close of August fear 
of a nation-wide railroad strike precipitated a sudden demand. 
Many consumers who had deferred buying earlier in the year, partly 
on account of the uncertainty in April as to anthracite prices, pend- 
ing the new wage agreement, and partly due to the hope that the in- 
creased circular prices would not stand, at once placed heavy orders 
with the retailers. This heavily increased demand in many instances 
greatly exceeded the facilities and capacity of dealers, who in turn 
had hesitated to stock coal during the summer, largely owing to the 
slack business in 1915, and on account of the uncertain conditions 
which surrounded the making of prices earlier in the year. As a re- 
sult immediate deliveries could not be made in all cases, orders were 
only partly filled, and fear of a general coal shortage developed. 

This condition continued throughout the fall and winter, intensi- 
fied at particular times by weather or by local conditions of supply. 
In many instances duplicate orders were placed by buyers in the 
hope of getting coal from somebody right away. Dealers in different 
parts of the country stated that some individual consumers, fearing 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. Ill 

a protracted period of coal shortage and advancing prices, laid in 
unusually large quantities of anthracite. This concentrated immedi- 
ate demand led to the early depletion of dealers' stocks, and thus 
heightened the crisis. 

Kumors current in a number of the western trade centers that the 
eastern demand was to be supplied before the western trade would 
be taken care of, made the anthracite situation in the West all the 
more tense. Similar rumors in the East attributed shortage there 
to the sending of coal west, either in order to get the coal up the 
Lakes by boat before navigation closed or to enable the initial car- 
riers to obtain the higher freight returns which accrue on coal 
shipped west. 

While all the elements mentioned above contributed to produce a 
general excitement and fear of an impending coal famine, apparently 
the most powerful factor in bringing on the panic demand was the 
press, which spread sensational reports broadcast over the county. 
There were some exceptions, all the more noteworthy for the interest- 
ing economic results eifected thereby, where the marked stability of 
the coal market and the absence of excitement on the part of con- 
sumers during a critical time is traceable directly to the influence of 
the local press. 

In a large eastern city the president of a leading coal company, 
during the week when the great increase in the price of anthracite 
took place, sent a letter to each local newspaper and personally visited 
the managers of the various papers. He explained to them that the 
dealers, though their stocks were below normal, had sufficient coal to 
take care of immediate needs and could handle the situation if the 
public did not become excited. He therefore requested them not to 
publish scare and famine articles. As a result of the cooperation of 
the newspapers no abnormal demand for coal developed in that city 
at that particular time, notwithstanding that during the same period 
retailers in other neighboring cities were being overwhelmed with 
orders. Ten days later one of the evening papers of the city, through 
a misunderstanding, did print an article which stated that there was 
a probability of a local coal famine and predicted prices which would 
exceed those obtained during the coal strike of 1902. On the morn- 
ing following the announcement the offices of the coal companies were 
besieged by prospective buyers. Persons who had purchased coal 
sufficient to last them throughout the winter attempted to place 
orders for more coal, and the retailers were forced to refuse to accept 
any more orders. A month later a prominent retailer caused to be 
printed in the press an article on " The tumble of the price of coal." 
The article stated that the wholesale price of coal at New York tide 
had fallen $3 a ton. The effect of this article was as noticeable as 
that of the previous article. Immediately following its publication 
there was a substantial decrease in the demand for coal. 

On November 2, 1916, the president of one of the leading produc- 
ing companies, in a commendable effort to reduce the panic demand, 
gave to the press the following statement : 

The consumers of anthracite coal have become alarmed due to the approach- 
ing winter and the reports of a large shortage in the supply. 

By consumers purchasing only a sufficient supply of coal at this time for their 
present needs and postponing until needed further purchases, the present sup- 



112 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

ply will be conserved and distributed more widely, and later supplies will meet 
the later needs. 

Cooperation along these lines will be the means of securing for all consumers 
a full supply of coal for the coming winter at normal price. 

A systematic advertising campaign conducted by the coal dealers 
of Milwaukee prevented the spread of alarming press reports that 
might have developed into a panic. The local coal dealers kept the 
public well informed through the newspapers of conditions as they 
actually existed in the Milwaukee coal market. This accounts largely 
for the fact that in Milwaukee there was no appreciable coal panic 
on the part of consumers, and the coal market remained fairly normal. 

In Chicago, on the other hand, conditions were exactly the reverse. 
At the time of the impending railroad strike early in September 
Chicago newspapers began to feature the local coal situation and con- 
tinued to publish articles predicting a coal famine with $12 coal, etc. 
Newspaper reports of this nature continued to appear till the close of 
the year and assumed an even more alarming tone during January at 
the time when the results of the freight congestion were most felt. 
Local coal dealers averred that the newspapers were responsible very 
largely for the panic among consumers and the critical situations that 
developed at intermittent periods in the course of the winter. 

Coal barge shortage in Atlantic coastwise trade. — Different fac- 
tors have combined to bring about a shortage of water transportation 
for coal, both in the Great Lakes and in the Atlantic coastwise trade. 

Much Lake and coastwise shipping went definitely into the more 
profitable overseas traffic to meet the increasing demands of the ex- 
port trade. 

Many of the barges which normally were used to transport coal 
from tidewater to New England were employed in the harbor trade 
around New York City, and were diverted to the greatly increased 
industrial traffic. 

In New England, many retailers unable to obtain barges at reason- 
able rates, or to receive adequate coal supplies by water, attempted to 
obtain their coal by all-rail routes. This was not always practi- 
cable or economical since the yards of many dealers who normally 
receive their coal by water are not adapted or located with a view 
to handling all-rail coal. 

This disturbance of water transportation to New England had an 
especially serious effect last winter, and the situation has not im- 
proved. There is much apprehension in the coal trade of New Eng- 
land concerning the moving of next winter's anthracite supply. 

The Commission has already called the New England barge situa- 
tion to the attention of the proper executive and administrative of- 
ficers of the Government for consideration, and such action as may be 
possible under powers they now possess. But the Commission recog- 
nizes the fact that unless adequate relief is afforded promptly there 
may be much suffering in New England during the winter of 1917-18, 
and therefore in this report makes recommendations to Congress for 
the new legislation it believes necessary to prevent such a calamity. 

Boat shortage on Great Lakes. — Throughout that region of the 
Northwest which depends for the greater part of its supply of an- 
thracite on lake shipments a shortage of bottoms made itself felt 
during the season of 1916. The available lake vessels were not 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 113 

nearly adequate to meet the increased demand for anthracite carriage 
over former years. One of the factors which prevented the North- 
west from getting as much coal as it needed was the withdrawal of 
a large part of the boat tonnage from lake service. Many lake 
steamers that had been sold during the winter for use in coastwise 
or foreign commerce were sent to the Atlantic at the opening of navi- 
gation. Not enough new vessels for lake service were built at the 
shipyards to make good the shortage. 

Earlier in the season the volume of coal shipments over the lake 
routes was greatly reduced by the fact that coal cargoes from the 
mines did not arrive at loading ports in satisfactory volume so that 
quite a number of vessels which were under contract to carry coal 
were sent on this northbound trip without cargoes rather than to 
wait. Later in the season the grain blockade at Buffalo held up quite 
a number of boats that were under contract to bring coal west from 
Lake Erie. 

The leading factor, however, which caused a shortage of boats for 
coal traffic on the Great Lakes, was the enormous increase in ore and 
grain shipments from ports at the head of Lake Superior, and the 
much higher rates on that kind of cargoes, which left fewer freighters 
available to carry coal. The ore shipments down the Great Lakes 
for the season up to December 1, 1916, were practically double those 
of two years ago, and 17,386,790 tons more than for the entire season 
of 1915. Grain shipments over the same routes showed a correspond- 
ing increase in volume for the same period. It was formerly cus- 
tomary for lake boats engaged? in carrying coal, after loading coal 
at Buffalo, to go through the Straits of Mackinac to Sheboygan, 
Manitowoc, Milwaukee, Racine, and Chicago, and on the return trip 
to go to the head of the lakes for return ore cargoes. Many of these 
boats during 1916 carried no coal at all. This was because ore and 
grain boats by not stopping to take return cargoes of coal could make 
three trips down with ore and grain, while boats that carried coal up 
were making only two ore and grain trips. Eates on grain and ore 
were so high that the three ore and grain cargoes, even returning 
light, paid better than four cargoes — two down with ore and grain 
and two back with coal. 

The fact that most of the modern freighters are under contract 
to bring down a stipulated quantity of iron ore during the season, 
and that delays from fogs, congestion of traffic, and other causes 
have caused many of the vessels to lose much valuable time, also 
served as an incentive to owners to gain dispatch by sending freight- 
ers up light rather than risk further loss of time in loading and 
unloading coal cargoes. In the course of the season offers of 70 and 
75 cents a ton on small coal cargoes for Milwaukee brought little re- 
sponse from vessel owners, who found it more profitable to take the 
Lake Superior route and load ore at $1 a ton net, or wheat at 4J cents 
a bushel, even though the upbound trip was made in water ballast 
instead of with coal. 

Delays in transit, — The following table shows delays in transit of 
shipments of anthracite coal reported by 22 dealers selected at ran- 
dom in seven representative New England markets. 
105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1 — -8 



114 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Under " Transit periods " are given the number of days which 
elapsed between the date of shipment of the coal and the date of 
arrival. The per cents of the tonnage arriving during the several 
transit periods are shown for two seasonal periods, April to August 
and September to December, respectively. 

Table 18. — Percentage of shipments received in specified transit periods by 

22 retailers in 7 representative New England markets, April August, 

and September December, 1916. 





Transit 
period. 


Percent of ton- 
nage arriving— 


Market. 


Transit 
period. 


Per cent of ton- 
nage arriving — 


Market. 


April 
to 

August. 


Septem- 
ber to 
December. 


April 
to 

August. 


Septem- 
ber to 
December. 


Boston: 

Rail 


Days. 
fltol4... 
{15 to 24.. 
[25 to 73.. 

[3 to 11... 
{l2tol4.. 

[l5to41.. 

/3toll... 

\12tol7.. 

[lto9.... 

{lotoii.. 

[I2to20.. 


91.6 

7.5 
.9 


84.9 

13-5 

1.6 


Fall River, barge... 

Brockton, rail 

Springfield, rail 

Hartford, rail 


Days. 
(3 to 6.... 
■|7toll... 
112 to 17.. 

|ltol5... 

{l6to27.. 

[32to46.. 

(3 to 15... 
{16 to 22.. 

[23 to 60.. 

(1 to 12... 
{13 to 19.. 

[20 to 42.. 


38.6 
37.5 
23.9 


43.3 
33.5 




23.2 




100.0 


100.0 


100.0 


100.0 


Barge 


83.6 
7.9 
8.5 


58.9 
25.0 
16.1 


73.1 
22.9 

4.0 


89.7 
10.3 














100.0 


100.0 


100.0 | 100.0 


Providence, barge.. 


94.2 

5.8 


55.7 
44.3 


60.9 1 71.7 
22.6 24.5 
16.5 3.8 




100.0 i 100. 




100.0 100.0 






Attleboro, rail 


8.5 
30.8 


38.8 
30.0 


78.2 
10.5 
11.3 


80.1 
14.4 

5.5 




100.0 


100.0 




100.0 


100.0 



In the case of these representative Xew England markets the 
reports indicate no great delay in transit on the bulk of the tonnage 
in September to December, 1916, as compared with April to August. 
In two of the markets, Boston (both rail and barge) and Providence 
(barge), from 14 to 41 per cent of the tonnage covered required only 
from 3 to 10 days longer than the normal, delays beyond this affect- 
ing only from 2 to 16 per cent of the tonnage, while from 56 to 85 
per cent was received in normal time. In two of the markets, Attle- 
boro (rail) and Fall River (barge), transit conditions were about 
the same in the two periods, and in three, Brockton, Springfield, and 
Hartford, transit was faster in September to December than in 
April to August. 

While shipments by barge to Providence were somewhat slower in 
arrival in September to December than in April to August, it will 
be noted that all shipments were received within 17 days. Further- 
more, none of the shipments by barge to Fall River took longer than 
17 days, and none of those to Attleboro by rail over 20 days. 

Delays in transit of shipments of anthracite coal to the above mar- 
kets, and also to Buffalo, N". Y. ; Detroit, Mich.; and Lawrence, 
Mass., are shown in more detail in the following table: 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



115 



Table 19. — Shipments received in specified transit periods by 28 retailers in 10 

selected markets of New England and the Middle West, April August, 

and September December, 1916. 

BOSTON MARKET, RAIL (7 COMPANIES, 79,434 GROSS TONS), 





Shipments re- 
ceived — 


Per cent- 


Transit period. 


April 

to 

August. 


Septem- 
ber to 
Decem- 
ber. 


April 
to 

August. 


Septem- 
ber to 
Decem- 
ber. 


1 to 6 days 


Gross 

tons. 

6,386 

18,518 

11, 144 

2,948 

206 

167 


Gross 

tons. 

4,515 

16,418 

13,071 

5,408 

624 

29 


16.2 

47.1 

28.3 

7.5 

.5 

.4 


11.3 


7 to 9 days 


41.0 


10 to 14 days 


32.6 


15 to 24 days 


13. 5 


25 to 30 days - 


1.5 


38, 41, 42, 54, and 73 days 


.1 






Total 


39,369 


40, 065 


100.0 


100.0 







BOSTON MARKET, BARGE (6 COMPANIES, 99,119 GROSS TONS). 



3 to 4 days... 
5 to 7 days... 
8 to 11 days.. 
12 to 14 days. 
15 to 23 days. 
36 to 41 days. 

Total... 



6,875 
18, 151 
30, 181 

5,228 
5,582 



66,017 



2,412 
10, 204 
6,865 
8,272 
3,058 
2,291 



33, 102 



10.4 

27.5 

45.7 

7.9 

8.5 



7.3 
30.8 
20.8 
25.0 

9.2 



LAWRENCE MARKET, RAIL (2 COMPANIES, 2,590 GROSS TONS). 





0) 
0) 

8 

0) 

( x ) 


144 
495 
638 
461 
374 
478 


0) 

0) 

C 1 ) 
C 1 ) 
0) 
C 1 ) 


5.6 




19.1 


10 to 1 1 days 


24.6 


12 to 15 days 


17.8 


16 to 17 days 


14.4 


19, 20, 24, 25, 27, 29, and 44 days 


18.5 






Total 




2,590 




100.0 











BROCKTON MARKET, RAIL (1 COMPANY, 5,620 GROSS TONS). 



I to 4 days . . 
5 to 7 days.. 
8 to 10 days. 

II to 15 days 
16 to 27 days 
32 to 46 days 

Total.. 



825 
543 
769 
590 
852 
148 



3,727 



164 
147 

514 
842 
196 



22.1 
14.6 
20.6 
15.8 
22.9 
4.0 



100.0 



8.7 

7.8 
28.7 
44.5 
10. 3 V 



100.0 



ATTLEBORO MARKET 


RAIL (1 COMPANY, 2,490 GROSS TONS). 






1 to 2 days 


547 
421 
136 
492 


82 
197 
347 
268 


34.3 

26.4 

8.5 

30.8 


9.2 


3.5 to 9 days 


22.0 


10 to 11 days 


38.8 


12 to 17, 19, and 20 days 


30.0 








Total 


1,596 


894 


100.0 


100.0 







FALL RIVER MARKET, BARGE (2 COMPANIES, 28,547 GROSS TONS). 



3 to 5 days . . 

6 days 

7 to 11 days. 
12 to 17 days 

Total. 



2,093 
2,572 
4,534 

2,886 



12,085 



2,045 
5,079 
5,513 
3,825 



16,462 



17.3 
21.3 
37.5 
23.9 



100.0 



12.4 

30.9 
33. 5 

23.2 



100.0 



1 No data secured, April to August. 



lie 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 19. — Shipments received in specified transit periods by 28 retailers in 10 

selected markets of Neio England and the Middle West, April ■ August, 

and September December, 1916 — Continued. 



PROVIDENCE MARKET, BARGE (1 COMPANY, 


28,214 gross tons). 








Shipments re- 
ceived- 


Per cent- 


Transit period. 


April 

to 

August. 


Septem- 
ber to 
Decem- 
ber. 


April 

to 

August. 


Septem- 
ber to 
Decem- 
ber. 


3 to 6 da vs 


Gross 

tons. 
5,003 
7,174 
4,777 
1,045 


Gross 
tons. 

855 


27.8 
39.9 
26.5 
5.8 


8.4 


7 to 8 davs 




9 to 11 days 


4,832 
4,528 


47.3 


12 to 17 days 


44.3 






Total 


17, 999 10, 215 

1 


100.0 


100.0 







SPRINGFIELD MARKET, RAIL (2 COMPANIES, 13,830 GROSS TONS). 



7 to 6 days . . . 
I to 9 days. .. 
]0 to 15 days. 
2 6 to 22 days . 
2 3 to 26 days . 
o7 to 34 days . 



6, 41, 49, and 60 days . 
Total 



707 


285 


6.7 


1,791 


650 


17.1 


3,890 


1,462 


37.1 


2,375 


818 


22.6 


821 


42 


7.8 


690 


84 


6.6 


215 




2.1 




10,489 


3,341 


100.0 



HARTFORD MARKET, RAIL (2 COMPANIES, 30,887 GROSS TONS). 



1 to 3 days 

4 to 7 days 

8 to 12 days 

13 to 19 davs 

20 to 21 days 

22 to 26 days 

29 to 32, 35 to 37, 41 and 42 days . 

Total 



340 


526 


3.4 


4,751 


9,277 


4S.0 


2,655 


7,016 


26.8 


1,040 


3,022 


10.5 


295 


497 


3.0 


301 


569 


3.1 


515 


S3 


5.2 


9,897 


20,990 


100.0 





BUFFALO MARKET, RAIL (1 COMPANY, 3,164 GROSS 


TONS). 






6 to 9 days 


8 

0) 

0) . 


452 

662 

1, 917 

103 


0) 
0) 
0) 
0) 


14.3 


10 to 13 days 


20.9 


14 to 18 days 


61 5 


19, 21, and 23 days.... 


3.3 








Total 


3,164 


100.0 











DETROIT MARKET, RAIL (3 COMPANIES, 39,351 GROSS TONS). 



2 to 6 days 


76 

3,178 

594 

153 

35 


3,433 

8,410 
11,871 
7,580 
1,822 
1.334 
865 


1.9 
78.7 
14.7 

3.8 
.9 


9.7 


7 to 12 days ... 


23.8 


13 to 20 days 


33.6 


21 to 31 days 


21.5 


32 to 39 days 


5.2 




3.8 


49, 51, 52, 55, 57, 60, 61, 63, and 68 days 




2.4 










Total 


4,036 


35,315 


100.0 


100.0 



No data secured April to August. 



The number of gross tons arriving during each transit period and 
the per cent which the tonnage of each period forms of the total are 
given for two seasonal periods, April to August and September to 
December, except for Buffalo and Lawrence, for which data for Sep- 
tember to December only were obtained. Kail and barge shipments 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 11 7 

are presented separately. The data are for 28 companies selected 
at random in 10 markets, and probably represent average conditions 
in those markets. 

This table shows that while the bulk of the shipments of coal to 
each of the several markets for which comparative data were secured 
reached its destination in about the same average length of time, 
whether in the summer-months period or in the fall-months period, 
there is apparent a general tendency toward slightly longer delays in 
transit in September to December. To a greater or less extent the 
proportion of the total tonnage received in the shorter transit periods 
tends to be smaller in the fall months than in the summer, and the 
proportion received in the longer transit periods tends to be larger 
in the fall months than in the summer. However, with the exception 
of Detroit, the variance in the proportions for the summer and for 
the fall is not pronounced. 

In Detroit the reports indicate marked delays ; in April to August 
only 5 per cent of the tonnage covered was in transit over 20 days ; 
but in September to December nearly 33 per cent took over 20 days. 
A more detailed study of the per cents given for Detroit reveals that 
in April to August 80.6 per cent of the tonnage shipped arrived in 12 
days or less, while in September to December but 33.5 per cent ar- 
rived in this time. The large per cent of the tonnage (78.7 per cent) 
in April to August was delivered in from 7 to 12 days. In September 
to December over 55 per cent of the tonnage was from 13 to 31 days 
en route and 11.4 per cent was from 32 to 68 days arriving. Each 
month from September to December the delays in transit increased 
constantly until, in December, only 12.3 per cent arrived in 12 days, 
60.6 per cent in from 13 to 31 days, and 27.1 per cent in from 32 to 
68 days. 

The reports received show that in most of the markets a higher per 
cent of the tonnage was a long time in transit during the month of 
December than during any other month. Thus, in December 20.5 per 
cent of the tonnage shipped by rail to Boston was en route from 15 
to 30 days, and 50 per cent of that shipped by barge was from 15 to 
41 days arriving ; 47 per cent of the Fall River tonnage, 70 per cent 
of the Attleboro, and all of the Providence tonnage took from 12 to 
17 days, or even 20 days, to arrive in this month. In the Lawrence 
and Fall River markets November was the month of greatest delay ; 
in Buffalo September was the worst month. 

It is of interest that a large per cent of the tonnage shipped to 
Boston by rail that was from 38 to 73 days in arriving was in April 
and June, such tonnage forming only three-tenths of 1 per cent of 
the total December tonnage, the only other month in which shipments 
took this length of time. The extreme delays in the Springfield mar- 
ket occurred throughout the summer months. June and August 
were the two months showing the longest transit period in the Brock- 
ton market, and April was the month of greatest difficulty in the 
Hartford market. 

Data of the above character were not secured for the Chicago mar- 
ket, but certain information was obtained concerning the time of 
movement on different lines of 384 cars of anthracite coal from Buf- 
falo to Chicago from November 1 to December 10, 1916. These cars 



118 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

were reported to have taken the following average lengths of time on 
the several lines: 

Days. 

New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad 7. 1 

Pere Marquette Railroad 10. 2 

New York Central Railroad 10. 7 

Michigan Central Railroad 11. 

Pennsylvania Railroad 14. 8 

Wabash Railway 15. 

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 15.2 

Section 3. Extent to Which Advantage was Taken of Abnormal 

Conditions. 

There was no class of concerns engaged in the anthracite trade 
which did not to a greater or less extent take advantage of market 
conditions to increase gross margins. Some of the railroad coal 
companies, a number of the independent producers, nearly all the 
jobbers, and many of the retailers have done this. 

Throughout the fall months large quantities of anthracite were 
mined, sold, and delivered to the bins of the consumer without pay- 
ment of premium to producer, jobber, or retailer. In some markets 
the producer and jobber " took care of " the retailer in a fairly satis- 
factory manner, though with slow deliveries, and the retailer in turn 
kept his customers in coal without any marked increase in the price. 

Nevertheless, in other markets the larger coal companies did not 
supply the demand adequately and promptly, which resulted in the 
dealers going to the smaller producers and jobbers for premium coal 
and passing on to the customer the amount of the premium, or in 
some cases more than the premium. In still other markets the re- 
tailers, themselves provided with coal at not much over normal price, 
advanced prices stiffly to the consumer, thus giving themselves a very 
high gross margin of profit. Jobbers not only greatly increased their 
gross margin on coal from independent collieries, but also in some 
cases made a far higher margin on the railroad company coal than 
the 10 cents per ton the} 7 are normally supposed to charge on this 
business. Water freights and charter rates for coal cargoes also ad- 
vanced sharply in many cases, this being true both for the New Eng- 
land water-borne trade and for the cargo trade on the Great Lakes. 

The following sections give a statement of specific facts bearing on 
the extent to which advantage of the situation was or was not taken 
(1) by railroad coal companies, (2) by independent producers, (3) 
by water- transportation companies, (4) by principal jobbers, and (5) 
by local jobbers and retailers. 

Section 4. Action of Railroad Coal Companies During Crisis. 

The railroad coal companies and affiliated sales companies did 
•not sell any coal at premium prices. Rumors of such sales by the 
selling agent of one company were found on investigation to be 
based on the fact that the selling agent was also handling the coal 
of certain independent producers. While the railroad company 
coal was sold strietly at circular, and fully accounted for separately, 
the same agent sold the independent coal for all it would bring in 
the market. 

Some of the railroad coal companies made certain small increases 
in the circular price for certain territories. Though not premium 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 119 

sales, the sales at these increased circular prices affected the price 
to the consumer by the amount of the increase. Moreover, these in- 
creases in railroad coal company prices were important in that 
though small per ton they affected a relatively large tonnage and 
were practically ail shifted to the consumers, whereas in a number of 
instances the premiums paid for other coal were partly absorbed by 
the retailer with a corresponding lowering of his margin. 

Subsequent to the increase in circular prices in May, 1916, there 
were no increases in railroad coal company circulars in the West till 
December. On December 8 the Pennsylvania Coal Co. (Erie R. R.), 
through its selling agents, Williams & Peters, advanced its circular 
prices 25 cents per ton on prepared sizes of anthracite. Other rail- 
road coal companies announced a similar advance of 25 cents per ton 
on prepared sizes as follows: Susquehanna Coal Co. (Penn. R. R.), 
on January 1, 1917; Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co. (L. V. R. R.), on 
January 1, 1917; Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Coal Co. (D. L. 
& W. R. R.), on January 16, 1917; Philadelphia & Reading Coal & 
Iron Co., on February 15, 1917. This 25-cent increase in price is ex- 
plained as the tardy shifting to the purchaser of a corresponding 
increase in freight rates which had been borne by the mining com- 
panies since July, 1915. 

The increased tonnage sold by certain railroad coal companies to 
jobbers is stated on page 141 below. 

Section 5. Action of Independent Operators. 

Many of the independent operators took advantage of the crisis 
to charge exorbitant prices, often increasing their prices $1, $3, and 
in some cases $5 a ton. Some of the independent producers sold 
a considerable part of their coal at circular to regular customers, 
and a few, perhaps, sold entirely at circular; but a large part of the 
independent coal was sold at stiff premiums, and some of the inde- 
pendent producers practically auctioned their coal to the highest 
bidder, the price changing from day to day and even from hour to 
hour. 

Some instances came to the attention of the Commission in which 
independent producers arranged to "split" premiums with par- 
ticular jobbers. The producer sold to the jobber at circular prices, 
allowing him a commission, and then received from the jobber half 
of all premiums secured by him. Such arrangements appear to have 
been intended to supply the jobber with a larger and more profitable 
tonnage to sell, in return for his finding the highest possible market 
and sharing the premium. 

The records of eight important independent producers, including 
the two independents covered in the next section of this report, in 
answer to the Hitchcock resolution, were examined by the Commis- 
sion for the period from September to December, 1916. The follow- 
ing table shows, for each month from September to December, the 
average sales receipts of these eight companies, f. o. b. mines, the 
average costs accepted as comparable, and the margin between re- 
ceipts and these accepted costs. Their average increase in margin 
by months for October, November, and December is also shown. A 
comparison of their average costs accepted as comparable with their 
average sales receipts indicates that their margin increased 40 cents 



120 



ANTHRACITE AXD BITUMINOUS COAL. 



per ton during the four months. The additional items of cost re- 
served by the Commission for further analysis amount to not more 
than 5 cents per ton. 



Table 20. — Costs, receipts, and margins per gross ton. with increases, September 
December, 1916, by months, for 8 important independent producers. 

[Fresh-mined coal at the mines.] 



Septem- 
ber. 



Octo- 
ber. 



Novem- 
ber. 



Decem- 
ber. 



Average 
Septem- 
ber-De- 
cember. 



Receipts, all sizes 

Cost (accepted) 

Margin over accepted cost . 
Increase in margin 



S3. 417 
2.631 

.786 



S3. 510 

2.631 

.879 

.093 



S3. 801 

2.631 

1.170 

.291 



S3. 816 

2.G31 

1.185 

.015 



S3. 632 
2. 631 
1.001 



The fresh-mined tonnage produced from September to December, 
1916. by the eight independent producers here referred to, was 1,689.- 
225 gross tons. During the same period their sales amounted to 
1,812,119 gross tons. 

In the following table costs, receipts, and margins are shown for 
six of the eight companies included in Table 20: 

Table 21. — Costs, receipts, and margins per gross ton. with increases, September 
December, 1916, by months, for 6 important independent producers. 

[Fresh-mined coal at the mine.] 



Receipts, all sizes , 

Cost, accepted 

Margin over accepted cost. . , 
Monthly increase' in margin. 



^entem- 
ber. 



S3. 224 

2.744 

.480 



October. 



?3.333 

2.771 

.562 

.082 



Novem- 
ber. 



S3. 666 

2.636 

1.030 

.468 



Decem- 
ber. 



S3. 699 

2.769 

.930 

MOO 



Average, 
Septem- 
ber to 
Decem- 
ber. 



S3. 4SS 
2.729 



Increase, 
Septem- 
ber to 
Decem- 
ber. 



SO. 475 
.025 
.45D 



Decrease. 



When formely the railroad coal companies under the perpetual" 65 
per cent contracts " purchased the total output of many mines, the 
coal so purchased was sold at circular, but these contracts having 
been abrogated by the Supreme Court as in restraint of trade, the 
coal from these independent mines has often been sold by its pro- 
ducers at high premiums in the recent crisis. In the last four months 
of 1916 coal purchased by the railroad coal companies from inde- 
pendents, under short-time contracts, fell off about 300,000 tons or 
38 per cent. 

The total production of anthracite by all independent operators in 
April to December, 1916, fell off 9 per cent as compared with the 
same months of 1915. 



Section 6. Quality of Anthracite Shipped. 

Anthracite coal is subjected to inspection at the mines of the 
various operating companies before it is shipped. The final inspec- 
tion takes place after the coal is loaded on cars. The men employed 
for this work select from each car several samples of the coal, of 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



121 



about 50 pounds each, and examine them to ascertain the content of 
slate, rock, and bone. Should the samples contain a larger per- 
centage of this refuse than is allowed by the standard of prepara- 
tion in use, the coal is to be " condemned " and in most cases is 
again run through the breaker and reprepared. 

There are several standards of preparation used in different locali- 
ties, varying according to the physical make-up of the coal mined in 
the various fields. 

The following tabulation shows four of the standards of prepara- 
tion of anthracite, the source of each being shown in the footnotes : 

Table 22. — Standards of preparation of anthracite, showing allowable percent- 
ages of content of slate and rock and bone. 





A. 


B. 


C. 


D. 


Size. 


Slate 
and rock. 1 


Bone. 1 


Slate 
and rock. 2 


Bone.2 


Slate 
and rock. 3 


Bone. 3 


Slate 
and rock. 4 


Bone. 4 




Per cent. 
2 V 
3' 
3£ 
4-5 
12 
15 
15 
15 


Per cent. 
2* 
3" 
3* 

4-5 


Per cent. 
1 
2 
4 
5-7 
8 
10 


Per cent. 
2 
2 
3 
5 
10 
10 


Per cent. 
1 
2 

M 

4 
8 
10 
15 
15 


Per cent. 
2 
2 
4 
5 
5 
10 


Per cent. 

1 

2 

4 

5-7 

10 

! ■ 


Per cent. 
2 


Egg 


2 


Stove 


3 


Nut 


5 


Pea 


i 






I ,*s 






\ ( 5 ) 


Buckwheat No. 3 

























1 From International Library of Technology, Scranton, 1907. (Preparation of Anthracite, p. 5.) 

2 From The Coal Trade, 1915, p. 122; 1916, p. 125. 

3 From Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineer Vol. XLII, 1912; The Preparation of 
Anthracite, p. 272, by Paul Sterling, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 

< From Anthracite Bureau of Information 

& " Shall not contain such proportion of said bone as to reduce the price below the average market prices of 
those sizes." 

The variations between the different standards are not great, being 
more pronounced in the steam sizes. 

In connection with the inspection of coal for the amount of for- 
eign matter remaining after preparation, examination is also made 
as to the various other sizes of coal contained in cars supposed to be 
egg, stove, chestnut, etc. One standard showing the percentage of 
allowable variations from the desired size follows : 





Size. 


Percentage of next 
size allowed. 




Larger. 


Smaller. 


Broken 




20 


Egg 


5 
5 
10 

5 

8 

8 
8 


50 


Stove 


50 


Nut 


15 


Pea 


f H5 

\ 215 

15 


Buckwheat 


Rice 


25 


Barley 









Buckwheat. 



2 Rice. 



Several complaints have been received by the commission regarding 
the quality of coal shipped during 1916. These have originated 
usually in the Northwest, although others have been received from 
the eastern section of the country. In one instance a Boston dealer 
claimed that the rock and slate that had been picked from coal he 



122 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



had purchased during the past year had been used to fill in large 
holes and excavations in vacant lots adjacent to his yard. 

In connection with these complaints the commission directed in- 
quiries to the more important operators as to the quantities of coal 
condemned and the disposition of such coal; and also to large jobbers 
in the North west regarding the quality of shipments received. 

A compilation of the replies to all the inquiries addressed to the 
operating companies follows : 

Table 23. — Replies of operating companies to inquiries regarding condemned 
anthracite, by months, for six-month periods ending December 31, 1915 
and 1916. 





Tons of coal condemned, by months, 1916. 


Company. 


July. 


August. 


Septem- 
ber. 


October. 


Novem- 
ber. 


Decem- 
ber. 


Six 

months 

total. 


1 


18,979 

12,113 

20, 187 

60, 120 

118, 200 

6,489 

8,240 

26, 516 


12, 103 

7,663 

22, 806 

55, 080 

100, 000 

5,182 

12, 720 

21, 493 


7,970 
6,922 
15,657 
38, 240 
80,440 
4,591 
10, 520 
24,410 


7,083 

4,903 

18,345 

42, 360 

47, 680 

5,823 

9,480 

15,699 


3,175 

4,906 
4,568 
33, 320 
46,560 
4,622 
14,480 
21, 836 


2,003 

4,618 

4, 953 

33, 160 

34,360 

4,823 

14, 760 

19, 571 


51, 313 


2 


41,125 


3 


76, 516 
262,280 
427, 240 

31.530 


4 2 


5 3 


6 


7 


70, 200 
129, 525 


8 


9< 


10 3 
















11 6 
















12 7 
































Total 


270, 844 


237, 047 


188, 750 


141,373 


133, 467 


118,248 


1, 089, 729 







Tons of coal condemned, by months, 1915. 


Company. 


July. 


August. 


Sep- 
tember. 


October. 


Novem- 
ber. 


Decem- 
ber. 


Six 
months 
total. 


1 


11,516 
9,829 
3S, 122 
56, 040 
60, 040 
5,984 
7,120 
15, 291 


16, 519 

7,759 
32,594 
59, 400 
65, 120 
5,510 
5,640 
18, 222 


17, 863 

5,427 

30, 197 

52, 200 

53, 600 

6,274 

6,000 

23,056 


20,370 

9,648 

36, 241 

53, 480 

64, 920 

7,221 

6,120 

30, 844 


11,117 

7, 638 
33, 603 
48, 720 
78, 120 
5,542 
5,040 
25, 838 


8,019 

6,995 

18, 817 

45, 720 

59, 680 

4,470 

4, 8^0 

17, 728 


85,404 
47, 296 
189, 574 


2 


3 


42 


315, 560 
381, 480 


53 


6 


35,001 
34, 720 


7 


8 


130, 9, 9 


94 




If) 5 
















11 6 
















12 7 
































Total 


203,942 


210,764 


194,617 


228,844 


215,618 


166,229 


1,220,014 





1 "Decrease in condemned coal accounted for largely by improved preparation, due to installation of 
modern jigs of greater capacity and efficiency." 

2 This company reported the number of cars condemned by months with an approximate total tonnage 
for the six-month periods. The average tonnage per car for the period was used to obtain the monthly 
tonnages. 

3 The same average tonnage per car was used for this company as for company No. 4, this company only 
reporting the number of cars condemned. The officers of this company explain the high condemnations 
during the summer of 1916 by the fact that a tie-up of an unusually large number of breakers for rejjair 
caused other breakers to be overcrowded. 

* No figures given. "No condemned coal is or has been sold by this company." 

5 No figures given. " No coal is accepted by this company unless it passes our standard inspection." 

6 No figures given. "A car of coal condemned at any of our collieries is immediately reprepared to con- 
form to the inspection rules." 

7 No figures given. "We have never shipped condemned coal. Whenever a car is condemned we repick 
it until it is marketable." . 

These 12 companies had an approximate total production of 60,- 
982,000 gross tons of coal in 1916, or roughly, 69 per cent of the 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



123 



total production for the year. Each company stated emphatically 
that it did not sell or ship any condemned coal. 

As it appears that practically no condemned coal has been sold 
during 1916, the question arises as to whether the same care was 
exercised in the inspection of coal as in preceding years. The in- 
creased demand during the past year, with the resulting enhance- 
ment of prices, would tend to make the inspection somewhat lax in 
order that coal which under ordinary circumstances would be con- 
demned might be used to increase the available supply. 

A recapitulation has been made in the following table of the re- 
lation between production tonnage and condemned tonnage for 
the period September to December, 1915 and 1916, for 7 of the 
12 companies to whom inquiries were sent, these being the only ones 
for which data for such a calculation were available : 

Table 24. — Relation of condemned anthracite to production. 





1916 


1915 




Produc- 
tion. 


Con- 
demned 
coal. 


Relation 
of con- 
demned 
coal to 
produc- 
tion. 


Produc- 
tion. 


Con- 
demned 
coal. 


Relation 
of con- 
demned 
coal to 
produc- 
tion. 


September 


2,220,713 

2,451,038 
2,507,896 
2,409,600 


97,790 
84, 213 
72,427 
69, 128 


4.4 
3.4 
2.9 
2.9 


2,290,750 
2,893,034 
2,810,873 
2,728,063 


135,017 

157,804 
132, 458 
101,749 


5.9 


October 


5.5 




4.7 




3.7 






Total, excluding two companies. 


9,589,247 
14,297,504 


323, 558 
581,838 


3.4 

4.1 


If), 722, 720 
16,201,169 


527,028 
805,308 


4.9 
5.0 







It will be noted that the proportion of condemned coal to produc- 
tion in the last four months of 1916 was generally smaller than for 
the same period of 1915. The natural conclusion to be drawn from 
this decline in amount of condemned coal in proportion to total pro- 
duction is that the coal passed by inspectors was of a lower grade 
than it was in the same period of 1915. The amount of coal con- 
demned in September, 1915, was nearly 6 per cent of the total pro- 
duction ; while in December, 1916, the amount of coal condemned was 
a little less than 3 per cent of production. Allowing due considera- 
tion for changes and improvements in equipment of breakers, etc., 
which tend to eliminate to a greater extent the bone and slate, as one 
cause for a reduction in the proportional amount of coal condemned, 
there is every reason to believe that the imperative demand during 
the fall of 1916 created a condition of laxity and carelessness on the 
part of the inspectors of the operating companies. 

Section 7. Increases in Water Transportation Rates. 

Barge rates to New England. — Water freights on anthracite coal 
transported from New York to New England during 1916 increased 
considerably over those prevailing in 1915. 

The table following shows the maximum and minimum independ- 
ent barge rates per gross ton from New York to certain New Eng- 
land ports, and the railroad coal company barge rates (known as 
" company" rates) to Boston, Mass., during the years 1915 and 1916. 



124 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



1 

u 
o 

© 


Pi . 

©O +s 


| 


oo 

etc 




co 


' ° "5 




8 


!g£ 




s 


1 


o 




:| 




5 








c 






I : 






1 




oo 

CO O 




oo 

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126 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Railroad coal company barge rates are shown only for Boston, but 
the differences in rates between independent and " company " barges 
to that port may be regarded as representative, in a general way, of 
other ports. 

The table shows that the independent barge rates were, except for 
New Haven in December, higher in each month of 1916 than in the 
corresponding month of 1915. During the latter part of 1915 the 
rates to all points increased greatly, due to wage increases and the 
European war. The high rates prevailing during the winter of 
1915-16 decreased but little during the summer of 1916. The rates 
during the fall of 1916 were considerably higher than those for the 
corresponding period of 1915 but were not very much higher than 
those prevailing in the summer of 1916, because the latter were ab- 
normally high. The acuteness of the anthracite market in November 
shows its effect upon the independent barge rates for that month, 
which were $1.65 higher than during November, 1915. 

The barge rates of railroad coal companies on coal from New York 
tidewater sold " alongside Boston Harbor " remained constant during 
1915 and the first eight months of 1916 at a maximum of 65 cents and 
a minimum of 50 cents. During September, 1916, Williams & Peters 
raised their rate to 75 cents, while the Susquehanna Coal Co. increased 
its rate to 80 cents, and in October the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co. 
raised its rate to 80 cents. During November the rates of Williams 
& Peters varied between 75 cents and $2, while the Lehigh Coal & 
Navigation Co. increased its rate to $1, and that of the Lehigh & 
Wilkes-Barre Coal Co. advanced to 75 cents. In December^ Williams 
& Peters reduced their rate from $2 to $1.50, and Dickson & Eddy 
raised their rate from 65 cents to 75 cents. There was. only one rail- 
road coal company, the Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co., which did not 
raise its rates from New York to Boston during the fall of 1916. 

The Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co., which ships from 
Port Richmond, Philadelphia, the coal which it sells " alongside Bos- 
ton Harbor," maintained a rate of 75 cents per ton to Boston during 
1915 and 1916. # 

Increased freight rates on the Great Z#&gs.-^Transportation rates 
were an element of considerable importance in all lake coal traffic in 
1916. Competition from ore and grain shipments and the withdrawal 
of boats with an aggregate of 174,476 tons from lake traffic for mari- 
time service had a decided effect on lake coal rates. Under normal 
conditions the rates on anthracite lake shipments from Buffalo west 
to lake ports in Illinois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota are consideiably 
lower than the all-rail rates to the same points. At times during 
the 1916 season of navigation water rates on coal advanced more than 
100 per cent as compared with 1915, vessel owners taking advantage 
of the abnormal conditions to demand exorbitant rates. In 1915 the 
average rate on contract cargoes from Buffalo to ports on the Great 
Lakes was from 30 to 35 cents per ton. In 1916 it was difficult to 
contract cargoes and recourse had to be taken to " wild " cargoes., 
rates, ranging all the way from 35 cents to $1.25 per ton, the maxi- 
mum being charged toward the close of the season in December. The 
rates of transportation in 1916 from the Pennsylvania mines via 
Buffalo and Erie by lake to Superior and Duluth varied from $2.30 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 127 

to $3.25 per ton; to Milwaukee from $2.30 to $3.25; and to Chicago 
from $2.35 to $3. Deducting the $2 per ton rate on coal from the 
mines to Buffalo, the difference during 1916 between all-rail and the 
lake rates from Buffalo ranged to Chicago from 75 cents to $1.40 per 
ton; to Milwaukee from 30 cents to $1.25; and to Minneapolis and 
St. Paul from $2.75 to $3.70 (including the rail rate of $1.45 per 
gross ton from the docks at Superior and Duluth to the Twin Cities). 

Section 8. Activities or Jobbers and Wholesalers. 

The middlemen who intervene between the producers and retailers 
of anthracite may be classified as (1) principal jobbers, and (2) dock 
and trestle companies and local jobbers. Those included under the 
latter classification will be treated under discussion of the local 
markets in which they are situated. 

In order to discuss the extent to which advantage was taken of 
abnormal conditions by the large jobbers, whose headquarters in most 
cases are in New York or Philadelphia, it is necessary first to differ- 
entiate between the two main classes of such jobbers so that the 
opportunities of each class to profit by the abnormal conditions can 
be explained. 

The larger class of jobbers is made up of those who purchase 
anthracite outright and sell at the market prices — in other words, 
speculators; these are jobbers proper. The other class comprises 
those whose chief sources of anthracite are independent producing 
companies for which they are sales agents. These are, properly 
speaking, commission men. There is a considerable overlapping of 
these two classes, as many jobbers of the first class are sales agents 
for small producing companies, and those of the second class buy 
small amounts of coal for speculative purposes. Though both specu- 
lative jobbers and sales agents normally sell a, large proportion of 
their coal on a spot basis, they also do a considerable business on 
contract, agreeing to furnish their customers specified tonnages each 
month at a fixed price, or taking care of their needs without contract 
at reasonable prices in order to build up a regular trade. 

The opportunities to profit by abnormal conditions are different in 
the two classes. The speculative jobbers are in a position to obtain 
for their product all that the market will bear and retain the result- 
ing profits for themselves. Normally, the future market prices can 
be judged fairly well, and thus the speculative opportunities are 
minimized and losses or large profits are infrequent. In a market 
such as that which prevailed during the fall and winter of 1916 the 
speculative opportunities and risks of these jobbers were very great. 
Not only were there great profits but some heavy losses. 

The jobbers of the second class, the sales agents, are generally 
limited by their agency contract to certain maximum and minimum 
profits. The typical sales agency agreement between independent 
producing companies and sales agents provides that the agent shall 
sell the coal at the best market price and retain as his profit 15 cents 
per ton on the prepared sizes and 10 cents per ton on the steam sizes. 
Frequently it is further provided that the sales agency shall retain 



128 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

5 per cent of the amount obtained above circular prices. These 
above-circular prices are obtained on their " free " coal, i. e., the coal 
remaining after their contracts have been filled and their regular 
customers, whom they are obligated to supply, have been supplied. 
With these sales agents of independent companies, free coal usually 
forms a large proportion of their business. In the fall and winter 
of 1916-17 the sales agents of independent operators sold their free 
coal at the highest market prices, as required by their arrangement 
with the producing companies, but the agents only retained their 
customary, or but slightly increased, commission. 

It appears that a few of the jobbers anticipated the abnormal 
prices of the fall of 1916 and purchased or contracted for large sup- 
plies of anthracite. Others, despite the prophecies of trade papers x 
and certain sales agents, were not prepared for the rise in prices. 
The majority of the jobbers proper generally have large contracts 
for the sale of coal to manufacturers, gas and electric companies, and 
municipal, State, and Federal departments. Some of those who held 
these contracts had purchased by contract with producers sufficient 
coal to apply on their contracts, while others depended principally on 
" free " coal to supply them. 

Some instances of jobbers who arranged for large supplies of coal 
in advance of the panic period are here given. One of the railroad 
coal companies had about 72,000 tons of mixed red and white ash 
coal at its storage yards at Xew York tidewater, which it sold around 
the first of October, 1916, on contracts at circular prices to various 
jobbers and retailers. The contracts generally specified that the 
purchasers would take the coal in equal monthly proportions before 
the 1st of January, 1917. Two jobbers who purchased 41,000 tons 
of this coal made enormous profits. Another case which came to 
the Commission's notice was a jobber who contracted during August 
with an independent producing company for the purchase at circular 
prices of 7,500 tons a month, to be delivered each month during the 
remainder of the year. The jobber sold this coal at high premiums. 
The Commission has considerable information of this character to 
show that some jobbers had "free" coal when the rise of prices oc- 
curred. It is not thought, however, that these jobbers had a much 
greater amount of " free " coal purchased at circular prices during 
the fall of 1916 than during the same period of 1915. In fact, one 
of the larger Xew York jobbers, who ordinarily had contracted at 
less than circular for the 500,000-tons output of an independent pro- 
ducing company, and who contracted for the sale of only a small 
proportion of it, was without any such source in 1916. 

During October when high-premium coal made its first appearance 
the jobbers made large profits. As stated above, many of them had 
considerable quantities of coal purchased or contracted for at circular 
prices. This coal was sold at the higher market prices, and netted 
large profits. Such coal did not last very long, and as the retailers 

1 " It is not difficult to calculate the possibilities of a premium market developing 
later on, and. in fact, one large seller takes the position that something in the direction 
indicated may be witnessed before October, or early in that month." — The Coal Trade 
Journal, Aug. 16, 1916, p. 896. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 129 

were clamoring for more coal, the speculative jobbers immediately 
began to bid against one another to obtain coal from the independent 
producing companies. The latter were able to obtain high premiums 
from the jobbers and accordingly the jobber demanded still higher 
premiums. 

The intensity of the competition among the jobbers to obtain 
coal was exceeded by that among the retailers. Normally, the re- 
tailers are canvassed by the jobbers, but when it became apparent 
that there was going to be a shortage in coal the retailers applied to 
the jobbers for coal. The Commission has information to the effect 
that some retailers in New York, when they wanted to purchase one 
cargo of coal, called on four or five jobbers and asked each of them 
to quote prices. This action of the retailers had the effect of increas- 
ing the apparent demand, and the jobbers w T ho had no coal under con- 
tract for immediate delivery attempted to obtain option prices from 
each other to fill the demands of the retailers, which were such that 
jobbers could purchase from each other and still make large profits. 

Not only did the jobbers make option purchases from each other, 
but when $10 and $11 coal appeared on the New York markets they 
frequently purchased outright from each other for speculative pur- 
poses. 

During the first week of November when the wholesale prices of 
coal reached $12 in New York, the supply was not sufficient for a 
time to meet the demand even at this high price. Those jobbers who 
had coal on hand immediately started to auction it, as it were. Re- 
tailers were called on the telephone and asked to bid for the coal on 
hand. A few jobbers employed salesmen, other than their regular 
ones, to "peddle" coal among the jobbers and retailers. These men 
were allowed a certain percentage of the profits. 

New jobbing firms started in business. Some were without offices 
of any kind, while others had only desk room in offices. In fact, it 
appears that any one who could obtain an option for the purchase of 
a cargo of coal immediately established himself as a jobber. Several 
salesmen of prominent jobbers purchased and sold anthracite on their 
own account. 

Source and distribution of certain purchases of high-premium, 
coal, selected at random. — In order to show the source of and number 
of agencies which handled high-premium coal, the Commission took 
indiscriminately from the books of certain retailers a list of pur- 
chases of high premium coal, noting the date of purchase, the num- 
ber of tons, size and grade of coal, the name of the firm from whom 
the coal was purchased, and the purchase price. The firms from 
whom the retailers purchased were then requested to furnish the 
names of the firms from whom they purchased it and the purchase 
price. This method of inquiry was followed until the coal was traced 
to a producing company. Thus, in the case of 110 high premium 
purchases the Commission obtained a completp record of the jobbers 
with their individual profits, which intervened between the produc- 
ing company and the retailers. 

105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1 9 



130 



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134 



ANTHRACITE A2s'D Birr MIX 0U5 COAL. 



The producing xunpanies to which reference is had in the table are 
as follows, the names being arranged alphabetically and not in the 

order of the numbers in the table : 



Alden •: : Co. 

Buck Ri Ige Coal Mining Go. 

: - : Co., Chas. M. 

Dodson Coal C 

East Bear Ridge Colliery Co. 

Excels 

Girs rd I Co. 

B [1 [ining Co. 

Harleigli B i 3 C o al Co. 

Kern merer & Co., M. S. 

Kh gsl d ! [ J Co. 

:. al Co., George F. 

Locust M rantain Coal Co. 



MidvaUey Coal 

:■:::: Gre k C al Co. 
Mount H 
Mount Jessu] 

"re Brother? & Co. 
: les Coal C 
Pine Hill Coal Co. 

Ash Coal Co. 
Susquehanna Coal Co. 
Thomas Colliery Co. 
Trove : o o C Qiery Co. 
Upper Lehigh C 
West End C 

Les-Barre Anthracite Coal Co. 



The jobbers to which reference is had in the table as are follows, 
also arranged alphabetically: 



ison Coal Co.. A. S., New York. 
N. Y. 
I i 3 n & Eddy. New York. N. Y. 

- d & Co.. Weston, Bethlehem, Pa. 
Haddock & Payne, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 
Hartwell. Lester & Glitter, >>ew York, 

N. Y. 
Heilnei & S a, New York. N. Y. 
Lineaweaver »S: Co.. H. H.. Philadel- 
... Pa. 

ara, Hill & Co.. Philadelphia. Pa. 
Meeker & Co.. New York. N. Y. 
Parrish, Phillips cc Co.. New York. 
N. Y. 

The retailers who purchased the coal which is traced in the table 

are as follows: 



Pattison & Bowns, >«evr York. N. Y. 
Peale. Peacock & Kerr. New York 

N. Y. 
Potts .v- Co.. F. A.. New York. N. Y. 
Robinson, Hay don & Co.. New York. 

N. Y. 
Russell, F. C. Xew York; X. Y. 

::. New York. X. Y. 
Seiler-Rogers-BrowD Co.. New York. 

N. Y. 
Sturgess C. B., New York. X. Y. 
Whitney & Kemmerer, Philadelphia. 

Pa. 



Burns Bros., New York, X. Y. 
Eastern Coal Co., Providence, P. I. 
Hencken & Wiilenbrock, New Yoi 

N. Y. 



-L'riiker-Smram Co.. New York, 
N. Y. 
Coin J. Stephens, Inc.. New York, X Y. 



The list of retailers' purchases traced in the table contains 110 
-. lit as it frequently occurred that a jobber used coal from two 
or m< - - orces to make up a single shipment, the table contains 142 
original purchases from producing companies. 

The tonnage represented in the table amounts to 25,281 gross tons, 
on which the retailers paid premiums aggregating S107.715. an 
average of $4.26 per ton. Of these premiums, $68,768.65, or an aver- 
age of 8:2.76 per ton. was obtained as mine premiums by the pro- 
ducing companies, while $38,768.65, or an average of SI. 53 per ton. 
constituted the profits of the jobbers, being at least ten times the 
normal profit. There were 15,843 tons, or 63 per cent of the whole, 
which passed through the hands of but one middleman between the 
producer and retailer. The jobbers' profit on this tonnage was 
$16,909.48. an average of SI. 07 per ton. There were 4.329 tons, or 
17 per cent of the whole, which passed through the hands of two 
middlemen between the producer and retailer. The profits of the 
jobbers who first handled the coal were $3,209.90, an average of $0.74 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 135 

per ton, while the profits of the second middleman were $7,008.95, 
an average of $1.62 per ton. There were 4,456 tons, or 18 per cent 
of the whole, which passed through the hands of three middlemen. 
The average profits per ton of these middlemen were $0.66, $0.72, 
and $0.63, respectively. There were 553 tons, or 2 per cent of the 
whole, which were handled by four jobbing middlemen. The aver- 
age profits per ton of these jobbers were $0.19, $1.84, $1.42, and 
$0.79, respectively. There were 100 tons which passed through the 
hands of five middlemen before it was purchased by the retailer. 
The average jobbers' profits per ton on this coal were $0.35, $0.50, 
$0.25, $0.50, and $1.90, respectively. The 37 per cent that passed 
through the hands of from two to five middlemen yielded an average 
total profit of $2.32 to the jobbers concerned. 

The premiums and profits on individual items vary considerably. 
Thus, items Nos. 123, 124, 135, 136, and 137 were sold by producer 
No. 10 at 15 cents below circular, while on item No. 94 producer 
No. 1 obtained a mine premium of $5.05. The range of the gross 
margins of the middlemen is greater still. Thus, on item No. 94, 
jobber No. 1 sustained a loss of $1.50 per ton while jobber No. 8 
made a profit of $6 per ton on item No. 3. It appears that item No. 
25 yielded the largest gross profit in amount, jobber No. 5 having 
a profit of $2,422.50 on 475 tons egg. 

Item No. 26 is perhaps the most interesting. This coal was pur- 
chased of producer No. 28 at $6.15 by jobber No. 7, who sold it to 
jobber No. 4 at a profit of $0.10 per ton. Jobber No. 4 sold it to 
jobber No. 18 at a profit of $0.50 per ton, who in turn resold it to 
the original purchaser (jobber No. 7) at a profit of $1 per ton. Job- 
ber No. 7 on his second handling of this coal made a profit of $1.90 
per ton. The Commission has information to the effect that such 
occurrences were frequent in the bituminous trade during the fall 
and winter of 1916-17, and that there were many instances of this 
in the anthracite trade. Jobber No. 7, when his attention was called 
to the fact that he had twice handled item No. 26, stated that " this 
very often happens in abnormal times such as existed when this 
transaction was made." 

While there was a large quantity of the high-premium coal, of 
which instances selected at random are given in the table, it was a 
relatively small proportion as compared with the tonnage that went 
direct from producing companies to retailers and consumers at re- 
latively moderate prices. Yet the high price of this small proportion 
of the total was used by many retailers as a ground for selling all their 
coal at prices based on the cost of the small quantity of this high- 
priced coal which thev had to buy. Moreover, in some retail markets, 
the dealers who had been able to buy cheap coal sold it at the same 
price as the dealers who had to buy high-premium coal, and thus the 
price for the community tended to be based on the cost of coal to the 
dealer who had paid most, and the fortunate dealers stocked with 
low-price coal made abnormal profits. Hence the effect of the specu- 
lative activities of the jobbers was far greater than the tonnage they 
handled would indicate. 



136 



AKTHRACllE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Gross margins of 10 New York jobbers. — From the data obtained 
by the Commission from the principal New York jobbers, including 
two companies with headquarters elsewhere, gross margins have been 
calculated for the following jobbers: Weston Dodson & Co. (Bethle- 
hem, Pa.) ; H. B. W. Haff ; Heilner & Son; Parrish, Phillips & Co.; 
Pattison & Bowns; Peale, Peacock & Kerr; F. A. Potts & Co.; 
Robinson, Hay don & Co. ; Seiler-Kogers-Brown Co. ; Whitney & 
Kemmerer (New York branch; headquarters, Philadelphia). 

The firms listed above sold 5,742,436 gross tons of anthracite in 
1915, 6,654,946 in 1916, and during the periods September to Decem- 
ber, 1915 and 1916, 2,157,328 and 2,567,402, respectively. 

The gross margins per gross ton of each of these jobbers, classified 
according to the source and size of coal, during the months of Sep- 
tember, October, November, and December, 1916, and of 4 of the 
10 jobbers for the same months of 1915, are shown in the accompany- 
ing table, the numbers by which the jobbers are identified being in 
a different order from that in which their names have just been listed. 

Table 27.- — Gross margins per gross ton of 9 principal New York jobbers in 1915 
and 10 in 1916, by months, September December, of each year. 



Jobber. 


Source of coal. 


Size of 
coal. 


1916 


September. 


October. 


November. 


December. 


No. 1 
2 


Weighted average of all business . 
do 


All 

...do 


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.15 
.14 
.21 
.10 

.17 
.12 
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.15 

.15 
.11 
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.06 
.07 
.09 
.12 
.12 


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.21 
.22 
.12 
.56 
.36 

.31 
.17 
.15 

.11 

.15 
.31 
.35 
.13 
.20 
.10 
.13 
.13 


$0.11 
.53 
.30 
.58 
.19 
1.21 
.33 

.38 
.69 
.17 

.29 

.18 
.57 
.57 
.20 
.36 
.15 
.16 
.16 


$0. 24 

' .44 


3 
4 


do 

do 


...do 

. .do .... 


.27 
.25 


5 
5 


Railroad coal companies 


...do 

.do .. 


.16 
.50 


5 

5 
6 

7 

7 

7 
8 
9 


Other independent operators and 

jobbers. 
Weighted average of all business . 
do 

Independent producers for whom 

they are sales agent. 
Other independent producers and 

jobbers. 
Weighted average of all business . 


...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Prepared 
Steam... 

All 

Prepared 
Steam... 
All 


.36 

.31 
.43 
.18 

.27 

.19 
.35 
.37 


9 


doJ 


.35 


9 
10 


Weighted average of all business. . 


.35 
.11 


10 


do 


.23 


10 


Weighted average of all business. . 


.20 




Weighted average of all compan- 
ies. 

Tonnages sold each month on 
which averages are based. 




.13 
574, 006 


.22 
703, 167 


.42 
695, 712 


.29 






594,517 









1 Ninety per cent of this coal purchased from and sold to other jobbers. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITTJMINOUS COAL. 



137 



Table 27. — Gross margins per gross ton of 9 principal New York jobbers in 1915 
and 10 in 1916, by months, September December, of each year — Contd. 



Jobber. 


Source of coal. 


Size of 
coal. 


1915 


September.' October. 


November. 


December. 


No. 1 
2 


Weighted average of all business . 
do 


All 

...do 


C) 

$0. 15 
0) 
.11 

0) 
0) 
0) 

0) 

w 

.13 
.15 

.14 

.10 
0) 
0) 


0) 
$0. 17 

0) 
.11 

0) 

0) 
0) 

.14 

.10 

.14 
.09 

0) 

(') 

0) 


0) 

SO. 07 
0) 
.10 

0) 
0) 
(0 

0) 

0) 

.14 

.09 

.14 
.08 

0) 

0) 

0) 


0) 
$0.07 


3 


do 


...do 


0) 
.13 


4 


do 


...do 


5 


Railroad coal companies 


...do 


0) 
0) 
0) 

0) 
0) 

.14 

.20 

.15 

.08 


5 




...do 


5 

5 
6 


Other independent operators and 

jobbers. 
Weighted average of all business . 
do 


...do 

...do 

...do 


7 

7 

7 
8 


Independent producers for whom 

they are sales agent. 
Other independent producers and 

jobbers. 
Weighted average of all business . 
do 


...do 

...do 

...do 

...do.... 


9 


Jobbers 2 


Prepared 
Steam... 
All 


0) 

h 

0) 


9 


do. 2 


9 


Weighted average of all business . 




Weighted average of all compan- 
ies. 

Tonnages sold each month on 
which averages are based . 




.12 
313, 642 


.13 

385, 811 


.10 
380, 431 


.li 






423,647 









i Data not obtained. 

2 Ninety per cent of this coal purchased from and sold to other jobbers. 

The average margins of each of the 10 jobbers for September 
ranged from $0.07 to $0.17, but 7 of them were between $0.10 and 
$0.15, i. e., the normal margin. During October they ranged from 
$0.13 to $0.31, while the gross margins on the various kinds of busi- 
ness, where the Commission obtained such data, ranged from $0.10 to 
$0.56. It was during November, however, that the ranges between 
the high and low average margins were greatest. Thus, the average 
margins of each of the jobbers varied from $0.11 to $0.69, while the 
margins on various kinds of business ranged from $0.15 to $1.21. 
For December the average margins of each of the jobbers varied from 
$0.19 to $0.44, and the margins in particular kinds of business ranged 
from $0.11 to $0.50. 

The margins shown for 1915 are representative of the jobber's 
normal margin. These are the profits of four jobbers, whose classes 
of business represent both commission business and buy-and-sell 
transactions. Furthermore, for each of the four jobbers, the average 
margins in 1915 did not differ materially one from the other in a 
given month of that year, and were fairly constant during the four 
months. 

Accepting the average margins of the four jobbers in 1915, $0.12, 
$0.13, $0.10, and $0.11 for September, October, November, and De- 
cember, respectively, as representing the normal margins of jobbers, 
the gross margins for 1916 were abnormal. The 13-cent average 
margin for September, 1.916, is but 8 per cent more than that for the 
same month in 1915, while the 22, 42, and 29 cent margins for 
October, November, and December, 1916, are 85 per cent, 320 per 
cent, and 164 per cent, respectively, higher than those for the same 
months in 1915. 



138 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Gross margins of 5 Philadelphia jobbers. — Sufficient data to de- 
termine gross margins were obtained from the following Philadelphia 
jobbers whose trade extends into various markets: H. H. Linea- 
weaver & Co.: Madeira. Hill & Co.: C. D. Xorton & Co.; Thorne. 
Xeale & Co.: Whitney &' Kemmerer (Philadelphia branch). 

All of these jobbers are sales agents for affiliated producing com- 
panies. Several of them also purchase other coal to sell. 

The firms listed above sold 3.858.995 gross tons of anthracite in 
1915. 3,850.496 in 1916. and during the period September to Decem- 
ber, inclusive. 1915 and 1916. 1.531.201 and 1.381.501. respectively. 

The gross margins per gross ton of each of these jobbers during the 
months of September. October. November, and December. 1916, are 
shown iii the following table, the numbers assigned the jobbers not 
corresponding to the order in which they are named above : 

Table 28. — Gross margins per gross ton of 5 Philadelphia jobbers. 





Source of coal. 




1916 




Jobber. 


Septem- 
ber. 


October. 


Novem- 
ber. 


Decem- 
ber. 


No. 1 




SO. 09 

.14 
.11 
.OS 
.10 


$0.10 

.17 
.13 
.23 
.17 


SO. 15 
.26 
.20 
.31 

.15 


SO. 15 


No. 2 


do 


.23 


No. 3 


do 


.15 


No. 4 


do 


.27 


No. 5 


do 


.15 




Weighted average of all companies 


.10 

357,940 


.14 
350, 721 


.IS 
342, 3S9 


.16 
333, 151 




■" 







These margins do not show the extreme fluctuations that are 
shown in the case of jobbers in New York. It appears that jobbers 
Nos. 1 and 5 under the agreements with their affiliated producing 
companies did not share in the premiums obtained on the coal they 
sold, but turned the excess back to the producing companies. Con- 
sequently their margins were not abnormal. Jobbers Xos. 2 and 4 
had margins somewhat above the normal, but these were due. in 
great part, to profits made on coal sold in the New York market. 

The chief reason for the comparatively normal margins of the 
Philadelphia jobbers is that the Philadelphia market, in which much 
of their coal was sold, would not absorb premium coal. With but 
few exceptions the retailers in Philadelphia and vicinity received 
coal at circular prices from the railroad coal companies and inde- 
pendent producers and jobbers from whom they normally purchased 
their coal. Thus, the average gross margins of the five Philadelphia 
jobbers for the last three months— $0.14, $0.18. and $0.16— were 
approximately only 50 per cent more than the normal margins. It 
is safe to say that these margins were kept at the low figures, as com- 
pared with those of jobbers in Xew York City, largely because of 
the refusal of the Philadelphia market to pay more, and the acquies- 
cence of the jobbers in selling to their old customers at circular prices. 

Gross margins of a New England jobber. — A Xew England jcbber 
did a large business in handling railroad coal on a margin of 10 cents 
per gross ton. The greater part of this ccal was purchased f. o. b. 
mine at 10 cents below circular and sold at circular for shipment all 
rail to points in New England. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



139 



The next class of his business, in importance, was shipments to 
allied companies. Nearly all railroad coal was purchased at 10 cents 
below circular and sold to allied companies at circular. Some rail- 
road and jobber coal was purchased at circular or slightly above and 
sold to the allied companies at cost to the jobber. This explains the 
low margin of 7 cents in September and 8 cents in December on this 
class of business. 

The third class of business was unimportant, representing but 5 
per cent of his jobbing transactions. The greater part of it was 
railroad coal purchased at 10 cents reduction from circular and sold 
in cargo lots to outsiders at prices not more than 10 cents above 
circular, thereby securing a gross margin of not more than 20 cents. 
This business being small did not figure greatly in the profits. 

The table follows: 

Table 29. — Gross margin per gross ton of a New England jobber. 





She of 
coal. 


Percent- 
age of all 
business 
Sept em- 
bar-De- 
cember. 


1916 


Source of coal. 


Septem- 
ber. 


October. 


Novem- 
ber. 


Decem- 
ber. 




All.... 
...do... 

...do. . 


63 
32 

5 


$0.10 
.07 

.19 


$0.10 
.10 

.12 


$0.10 
.10 


$0.10 


Railroad and some jobber, cargo shipments 

to allied companies. 
Railroad and some jobber, cargo shipments 

to other than allied companies. 


.08 
0) 








.10 
22,345 


.10 
17, 603 


.10 
14, 172 


.08 








16, 188 











1 Loss of over 1200. 

Gross margins of a New England dock mam,. — The following 
table presents the margins realized on anthracite by a dock man 
in New England. These margins do not include a degradation 
charge of from 25 to 35 cents per gross ton on domestic sizes, the 
charge varying with the nature of the business. This .degradation 
charge is included in the cost of coal to the dock man and therefore 
does not appear in the margins. A discharging fee of 20 cents per 
gross ton, charged by the company direct to the purchaser, has been 
included in the margins, as examination of the company's books shows 
that for the years 1915 and 1916 the actual discharging cost was ap- 
proximately 5 cents per gross ton. Practically 95 per cent of all coal 
purchased was railroad coal purchased at 10 cents below circular. 

Wharf -rail coal as indicated in this table is coal received by barge 
at the dock man's wharf and transshipped by rail. This business is 
divided into two classes. 

(1) Sales to allied companies, which represent 9 per cent of the 
business. The margin of 16 cents for September appears to be a 
normal margin on this class of business, as compared with margins 
realized prior to this date. The margin increased to 53 cents in Oc- 
tober, falling to 35 cents in November and to 30 cents in December. 

(2) Sales to other than allied companies represent 86 per cent of 
the business. Margins were far above normal, indicating that this 
dock man sold in the open market and obtained all he could for his 
coal. Prior to September margins on this business averaged approxi- 
mately 50 cents per gross ton. In September the margin was 62 cents, 



140 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



sm increase of 24 per cent over the assumed normal. The October 
margin was 84 cents, or a 68 per cent increase. The November margin 
reached the high mark of $1.48, or 196 per cent increase, declining to 
95 cents in December, or a 90 per cent increase over normal 

Local sales to allied companies or coal sold locally at the wharf 
to affiliated companies represent another class of business. This 
business is small, representing but 5 per cent. The margins realized 
are practically the same, with the exception of December, as those 
realized on transhipped coal to affiliated companies. 

Table 30. — Gross margin per gross ton of a New England dock man. 



Source of coal. 



Railroad and some jobber, wharf-rail (sales 
to allied companies) 

Railroad and some jobber, whar.-raii (sales 
to other than aLied companies) 

Local (sales to aliied companies) 



Weighted average of all business 
Total tonnage sold 



Size of 
coal. 



All. 



.do. 
.do. 



Percent- 
age of all 
business 
Septem- 
ber-De- 
cember. 



1916 



Septem- 
ber. 



$0. 



.62 
.17 



.57 
2,228 



October. 



$0. 53 
.84 



.81 
4, 236 



Novem- 



$0. 35 



1.4S 
.39 



1.33 
3, 603 



Decem- 
ber. 



$0.30 



.95 
.56 



.83 
799 



Tonnage of railroad-company coal furnished to certain jobbers. — 
A number of retail dealers complained to the Commission that job- 
bers were receiving more coal from the railroad coal companies than 
in normal years. Likewise certain jobbers stated that their com- 
petitors were being favored in this respect by the railroad coal 
companies. 

The Commission has information which tends to show that a 
greater quantity of railroad-company coal was handled by certain 
jobbers in the last four months of 1916 than in the corresponding 
period of 1915, notwithstanding the railroad coal companies were 
at that time apportioning coal to retail customers on the basis 
of a shortage. This information is not inclusive enough, however, 
for the purpose of a generalization on this matter. 

A prominent eastern jobber received the following quantities of 
coal from a railroad coal company during the last four months of 
the years 1915 and 1916, respectively: 



Year. 


Septem- 
ber. 


October. 


November. 


December. 


Total, Sep- 
tember to 
December. 


1915 


Tons. 
13, 990 
36, 610 


Tons. 
26, 369 
26, 592 


Tons. 
18, 670 
31, 590 


Tons. 
23, 397 
23,319 


Tons. 
82, 126 


1916 


121 111 








22, 620 


223 


12, 920 


2,922 


38, 685 





Thus in the four-month period under consideration this jobber 
received 38,685 tons more during 1916 than in 1915, an increase of 
47 per cent. During November, 1916, the month of this period 
when the demand for coal was most urgent, the jobber referred to 
received about 70 per cent more coal from the railroad coal company 
concerned than during the same month of 1915. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



141 



Another railroad coal company sold coal as indicated in the follow- 
ing statement, to certain jobbers in the last nine months of 1915 and 
1916, respectively. In the tabulations which follow, receipts of coal 
by the jobbers discussed are shown for the period April- August, in- 
clusive, and for the months of September, October, November, and 
December, separately. Total receipts are shown for the nine-month 
period April to December, inclusive, and for the four-month period 
September to December, inclusive. Increases or decreases in 1916, 
based on the corresponding period of 1915, also are indicated. 

The principal increases in sales of this railroad coal company to 
particular jobbers were evidently due to the fact that other jobbers 
who had in 1915 bought large quantities from this company did not 
buy from it in 1916, thus making it necessary for the company to 
find other purchasers for its coal. 



Jobber. 


Year. 


April to 
August. 


Sep- 
tem- 
ber. 


Octo- 
ber. 


No- 
vem- 
ber. 


De- 
cem- 
ber. 


Total, 
Septem- 
ber to 
Decem- 
ber. 


Grand 
total. 




/1915 
\1916 


Tons. 
141,599 


Tons. 
10, 264 


Tons. 
14, 158 


Tons. 


Tons. 


Tons. 
24, 422 


Tons. 
166 021 


Ai 










2 141,599 U0,264 2 14,158 
57,312 10,112 12,586 






2 24, 422 
48, 961 


2 166, 0^1 
106, 273 


Bi 


/1915 
\1916 


18, 799 


7,464 




2 57,312 2 10.112 ,2 12.586 


2 18, 799 2 7. 464 1 2 48 961 


106, 273 
3 158 




ji9i5 
\1916 


3,158 








../...:. ....... 


C 3 








1 










2 3, 158 
65,508 
35, 735 
2 29, 773 
69, 704 
97,317 
27, 613 








1;;; 


2 3, 158 
149,094 

81,342 
2 67, 752 
146, 903 
169, 295 

22, 392 
1,511 


D 


/1915 
\1916 


7,421 
12,565 

5,144 
10,386 
21,588 
11,202 


if, 849 
12, 074 

225 
18, 754 
20, 863 
2,109 


19,985 
16, 026 
2 3, 959 
21,930 
14, 174 
2 7, 756 


44,331 

4,942 

2 39,389 

26, 129 

15, 353 

2 10, 776 

< 1,511 

6,313 

4,802 


83,586 
45, 607 
2 37, 979 
77, 199 
71, 978 
2 5, 221 
1,511 
29, 090 
27,579 


F /1915 


v 1/1915 


8,318 
8,318 


1,917 
1,917 


7,910 
7,910 


12, 950 
12, 950 


37, 408 
35, 897 


r /1915 
u \1916 




13, 213 
13, 113 




2,539 j 1,455 i 1,408 
2, 539 j 1 455 1 408 


5,402 
5,402 


& l& 615 
18 615 


TT / 1915 

**■■■:: \1916 


I 






2,535 
2,535 


2, 084 
2, 084 






2,084 
2,084 


6 4,619 
4 619 








T J1915 
1 '■ ; :• \1916 


1 




1,820 
1,820 








1,820 










1,820 


T /1915 
J \1916 






1,290 
1,290 






1,290 




i 


1,290 






1 





i This jobbing company purchased no coal during 1916 in the 9-month period under discussion. 
2 Decrease. 

s This jobbing company purchased no coal of the railroad coal company referred to in calendar year 
1916. i 

4 No sales prior to December, 1915. 

5 Tidewater shipments only are shown in the distribution. Total shipments from tidewater and all rail 
to this jobber were 40,418 tons in calendar year 1916 and none in 1915. 

6 Tidewater shipments only are shown in the distribution. Total shipments from tidewater and all rail 
to this jobber were 24,122 tons in calendar year 1916 and none in 1915. 

Jobbers A, B, and C took no coal in 1916 from the railroad coal 
company referred to, and are removed from the discussion. Jobber 
D took 37,979 tons less of all sizes in the last four months of 1916 than 
in 1915, but 50 per cent of his purchases (some 16,000 tons) during 
October-December, 1916, were domestic sizes of mixed red and white 
ash anthracite. 

Jobber E took 5,221 tons or 7 per cent less in the September- 
December period, 1916, than during this period in 1915, but took 
22,392 tons or 15 per cent more during April-December, 1916, than in 



142 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



1915, and for the calendar year took 54,569 tons more than in 1915, 
an increase of 30 per cent. Practically all of the coal sold this jobber 
was of domestic sizes. 

The purchases of jobber F show an increase of 35,897 tons for the 
April-December period of 1916, practically all new business for the 
railroad coal company, as this jobber took but 1,511 tons during the 
calendar year 1915. In September-December 27,579 tons more were 
purchased by this jobber than during the same period of 1915. Of 
the 27,173 tons sold this concern in October-December, 1916, 22,057 
tons were prepared red and white ash coal, and 11,000 tons of this 
were delivered in November, 1916, the month of most active demand. 

Jobber G purchased 18,615 tons of tidewater shipments in the 
April-December period,. 1916, and 5,402 tons of tidewater shipments 
in September-December, 1916. In the calendar year this jobber took 
40,418 tons of both all-rail and tidewater shipments, all of which 
was new business, as this jobber purchased no coal from the railroad 
coal company in question during 1915. 

Jobbers H, I, and J purchased an aggregate of 7,729 tons during 
April-December, 1916, and of this total jobber H took 2,084 tons in 
September. None of these jobbers received coal from the railroad 
coal company under discussion in 1915. 

Assuming that at least an equal quantity of coal had to be placed in 

1916, the fact that jobbers A and B did not buy any coal from this 
company during the year released a tonnage of 272,294 tons for the 
April-December period, 73,383 tons for the September-December 
period, and 26,263 tons for November and December. On this basis 
all but 5,648 tons of the November-December tonnage which was re- 
leased through jobbers A and B not taking coal was placed with job- 
bers who did not buy of the company in 1915 or who increased their 
purchases during those months over November-December, 1915. 

It should be added that a principal sales agent of this railroad 
coal company stated that following April 1, 1916, he discouraged the 
sale of domestic sizes to jobbers. 

Another railroad coal company sold the following quantities (gross 
tons) of coal to certain jobbers, indicated in the table as Jobbers A 
to E, but different concerns from those just discussed except in one 
case. 



Jobber. 



Increase or decrease, 1916. 



Increase or decrease, 1916. 



Increase or decrease, 1916. 



Increase or decrease, 1916. 



Increase or decrease, 1916. 



Year. 



1915 
1916 



1915 
1916 



/1915 
\1916 



/1915 
\1916 



/1915 
\1916 



April to 
August. 



Tons. 
62, 185 
53, 704 
18,4S1 
12, 137 
11, 655 

M82 

10, 073 

10,414 

341 

8,298 

7,162 
i 1, 136 

9,747 
12, 169 

2,422 



sptem- 
ber. 



Tom. 

15, 671 

13,364 

12,307 

4,389 

1,262 

i 3, 127 

1,457 

1,932 

475 

2,083 

1,691 

1392 

530 

1,600 

1,070 



Octo- 
ber. 



Tons. 

17, 606 
7,243 

110, 363 
1, 381 
1,355 
126 
3,053 
1,310 

11,743 
2.382 
2; 073 
1309 
3,262 
8,218 
4,956 



Novem- 
ber. 



Tons. 
8,299 
7,731 
1568 
1,525 
1,768 
243 
4,342 
2,211 

12,131 
3,648 
2,335 

11,313 
2,650 

14,411 

11, 761 



Decem- 
ber. 



Tons. 

11,842 
8,666 

1 3, 176 
1,077 
2,426 
1,349 
4,257 
3,711 
1546 
1,944 
2,249 
305 
3,280 

13, 904 

10,624 



Total 
Septem- 
ber to 
Decem- 
ber. 



Tons. 

53,418 

37,004 

116,414 

8,372 

6,811 
1 1, 561 
13, 109 

9,164 
1 3, 945 
10,057 

8,348 
11,709 

9,722 
38, 133 
28.411 



Grand 
total. 



Tons. 
115, 603 
90, 708 
124,895 
20,509 
18,466 
1 2, 043 
23, 182 
19,578 
13,604 
18, 355 
15,510 
1 2, 845 
19,469 
50, 302 
30,833 



1 Decrease. 



ANTHKACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



143 



Jobber A, during the period April-December, 1916, received from 
this railroad coal company 22 per cent less coal than in the same 
period of 1915. During September-December, 1916, the jobber re- 
ceived 31 per cent less than in the corresponding months of 1915. 

Jobber E, during the period April-December, 1916, received 30,833 
tons more from this railroad coal company than in the same period 
of 1915, an increase of 158 per cent. During September-December, 
1916, this jobber purchased 28,411 tons more than in the same months 
of 1915, an increase of 292 per cent. In November-December, 1916, 
when the anthracite market situation was most acute, this jobber's 
tonnage from the railroad coal company concerned increased 22,385 
tons over November-December, 1915, or 377 per cent. 

Tonnages sold to A, B, C, and D combined decreased 23,629 tons 
in September-December, 1916, and 33,387 tons in April-December, 
1916, but the increased tonnage taken by Jobber E alone during Sep- 
tember-December, 1916, was 4,782 tons greater than the decrease in 
combined purchases of A, B, C, and D during that period. The ton- 
nage taken by Jobber E in the period April-December, 1916, was 
only 2,554 tons short of the decrease in tonnage sold Jobbers A, B, 
C, and D combined during the same period. 

A trestle and jobbing concern in the Middle West purchased coal 
from four different railroad coal companies during September- 
December, 1915 and 1916, as shown in the following table, the four 
companies being indicated by the letters A to D : 



Jobber. 


Year. 


September. 


October. 


November. 


December. 


Total. 


A 


/1915 
\1916 


Tons. 
1,208 


Tons. 
443 


Tons. 
133 


Tons. 
89 


Tons. 
1,873 




U,208 

267 

520 

253 

1,753 

2,083 

330 

1,479 

2,792 

1,313 


M43 

2,691 

257 

i 2, 434 
4,323 
2,088 

i 2, 235 
3,687 
4,812 
1,125 


1133 
2,394 

211 

12,183 

4,323 

4,609 

286 
3,309 
6,272 
2,963 


189 
2,807 
151 
i 2, 656 
3,045 
4,343 
1,298 
3,930 
9,286 
5,356 


i 1,873 


B 


J1915 
\1916 


8,159 

1,139 

17,020 

13,444 


C 


/1915 
\1916 


Increase or decrease, 1916 


13, 123 
i 321 


D i/1915 

" •••• \1916 

Increase or decrease , 1916 


12,405 
23, 162 
10, 757 





i Decrease. 



This firm received no coal from company A in 1916 during the 
period under discussion, and decreased its purchases of company B. 
Its purchases of company C decreased to a negligible extent for the 
four-month period of 1916, but increased 1,584 tons, or 21 per cent, in 
November-December, 1916, over the same months of 1915. Purchases 
of this jobber from company D increased 10,757 tons, or 87 per cent, 
in the last four months of 1916 over the corresponding period in 1915. 
In November-December, 1916, this jobber received 8,319 tons more 
of company D than in the same months of 1915, an increase of 115 
per cent. 

The purchases of another trestleman and jobber from a railroad 
coal company, while being about the same in the total period April- 
December, 1916, as in the same months of 1915, was considerably less 



144 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



from April to August and considerably more from September to 
December. « 



Year. 


April 

to 

August. 


Septem- 
ber. 


Octo- 
ber. 


Novem- Decem- 
ber, ber. 


sjptm ' ToM, 

Decern- D h e p c r em " 
ber ber - 

1 


1915 


Tom. 
12, 9 n 
8,441 
i 4, 480 


Tons. 
745 
1,906 
1,161 


Tons. 
2,407 
3, 463 
1,056 


Tons, i Tons. 
3,414 3,248 
4, 002 3, 662 
588 i 414 

1 


Tons. Tons. 
9,814 22,735 
13,033 21,474 


1916 


Increase or decrease, 1916. 


3, 219 i 1, 261 



1 Decrease. 

The firm's purchases from this company decreased 4,480 tons 
during the April-August period of 1916, and increased 3,219 tons 
or 33 per cent during September-December. 

Another western trestle man and jobber purchased the following 
quantities of anthracite from a railroad coal company during the 
nine-month period April-December, 1915 and 1916: 



Year. 


April 
to 

August. 


Septem- 
ber. 


1 

Octo- ; Novem- 
ber, ber. 


Decem- 
ber. 


Total 
Septem- 
ber to 
Decem- 
ber. 


Total 
April 
to De- 
cember. 


1915 


Tons. 

74, 040 
88, 793 


Tons. 
5,314 
18 599 


Tons. . 

22, 069 

31, 793 

9,724 


- Tons. 
24, 050 
29,857 
5,807 


Tons. 
26, 975 
34, 259 
7,284 


Tons. 
78, 408 
114,508 
36, 100 


Tons. 
152, 448 
203,301 
50,853 


1916 


Increase, 1916 


14,753 13.285 











It will be noted that this company increased its purchases from 
the railroad coal company in question by 33 per cent during the 
April-December period of 1916, and during the last four months of 
1916 received 36,100 tons, or 46 per cent, more than in those months 
of 1915. 

The 12 jobbers and trestle operators considered in the foregoing 
tables who purchased coal from the railroad coal companies con- 
cerned collectively increased their purchases from 461,630 in the last 
four months of 1915 to 532,211 tons in those months of 1916, a dif- 
ference of 70,581 tons, or 15 per cent. During the month of Novem- 
ber, 1916, when the demand for anthracite was greatest and the 
market most active, these jobbers purchased 148,147 tons in compari- 
son with 118,539 tons during November, 1915, an increase of 25 per 
cent. 

From the incomplete data at hand covering this phase of coal dis- 
tribution the Commission can not state that increased sales by_ rail- 
road coal companies to jobbers were general throughout the period of 
September-December, 1916. Analysis of the foregoing tables shows, 
however, that certain jobbers at least were able to increase their pur- 
chases of railroad-company coal very considerably during the panic 
period. This tendency toward increase of the jobbers' supply is sig- 
nificant when considered in connection Avith the urgent necessities of 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



145 



retailers during that period and the fact that the companies were 
giving retailers less tonnage than normal. 

Margins of jobbers and wholesalers on railroad-company coal. — 
Two railroad coal companies stated to the Commission that they 
restrict jobbers to whom they sell their coal to a margin of not more 
than 10 cents per ton above circular prices. They stated that con- 
tinued business relations between them and the jobbers concerned are 
contingent upon adherence to this margin of 10 cents per ton by 
the latter. The general agent of one of these companies advised the 
Commission that " its customers positively and categorically under- 
stand that if the}^ exceed such advance on our coal it means an imme- 
diate end of any further business relations with this company." 

On coal purchased from the company whose general agent is 
quoted in the preceding paragraph, a prominent jobber realized gross 
margins as follows during the last four months of 1916 : 





1916. 


Average, 4 




September. 


October. 


November. 


^December. 


months. 




$0.14 


$0.12 


$0.19 


$0.16 


$0.15 





It will be noted that throughout the period under discussion this 
jobber enjoyed margins greater than the advance at which the rail- 
road coal company expected him to sell. In November, 1916, the 
month of greatest demand during the panic period, his margin was 
90 per cent in excess of that allowed by the railroad coal company 
referred to. 

Another large jobber to whom this railroad coal company sells 
important quantities of anthracite, stated to the Commission that he 
does not consider his margin on coal from this company restricted to 
10 cents per ton, and that he sells it at any price that he. desires and 
can obtain. 

One jobber who purchases 90 per cent of his coal at a discount of 
10 cents a ton from a railroad coal company which claims to limit the 
jobbers' margin to 10 cents per ton, stated that while he does not 
generally make a profit exceeding 20 cents per ton on prepared sizes 
of " company " coal, he does not understand that he is limited to this 
gross margin on steam sizes. 

Information obtained by the Commission from the records of this 
jobber shows that his gross margins on specific sales of prepared 
sizes of " company " coal frequently were 25, 30, 35, and 40 cents per 
gross ton. 

Within the scope of this investigation it was not practicable to 
trace all pertinent sales of the two railroad coal companies which 
claimed that the margins of jobbers to whom they sold coal were 
limited to 10 cents above circular prices. The foregoing facts indi- 
cate, however, that the limitation referred to is not always observed. 

Certain other jobbers handling coal of other railroad coal com- 
panies realized margins on " company " coal during September to De- 
cember, 1916, as indicated in the table following. 
105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1 10 



146 



ANTHKACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 





September. 


October. 


November. 


December. 


Average, 4 
months. 


Jobbor A: 


SO. 26 


$1.33 
1.02 
.13 
.25 

.44 


$0.38 
.12 
.13 
.17 
1.91 


$0.92 
.10 
.22 
.36 


$0 67 




07 


"Weighted average, all sizes 


.26 
i.08 


.14 


Jobber B, all sizes 


. 16 




1 17 











i Loss. 

Thus 10 of these 13 gross monthly margins of jobbers on company 
coal are in excess of 10 cents. Margins of Jobber A on prepared 
sizes in October and December, and of Jobber C on all sizes in 
November, were extremely high, and incidentally show that railroad 
coal company anthracite reached retailers at high premium prices. 

A wholesale concern which transships coal at its dock handles a 
large quantity of " company " coal. On this coal, which bears a dis- 
charging and reloading expense of not more than 20 cents a ton, the 
following gross margins were realized in September-December, 1916. 
Practically all of this coal was prepared sizes. 



September. 


October. 


November. 


December . 


Average, 4 
months. 


SO. 62 


$0.85 


$1.48 


SO. 95 


$1.01 



During the period April-August, 1916, this wholesaler's margin 
on the same class of business averaged $0.33 per gross ton. Gross 
margins of this concern during the last four months of 1916 there- 
fore exceeded the April-August margin by 87 per cent, 157 per cent, 
348 per cent, and 206 per cent, respectively, and it will be noted that 
during November, the month of greatest stress, the margin was 
highest. The figures concerning this wholesale concern show also 
that some " company " coal reached retailers at high premium prices. 
This wholesaler, of course, has to bear expenses covering the cost of 
discharging and transshipping coal, amounting, as stated, to not 
more than 20 cents per ton, thus allowing him for the April-August 
period a margin of about 13 cents exclusive of these. When it is 
considered that these incidental expenses were not appreciably 
greater during the September-December period, it will be apparent 
that the net increase in margin over the earlier period was extraor- 
dinarily great. 

Two jobbers in the Middle West, where normal jobbing margins 
are from 20 to 25 cents per ton, had the following margins on rail- 
road company coal during September-December, 1916 : 





September. 


October. 


November. 


December. 


Average, 4 
months. 


Jobber A: 


$0.28 
.29 
.28 
.003 


SO. 28 
.28 
.29 
.03 


$0.28 


$0.44 


$0.31 




.29 




.28 

.85 


.44 
1.09 


.31 


Jobber B, weighted average, all sizes 


.41 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



147 



Another western jobber realized the following margins on railroad 
company coal during September-December, 1916 : 





September. 


October. 


November. 


December. 


Average, 4 
months. 




$0. 37 
.29 
.36 


$0.36 
.28 
.34 


$0.36 
.40 
.37 


$0.45 
.70 
.50 


$0.38 




.44 




.39 







Very much higher margins and the correspondingly high pre- 
miums on railroad company coal were realized by a western dock 
man during the panic period. The normal margin for the western 
dock men is 78 cents, of which about 50 cents is said to be necessary 
to cover the physical cost of discharging, storing, and reloading the 
coal, while the remaining 28 cents represents the margin necessary 
to cover the jobbing function of selling the coal and the credit risk. 
This dock man's margins follow : 



Average, 4 
months. 



Weighted average of all sizes. 



September. 


October. 


November. 


December. 


$0.98 


$1. 20 


$1.72 


$2.56 



$1.39 



From September this dock man progressively increased his margin 
on company coal until the December margin was 161 per cent in ex- 
cess of September. 

The functions of trestlemen are somewhat different from middle- 
men either of the " jobber " or of the " dock man " class. The trestle- 
men own or maintain trestles, at which coal arrives all rail, is 
dumped into the trestle pockets, and thence into the wagons of re- 
tailers. Their normal gross margins are between 40 and 50 cents per 
gross ton on all sizes of anthracite. 

The following table presents the gross margins of a western trestle- 
man on railroad company coal : 



Sizes. 


September. 


October. 


November. 


December. 


Average, 4 
months. 


Prepared 


$0.53 
.33 
.49 


$0.52 
.64 
.55 


/ 1 to 15, $0.52 
\ 16 to 30, . 79 
/ ltol5, .66 
\ 16 to 30, .37 
/ ltol5, .55 
\ 16 to 30, . 72 


| $0. 81 
} .08 
} .64 


$0.65 


Steam 


.40 




.60 







Assuming a margin of 45 cents to be a normal margin, the weighted 
average margin for September obtained by the above trestleman ex- 
ceeded this amount by 9 per cent, increasing to 22 per cent in Oc- 
tober and the first half of November, reaching the maximum of a 
60 per cent increase in November and declining to an increase of 42 
per cent in December. The weighted average of all four months ex- 
ceeded the normal margin by 33 per cent. 



148 ANTHRACITE AXD BirUAIIXOUS COAL. 

The following table presents the margins realized by another 
trestleman in the same city on " company " coal : 

Sizes. September. October. | November. ! December. momhs 4 



s'- m ' : .47 -«.KiJSift :Sl ■» ■■ 



Weighted average, all business i .47 .48 {*«£ 



to 15. 
to 30. 



The foregoing table shows that this trestleman realized a margin 
but slightly in excess of 45 cents during September. October, and the 
first half of November — namely, an increase of approximately 4 per 
cent. 7 per cent, and 4 per cent, respectively. From the 15th of 
November to the end of the year this trestleman took advantage of 
the panic conditions and realized a margin during the latter part 
of November of 75 cents per ton or an increase of 67 per cent. He 
obtained a margin of 78 cents per ton in December, or an increase 
of 73 per cent over the normal margin, and for the period of four 
months his margin averaged 61 cents, or an increase of 35 per cent 
over the normal. 

Gross margins realized bv a third trestleman in the same city, also 
on " company " coal, are shown in the following table: 

Sizes September. October. J November. December, j^q^-j^ 4 




Spared \ $0.73 $0.61 {^ £ S °;g } 

Steam U.18 1.05 {^^ ;JJ 

Weighted average, all business ' .52 .65 {^£3 



Gross margins obtained by this trestleman on steam sizes show a 
wide fluctuation. In September he lost SI. 13 per gross ton. while in 
October he realized a profit of SI. 08 per gross ton. However, the 
steam sizes represented but 10 per cent of his business. 

The weighted average of all of his business shows an increase 
during the last four months of 53 per cent above an assumed normal 
margin of 45 cents per gross ton. 

From the foregoing tables showing margins realized on railroad 
company coal by jobbers or other middlemen at different points, it is 
evident that the identity of railroad company coal as such did not 
preclude its resale during the panic period at prices which yielded 
gross margins considerably in excess of those usually realized during 
normal periods. It dees not appear that railroad coal companies 
generally attempted to keep jobbers' margins on "company"- coal 
strictly to normal during the panic period, or that such attempts were 
successful if they were made. 

"While some of the margins enjoyed by jobbers and other middle- 
men on i; company " coal were very high, the market no doubt would 
have absorbed higher margins during the panic months. Higher 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 149 

margins and greater premiums generally were obtained by jobbers 
on the coal of independent companies. 

The tables above give weighted average margins made on railroad 
company coal by the particular jobbers and middlemen concerned. 
These average margins in many instances include specific sales at 
very much higher prices than the average. The table given in an- 
other connection on page 132 shows a few instances of railroad- 
company coal reaching retailers at exceedingly high premiums 
through jobbers. Thus item No. 11 in that table was sold to a re- 
tailer at $10.15 per ton, a premium of $4 per ton; items 26, 36, and 
38 were sold by jobbers to retailers at $9.65, a premium of $3.50 per 
ton, and item No. 134 reached the retailers at a price of $9, or $3.15 
per ton premium. In each of the items cited the railroad eoal com- 
pany sold the coal at circular. 

In a normal market jobbers who resell railroad-company coal to 
retailers usually realize a margin of 10 cents per gross ton above 
circular prices. The railroad-coal companies sell coal to both job- 
bers and retailers at circular prices, but demand payment within 30 
days of shipment. Since many retailers can not meet the terms of 
the railroad companies with respect to settlement they are disposed 
to pay jobbers, who grant them about 60 days time, an advance of 
10 cents above company circulars. This accommodation in most 
cases explains the only function and usefulness of jobbers in handling 
railroad-company coal, since they assume the credit risk involved. 

Elsewhere in this report it has been pointed out that railroad coal 
companies did not sell coal at premium prices during the panic pe- 
riod, and that they customarily adhere to this selling policy. Al- 
though the circular prices at some points were increased slightly 
during the fall and winter of 1916 no case was ascertained in which 
direct customers of the railroad coal companies were charged more 
than the circular prices. 

Complaint against dock companies at the head of the Lakes. — 
During the progress of the investigation the attention of the Com- 
mission was called to a practice adopted about December 1, 1916, by 
one of the dock companies at the head of the Great Lakes requiring 
that a retailer ordering anthracite coal should order an equivalent 
tonnage of bituminous coal, at high prices, as a condition precedent 
to the acceptance of his anthracite order. 

The reasons assigned by one of the companies for this practice, 
which appears to have been put into effect by several of the dock 
companies, were as follows : All the coal, both anthracite and bitumi- 
nous, shipped to the dock comes by water during the period of navi- 
gation. The supply on hand at the end of the navigable season in the 
fall must suffice until navigation opens in the spring. The storage 
capacity of the dock is limited to certain tonnages of each kind of 
coal. During the early winter of 1916 the demand for anthracite 
coal increased in a larger proportion than did the demand for bi- 
tuminous. The company was unable to secure the required number of 
railroad cars, and to fill the orders for anthracite coal received would 
have necessitated shipping many cars only partially filled. Further- 
more, the company wished to balance, as far as possible, the loading 
operations at the dock for both kinds of coal. To have filled the 
orders for coal as received would have meant an early depletion of 



150 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

the supply of anthracite coal with a surplus of bituminous coal still 
on hand at the dock. 

In the case of the company complained of it was found that it sold 
anthracite as a factor of the mining company on a fixed gross margin 
of TO cents a ton; whereas it sold bituminous, in its own interest, at 
increasingly profitable prices during the fall and winter. The rea- 
sons assigned by this company for the adoption of this practice are to 
a certain extent valid. Car shortage was a problem to be dealt with. 
During the early winter there appears to have been a greater increase 
in the demand for anthracite than for bituminous. But unquestion- 
ably the fact of relative profits greatly influenced the company in the 
adoption of the practice. The margins on anthracite coal remained 
constant at the commission figure of 70 cents. But while the cost 
of the bituminous coal remained practically the same, the selling price 
was constantly increasing. When the requirements of the company 
under this practice were submitted to a retailer, he was quoted the 
circular or market prices for bituminous coal. The resulting high 
margins made the transaction a very lucrative one to the company. 
In September the largest per ton margin between the average cost 
and the circular price was $2.33 ; in October it was $2.07, $2.32, and 
$3.07 respectively for three different price circulars ; while in Decem- 
ber it rose to $5.07. Much of the bituminous coal sold by this com- 
pany was sold below circular, under contract or agreement, yet the 
per ton margin between the average cost (including degradation 
cost) and the average selling price steadily increased. In September, 
disregarding margins on screenings, it ranged from 19 cents to $2.24; 
in October from 34 cents to $1.81; in November from 30 cents to 
$3.12. and in December from 13 cents to $4.75. These margins are 
for all kinds of coal. For the more general grades and sizes of coal 
the minimum margin was much higher than those given above. 

Whatever bituminous was sold at the market prices by reason of 
this practice, realized a per ton profit to this dock company of four 
to five or six times that realized from the sales of anthracite. 

The Commission strongly condemns this practice of conditioning 
the sale of one kind of coal on taking another kind at a higher price. 
It imposes an undue hardship upon retail purchasers and was, in the 
Commission's judgment, an unjust and unnecessary practice, adopted 
for the purpose of forcing sales of bituminous coal at exorbitant 
prices. 

Section 9. Cost of Retailing Coal and Extent of " Premium " 

Anthracite. 

The agents of the Commission secured data on conditions in the 
anthracite retail trade in New England, New York City, Buffalo, 
Niagara Falls, Rochester, Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, 
and St. Paul. No detailed study was made in Philadelphia, Balti- 
more, and Washington because the general level of prices in those 
cities did not increase to any marked extent during the fall and 
winter, these markets being principally supplied by railroad com- 
pany coal. 

Before taking up the prices charged by retail dealers for anthra- 
cite, some consideration should be given to the cost of retailing coal, 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 151 

and to the extent to which the price paid by dealers for anthracite 
delivered at their yards was abnormally high. 

Time did not permit an extensive study of the costs of doing a 
retail coal business, consequently gross margins only are shown, and 
increases during the panic period over normal gross margins are 
discussed. 

However, as a general check on this method, and in order to indi- 
cate to the public the nature and relative importance of the different 
items of cost in retailing coal, the Commission has secured and gives 
herewith the costs of a few representative retail dealers. 

Cost of retail distribution of anthracite coal. — No detailed in- 
formation was secured with respect to the cost of retail distribution 
of anthracite. A general lack of uniformity was found in the 
methods of recording costs by different retailers and some of the 
classifications were arbitrary. Most retailing establishments, more- 
over, handle both anthracite and bituminous coal and many of them 
frequently sell wood and miscellaneous materials, either fuel or 
building supplies. Many of the items of cost are expenditures con- 
nected with the handling of the tonnage of coal received during a 
given period and not with the quantity sold. The tonnage received 
and the tonnage sold during the period are usually unequal and at 
certain times of the year differ greatly. The impracticability is 
therefore apparent of determining with precision the cost per ton of 
handling coal. The costs, as shown here, have been calculated on the 
basis of the tonnage of coal sold, including both anthracite and 
bituminous. 

For only one retailer investigated was the specific cost of re- 
tailing anthracite separated from the total costs. With respect to 
the retail distribution of anthracite substantial differences in costs 
as between different establishments may be due to variations in the 
proportion of the large or the small sizes handled by each and con- 
sequent differences in the amount of degradation and shrinkage. 
The expenses per ton of handling and storage likewise vary as be- 
tween tidewater yards receiving barge deliveries and inland yards 
receiving coal by rail only, and as between yards which because of 
differences in the accessibility to the sources of supply are compelled 
to carry in yard different proportions of the total volume annually 
handled. Under the substantially similar conditions, however, 
which prevail as between yards in the same city these expenses do 
not as a rule show wide variations. 

Because of the lack of uniformity of accounting methods and of 
the differences in the character and volume of business transacted, 
no attempt has been made to establish comparative costs as between 
different operations. Only the changes in costs for identical es- 
tablishments are shown. Although these costs may not be repre- 
sentative of the industry as a whole, they furnish a general index 
with respect to recent changes in the conditions and costs of re- 
tailing anthracite. 

One company in New England showed the following record of 
costs during the period from 1898 to 1915, inclusive. With the ex- 
ception of two years the tonnage sold fluctuated between 102,000 
and 125,000 tons. During the two years in which a smaller tonnage 
was handled the costs were proportionately increased.' The fiscal 
year in the coal industry begins with the 1st of April. 



152 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Cost of doing business. 



Year. 


Tonnage. 


Cost of 
handling 
per ton. 


% r a 
fe r. 


Tonnage. 


Cost of 
handling 
per ton. 


1898 


110.219 
122^ 640 
121, 494 
125, 131 
82, 571 
111,022 
10S, 955 
107, 102 
102, 144 


$1.04 
.996 
1.05 
1.052 
1.49 
1.30 
1.34 
1.30 
1.39 


1907 


104, 544 
101, 433 
99, 007 
103, 870 
114,556 
106, 890 
112,214 
122,214 
122, 105 


$1.40 


1899 


1908 


1.49 


1900 


1909 


1.55 


1901 


1910 


1.47 


1932 


1911 


1.4* 


1903 


1912 

1913 


1.54 


1904 


1.65 


1905 


1914 


1.65 


1906 


1915.- 


1.68 









An inland company in New England receiving rail anthracite 
only showed a somewhat higher level of costs of delivering coal per 
ton during the period 1910 to 1916, inclusive, as follows : 1910, $1.80 ; 
1911, $1.76; 1912, $1.78; 1913, $1.67; 1914 (includes 9 months only, 
Apr. 1 to Dec. 31), $2.37; 1915 (calendar year), $2.02; 1916 (calendar 
year), $2.19. 

The cost of delivery per ton regularly varies substantially with the 
volume of business handled. Activity in the coal market likewise 
is to a large extent dependent upon general business conditions as 
well as upon the uncertainties of season and climate. Fluctuations 
in the tonnage handled, reflected in part in changes in the costs per 
ton of handling coal, therefore, are normally to be expected. 

Distribution of retailing costs. — In the majority of retail oper- 
ations investigated the operating expense, including the expenses of 
salaries, labor, teaming, or trucking and sundry j^ard expenses and 
repairs, is approximately 60 per cent of the total cost of handling 
all coal. Administrative and selling expenses constitute between 15 
and 20 per cent, and general expenses, including the overhead, depre- 
ciation, interest, and discounts and miscellaneous charges, between 
20 and 25 per cent. Wages and yard salaries represent probably 
about 50 per cent of the total costs; teaming and trucking expenses 
not less than 15 per cent. 

For one establishment having yards on tidewater in New England 
and handling on the average approximately 50,000 net tons annually, 
the exclusively operating expenses were found to show a substantial 
decline after 1912 and 1913. Per net ton they are as follows: 



Operating expenses (exclusively) 

Operating expenses plus repairs 

Operating expenses plus repairs and depreciation. 



1911 1912 



SO. 



$0.75 

.80 

1.15 



1913 1914 



$0.69 
.773 
1.317 



$0.65 
.71 
.97 



1915 



$0.64 
.705 
1.09 



These figures are for the fiscal vears, respectively, beginning with 
April 1, 1911, and ending with March 31, 1916. The data for the 
fiscal year 1916 or for a part of it has not been available. 

For the inland coal markets of New England the most complete 
record of prices, costs of operation, and profits was secured for a 
large company handling coal only, including both bituminous and 
anthracite. The gross tonnage handled was 77,178 tons in 1915 and 
72,520 tons in 1916. Approximately 20 per cent was anthracite. 
During the period from April to December, 1916, the operating costs 
increased from. $0.89 to $1.38 per ton handled. Between April and 
November, however, the increase was only $0.28 per ton. The 
monthly tonnage handled was almost uniform throughout the period. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



153 



The most substantial increases in cost are in the items classified as 
discharging and delivery expenses, respectively. The general ex- 
penses declined. Between September and December, 1916, the ex- 
pense per ton for delivery remained approximately constant, the 
increase during four months being only 3 cents. But during the 
same period the discharging expense per ton increased from $0.26 
to $0.43, although the element of wages probably constitutes no 
greater proportion of this expense than it does of the item of delivery 
which showed almost no increase. The monthly operating costs per 
ton and the net profits show much variation throughout the entire 
period covered in the following table : 





Jan. 1 

to Mar. 

31, 

1915. 


Apr. 1 
1915, 

to Mar. 

31, 
1916. 


April, 
1916. 


May, 
1916. 


June. 
1916. 


July, 
1916. 


Au- 
gust, 
1916. 


Sep- 
tem- 
ber, 
1916. 


Octo- 
ber, 
1916. 


No- 
vem- 
ber, 
1916. 


De- 
cem- 
ber, 
1916. 


Gross tons sold 


23, 721 

$4. 67 
3.72 


74, 836 

$5.09 
4.07 


5,687 

$5.58 
4.44 


5,589 

$5.42 
4.60 


4,989 

$5.91 
4.53 


5,669 

$6.00 

4.67 


5,846 

$5.88 
4.98 


5,371 

$6.28 
5.29 


5,987 

$6.29 
4.78 


5,888 

$6.11 

4.58 


5,612 




4.82 








.95 


1.02 


1.14 


.82 


1.38 


1.33 


.90 


.99 


1.51 


1.53 


1.73 






General expense 


.36 
.17 
.20 
.02 


.37 
.19 
.24 
.05 


.20 
.33 
.30 
.06 


.28 
.30 
.39 
.05 


.29 
.24 
.30 
.09 


.28 
.31 
.40 

.08 


.26 
.27 
.37 

.08 


.28 
.26 
.52 
.09 


.31 

.25 
.50 
.12 


.30 
.19 
.54 
.13 


.30 
.43 




.55 




.10 






Total expenses... 


.75 

.20 


.85 
.17 


.89 
.25 


1.02 
».20 


.92 
.46 


1.07 
.26 


.98 
i.08 


1.15 
1.16 


1.18 
.33 


1.16 
.37 


1.38 
.35 







The direct expense of discharging coal is less for the wharf yards 
than for the inland yards. But other wharf labor and the expense 
of wharf maintenance are usually a substantial addition to the dis- 
charging cost. Detailed data were secured for only one large wharf 
yard in New England, but this yard's labor costs in operating ex- 
penses increased but little between April, 1915 : and December, 1916, 
and the recorded labor expense by itself in the discharging of coal 
decreased during the same period. , The operating expenses per ton 
for the last six months of 1916 were less than 2 per cent higher than 
those for the corresponding months of 1915, and the total costs per 
ton for the same period, including operating, administrative, mainte- 
nance, selling, and general expenses were more than 2 per cent higher 
in 1915 than in 1916. 

The itemized monthly expenses as recorded by this company are 
shown in the following tables for the period April, 1915, to Decem- 
ber, 1916, inclusive. These data were secured by reducing the total 
expenses to a per ton basis for each month, respectively, during the 
period. As is indicated in the tables the tonnage handled during the 
corresponding months was substantially greater in 1916, with the 
exception of December. With respect to this month the tonnage in 
1915 was almost identical. 

The total tonnage of coal handled by this company during both 
1915 and 1916 was approximately 175,000 gross tons, of which 40 
per cent was of anthracite. In addition to the coal these yards car- 
ried regularly a stock of wood and masonry supplies. But the 
business with respect to these miscellaneous items constituted only a 
relatively small proportion of the total business transacted. 



154 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 
Costs per net ton, April-December, 1915. 





Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 




10,266 


8,272 


10,700 


16, 142 


14,102 


11,529 


15,252 


13,266 


15,416 




Operatiny expenses. 


% 0. 049 
.111 
.020 
.194 
.030 
.029 
.014 
.117 
.012 
.007 
.038 
.023 
.001 


SO. 059 
.145 
.023 
.213 

'".'030' 
.014 
.138 
.010 
.011 
.048 
.029 


$0. 048 
.151 
.023 
.218 
.023 
.041 
.013 
.108 
.015 
.014 
.046 
.022 
0) 


$0,045 
.098 
.015 
.130 
.066 
.077 
.006 
.078 
.007 
.005 
.026 
.017 
0) 


SO. 075 
.111 
.015 
.189 
.109 
.061 
.011 
.093 
.012 
.007 
.033 
.017 

0) 


SO. 073 
.106 
.020 
.192 
.040 
.047 
.010 
.118 
.008 
.009 
.033 
.021 
0) 


$0. 021 
.113 
.016 
.157 
.103 
.060 
.007 
.070 
.006 
.004 
.022 
.016 

0) 


SO. 036 
.109 
.018 
.175 
.074 
.058 
.008 
.083 
.005 
.006 
.024 
.019 


SO 047 




118 




024 




197 


Hired teams 


.078 




.063 


Stable labor 


010 




080 




006 




005 




027 


Water 


018 




M 


Disrhfl.rginp' premium ' ' 


Auto oil 


.009 
.004 


.012 
,001 


.011 
.001 


.007 

.002 


.008 
.003 


.016 
.003 


.012 
.002 


.016 

.004 


010 


Expenses not otherwise provided for . . 


.008 


Total... 


.658 


.733 

""."663* 
.001 

.003 
.033 
.011 
.017 

.025 


.734 

.001 
.004 
.003 

.022 
.010 
.001 
.007 
.006 


.579 


.744 

.006 

0) 

2.001 

.007 
.009 
.002 
.011 
.012 


.696 

.002 
.001 

0) 

.014 
.017 
.004 
.011 
.009 
.003 


.609 


.635 


691 






Maintenance. 
Wharf repairs 


C 1 ) 

.020 
.007 

.014 
.014 
.003 
.011 
.008 


.005 
.006 
.001 

.013 
.021 
.001 
.011 
.008 




Machinery and fixture repairs 

Building and office repairs 


.027 
.001 

.009 
.010 
.002 
.009 
.007 


.007 

.012 
.011 

.001 
.011 
.003 


.006 
001 


Repairs and renewals — miscellaneous 


008 




011 




010 




016 


Motor-truck repairs 


.030 




001 




















Total 


.077 


.09,3 


.054 


.066 


.046 


.061 


.065 


.045 


.083 






Selling expense. 

Salaries selling and credit department . 
Expenses selling and credit depart- 


.003 
.031 


















.002 
.026 


.001 
.011 


.002 
.006 


.001 
.016 


.002 
.043 


C 1 ) 
.021 


.001 
.017 


C 1 ) 
.018 


Commissions and soliciting ... .... 


Advertising 


























Expenses not othewise provided for . . . 








































T otal 


.034 


.028 


.012 


.008 


.017 


.045 


.021 


.018 


.018 






General expense. 
Yard office clerks 


.057 
.003 
.030 
.023 
.047 
.052 
.004 


.071 
.003 
.049 
.005 
.058 
.064 
.008 


.074 
.003 
.029 
.002 
.045 
.050 
.006 


.043 
.002 
.019 
.003 
.030 
.033 
.005 


.049 
.002 
.022 
.005 
.036 
.038 
.005 
.001 


.051 
.002 
.028 
.004 
.045 
.061 
.003 
.002 


.039 
.002 
.020 
.004 
.034 
.037 
.005 
.001 


.046 
.003 
.024 
.007 
.039 
.042 
.007 
.001 


.051 


Yard office expenses 


.002 


Rent 


.020 
.004 




.034 




.036 


Telephone and telegraph 


.005 




.001 






























0) 






















Total 


.216 


.258 


.209 


.135 


.158 


.196 


.142 


.169 


.153 







iLess thanl mill. 



a Credit. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 
Costs per net ton, January-December, 1916. 



155 





Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


I>ec. 




17,814 

$0. 045 
108 
.018 
.142 
.155 
.068 
.006 
.072 
.008 
.004 
.019 
.014 
.001 


15, 159 

$0. 073 
.123 
.031 
.221 
.137 
.060 
.012 
.077 
.006 
.005 
.028 
.017 
( l ) 


20, 641 

$0. 039 
.095 
.019 
.143 
.217 
.071 
.007 
.057 
.004 
.002 
.016 
.012 
.001 


15, 301 

$0,068 
.106 
.021 
.150 
.085 
.045 
.010 
.092 
.007 
.010 
.018 
.043 
C 1 ) 
0) 

.019 
.003 


13, 405 

SO. 095 
.112 
.029 
.190 
.010 
.043 
.014 
.096 
.008 
.004 
.038 
.017 
.001 


17,160 

$0. 044 
.117 
.020 
.143 
.102 
.054 
.019 
.049 
.005 
.003 
.024 
.023 
0) 


19, 983 

SO. 060 
.121 
.018 
.138 
.105 
.084 
.009 
.066 
.006 
.005 
.024 
.013 
.001 


22,347 

SO. 06? 
.098 
.015 
.120 
.129 
.072 
.008 
.052 
.008 
.004 
.022 
.011 
( l ) 
C 1 ) 
.013 

.002 


16,933 

SO. 075 
.114 
.020 
.151 
.045 
.025 
.010 
.067 
.007 
.002 
.023 
.016 
0) 

".'619 

.001 


18,528 

$0. 039 
.145 
.023 
.170 
.122 
.050 
.012 
.057 
.007 
.004 
.028 
.013 
.001 
2 .001 
.018 

.004 


13, 738 

SO. 044 
.153 
.024 
.177 
.065 
.020 
.011 
.081 
.013 
.007 
.026 
.020 
.003 


15,286 
SO. 039 


Operating expenses. 




.155 


Motor-truck wages 

Teamsters' wages «. 


.025 
.170 
.183 




039 




014 


Hay and grain consumed... 


.068 
007 


Power-house expense 

Yard supervision , 


.004 
.023 
018 




001 


Discharging premium 






.005 

.004 


.028 
.006 


.016 
.005 


.030 

.002 


.030 
.001 


.008 

.002 


.026 
.003 


016 


Expenses not otherwise 


004 






Total 


.669 


.824 


.704 


.677 


.689 


.634 


.660 


.622 


.575 


.692 


.673 


.766 


Maintenance. 
Wharf repairs 






.023 

.006 
.005 

.004 
.007 
.002 
.008 
.018 

0) 








.004 

.001 
C 1 ) 

.00- 
.016 
.005 
.006 
.014 


.003 
.005 

.004 
.010 
.001 
.003 
.031 


0) 

.036 


.040 
0.19. 


012 


.012 


Machinery and fixture re- 


.003 
( l ) 

.003 
.010 
.001 
.007 
.022 


.005 

.010 
.018 
.003 
.015 
.024 

001 


0) 
.002 

.006 
.007 
.002 
.008 
.028 


.003 
.006 

.013 
.015 
.007 
.012 
.014 


.003 
.003 

.011 
.008 
.004 
.008 
.015 


nri9. 


Building and office repairs. . 
Repairs and renewals- 
miscellaneous equipment. 


.006 (i) 

.010 .010 
015 nns 


.002 2.001 

.017 .024 
020 003 




.003 
.014 
.010 


.004 
.009 
.015 


002 noci 


Horseshoeing 

Motor-truck repairs ........ 

Expenses not otherwise 


.010 
.030 


.007 
.013 




.046 




















Total 


.076 


.073 


.053 


.070 


.052 


.053 


.057 


.094 


.098 


.093 


.085 


Selling expenses. 

Salaries, selling and credit 
department 


























Expenses, selling and credit 


.001 
.014 


C 1 ) 
.014 


.009 


.002 
.027 


.002 
.009 


.001 
.018 


"."626 


0) 

.020 


.029 


C 1 ) 
.033 


"."029 


0) 
.016 


Commissions and soliciting. 
Advertising 


Credit reports 


























Expenses not otherwise 




















































Total.. 


.015 


.014 


.009 


.029 


.011 


.019 


.020 


.020 


.029 


.033 


.029 


.016 


General expense. 

Yard-office clerks 

Yard-office expense 

Rent 


.035 

.002 
.017 
.010 
.0 9 
.031 
.005 
.001 


.052 

.002 
.022 
.006 
.034 
.037 
.004 
.001 


.031 

.003 
.015 
.005 
.025 
.034 
.003 
.001 


.041 
.002 
.027 
.004 
.034 
.037 
.005 
.001 


.061 
.003 
.024 
.004 
.038 
.042 
.005 
.002 


.039 
.003 
.038 
.002 
.030 
.043 
.003 
.002 


.039 

.005 
.026 
.003 
.026 
.031 
.003 
.002 


.033 

.004 
.024 
.003 
.023 
.028 
.003 
.001 


.042 
.002 
.029 
.005 
.030 
.037 
.004 
.002 


.045 
.003 
.029 
.004 
.028 

2.001 

.004 
.002 


.049 
.003 
.037 
.007 
.038 
.042 
.005 
.002 


.044 
.003 
.033 


Heat and light 


.006 




.034 


Taxes 


• .034 


Telephone and telegraph.. . 

Printing and stationery 

Legal expenses 


.005 
.002 


Expenses not otherwise 




















































Total 


.130 


.158 


.117 


.151 


.179 


.160 


.135 


.119 


.151 


.114 


.183 


.161 



1 Less than 1 mill. 



^Credit. 



156 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Costs per net ton, Aprils-December, 1915 — Continued. 





Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Administrative expenses. 
Salaries of officers 


SO. 102 
.070 
.002 
.015 
.002 
.006 
.006 
.010 
.028 


SO. 126 
.086 
.002 
.018 
.002 
.008 
.006 
.007 
.029 


SO. 097 
.084 
.001 
.014 
.002 
.006 
.001 
.008 
.041 


$0. 065 
.045 

0) 

.009 
.001 
.004 
.004 
.001 
.024 
.001 
.003 
.003 
.005 

0) 

.003 

C 1 ) 


SO. 074 
.065 
0) 
.011 
.003 
.001 
.002 
.016 
.003 


SO. 098 
.057 
.001 
.013 
.002 
.008 
.001 
.011 
.117 


$0,074 
.047 
.001 
.010 
.001 
.003 
.001 
.002 
2.004 


$0. 085 
.054 
.002 
.011 
.002 
.004 
.003 
.006 
.005 


$0. 073 


Salaries general office clerks 


.058 


General office expense 


.001 


Rent 


.010 


Insurance 


.001 


Telephone and telegraph 


.004 


Printing and stationery 


.003 


Legal 


.003 


Interest on accounts payable 


.024 


Subscriptions and donations 




General advertising 


.018 

.002 

.009 

0) 

.006 

f 1 ) 


.017 
.007 
.001 

"."664' 

0) 


.005 

.008 

.001 

0) 

.004 

0) 


.005 

.002 

....... 

.003 
.002 


.002 

.021 

0) 

0) 

.003 

(*) 


.004 

.006 

0) 

P) 

.003 

.001 


.004 
.150 

8 

.005 
.002 


.005 


Expenses not otherwise provided for . 
Credit reports 


.024 
0) 


Light 


.001 


Postage 


.004 


Veterinarv 


0) 




Total 


.276 


.313 


.272 


.168 


.187 


.334 


.149 


.333 


.211 






Recapitulation. 
Operating expenses 


.658 
.077 
.034 
.216 

.276 


.733 
.093 
.028 
.258 
.313 


.734 
.054 
.012 
.209 
.272 


.579 
.066 
.008 
.135 

.168 


.744 
.046 
.017 
.158 
.187 


.696 
.061 
.045 
.196 
.334 


.609 
.065 
.021 
.142 
.149 


.635 
.045 
.018 
.169 
.333 


.691 


Maintenance 


.083 


Selling expense 

General exoense 


.018 
.153 


Administrative expenses 


.211 






Total 


1.261 


1.425 


1.281 


.956 


1.152 


1.332 


.986 


1.200 


1.156 







Less than 1 mill. 



2 Credit. 



At the end of the calendar year 1916, the last period shown in the 
above tables, the yards of this company were almost entirely bared 
of anthracite because of the difficulty of securing delivery described 
in the present report. The amount of degradation, or lowering of 
size because of loss in size due to breakage through repeated handling, 
is therefore the more easily determined. The amount of loss through 
degradation is shown for the period from April 1, 1914, to December 
31, 1916, for four grades of anthracite, including egg^ stove, nut, and 
broken sizes. The loss of the four yards is combined into an average 
for the entire company. For the period of 33 months included the 
loss through degradation, at the inventory value of the included sizes, 
was $29,230.95. Prorated over the period this was equivalent to an 
average monthly loss of nearly $900, or more than $10,600 per year. 
This factor is usually not given due consideration in calculating the 
net profit received in the retail distribution of anthracite coal. 

The average normal purchases of anthracite coal of this company 
were approximately 75,000 gross tons a year, of which nearly 97 
per cent was regularly secured from a railroad coal company. Dur- 
ing the period from April 1, 1914, to December 31, 1916, the total 
purchases of anthracite of broken, egg, stove, and nut sizes were 
168,886 net tons, the receipts during 1916 being much curtailed in 
large part on account of inadequate transportation facilities. It is 
probable that of this not less than 160,000 tons were secured from the 
railroad coal company. During the same period of 33 months the 
total loss by degradation on all the anthracite coal received from that 
company was 5,410 net tons, or approximately 3.9 per <jent of the 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 
Costs per net ton, January-December, 1916 — Continued. 



157 





Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Aug. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Administrative expenses. 


$0. 056 
.041 
.001 
.008 
.001 
.003 
.001 
.002 

.004 


•10. 066 
.060 
.002 
.010 
.001 
.005 
.003 
.002 

.043 


$0,048 
.035 
.002 
.007 
.001 
.004 
.001 
.007 

.024 


$0. 071 
.047 
.003 
.010 
.001 
.005 
.002 
.008 

.012 


$0,081 
.068 
.003 
.011 
.002 
.005 
.001 
.012 

.011 


$0. 063 
.046 
.001 
.009 
.001 
.004 
.001 
.001 

.021 


$0. 054 
.047 
.001 
.008 
.001 
.003 
.001 
.024 

.015 


$0. 049 
.040 
.001 
.007 
.001 
.002 
.001 
.001 

.017 


$0. 064 
.044 
.001 
.009 
.001 
.004 
.002 
.003 

.029 


$0. 059 
.049 
.001 
.008 
.001 
.005 
.002 
.002 

.036 


$0. 079 $0. 071 


Salaries general office clerks . 
General office expense 


.047j .042 
. 002 . 001 
.011 .010 




.001 .001 


Telephone and telegraph. . . 

Printing and stationery 

Legal 


.006 .004 
.003! .003 
. 0121 . 002 


Interest on accounts pay- 
able 


. 20o' . 014 


Subscription&and donations 

General advertising 

Expenses not otherwise 

provided for 

Credit reports 


. 001 . 001 


.004 

.008 
0) 


.006 

.003 
.001 


.003 

.016 

.001 

0) 

.004 

.002 


.003 

.017 

.005 

( x ) 

.003 

.002 


,028 

.007 
.002 
0) 

.004 
.002 


.007 

.029 
.002 

'".'663 


.003 

.033 

.005 

0) 

.002 

.001 


.001 
.002 

0) 
0) 

.002 

0) 


.003 
.031 

0) 
0) 
.002 
.005 


.002 

.002 
0) 

0) 

.003 

.001 


.003 

.034 
.001 

0) 

.007 
.004 


.002 

.024 
0) 


Light 


(1) 


Postage 

Veterinary 


.004 
.001 

.134 


.005 
0) 


.004 
.003 






Total 


.207 


.155 


.189 


.237 


.188 


.198 


.124 


.198 


.171 


.411 


.182 


Recapitulation. 

Operating expenses ........ 

Maintenance 

Selling expense 


.669 
.046 
.015 
.130 
.134 


.824 
.076 
.014 
.158 
.207 


.704 
.073 
.009 
.117 
.155 


.677 
.053 
.029 
.151 
.189 


.689 
.070 
.011 
.179 
.237 


.634 
.052 
.019 
.160 

.188 


.660 
.053 
.020 
.135 

.198 


.622 
.057 
.020 
.119 

.124 


.575 
.094 
.029 
.151 

.198 


.692 
.098 
.033 
.114 
.171 


.673 
.093 
.029 
.183 
.411 


.766 
.065 
.016 
.161 


Administrative expenses . . . 


.182 


Total 


.994 


1.279 


1.058 


1.099 


.1.186 


1.053 


1.066 


.942 


1.047 


1.108 


1.389 


1.190 



Less than 1 mill. 



amount received. The receipts by sizes and loss through degradation 
were as follows : 



Size. 



Broken. 



Egg. 



Stove. 



Nut. 



Receipts (net tons) 

Degradation (net tons) 
Per cent loss 



28,678 
622 
2.2 



52,685 

2,407 

4.6 



41, 150 

1,011 

2.5 



46,373 

1,370 

3.0 



"Premium" coal. — "Premium" coal as used in this section may 
be defined as coal for which the dealer paid abnormally high amounts 
either for the coal itself or for its transportation to his yard. 

The total percentage of premium coal, that is, coal purchased at a 
yard cost price greater than circular price plus normal transporta- 
tion charges, handled by 52 representative retailers in New England 
(not including Boston) amounted to 34 per cent. For six selected 
cities in other sections of the country the percentage of premium 
coal handled by the representative dealers covered was highest for 
Chicago (24 per cent), Niagara Falls (16 per cent), and New York 
(12 per cent). For Detroit, Buffalo, and Milwaukee each it was less 
than 1 per cent. 

For the representative dealers investigated b}^ the Commission the 
volume of anthracite coal delivered to the dealer's yard at premium 
either on the coal or on its transportation during the last four 
months of the year 1916 reached 1,315,293 tons for New York City, 
131,094 tons for New England (excluding Boston), 51,023 tons for 



158 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Chicago, 3,030 tons for Niagara Falls, 842 tons for Detroit, 329 tons 
for Milwaukee, and 92 tons for Buffalo. 

Table 31 shows tonnage of coal purchased by 52 retailers in 22 
markets in New England (not including Boston). For rail ship- 
ments the New England mine circular plus the usual freight rate is 
considered as a base. For combined rail and water shipments the 
New York tide circular plus normal " company " barge rate, dis- 
charging and rail freight to destination, when not on seaboard is 
taken as a base. The increase in dollars and cents over these normal 
costs is shown in the columns headed " Premium." 



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168 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS GOAL. 

For the purposes of this tabulation, markets are grouped according 

to the class of transportation normally used in shipping the coal. 

Excessive barge rates were responsible for increased costs to a 

freat extent, about 75 per cent of " premium " coal purchased in 
all Eiver, Mass., having been bought at circular, while the same 
is true of practically all that purchased by the companies in Port- 
land, Me. The data gathered in Providence showed definitely the 
New York tide prices of coal purchased by only one local dealer. 

" Premium " coal increased greatly, both in tonnage and amount of 
" premium " paid per ton from September to and including Novem- 
ber, when both quantity and price reached the peak, nearly half 
of the total " premium " coal being purchased in that month. Both 
tonnage and amount of " premium " decreased in December. Nut, 
stove, and egg., in the order given, were the sizes most involved, 
both as to tonnage and amount of " premium." 

" Premium " coal comprised 34.1 per cent of the total coal pur- 
chased by these companies, 19.8 per cent arriving by barge and 14.3 
per cent by rail. Of the total amount purchased 59.3 per cent was 
barge and 40.7 per cent rail coal. 

Of the 54,864 tons of all-rail premium coal going to the rail and to 
the rail and barge markets practically the entire amount of pre- 
mium was due to premium on the coal itself. 

In the case of two of the barge-market dealers in Providence 
handling 19,131 tons of the premium coal, the data were not secured 
in such form as to show separately the price of coal and the barge 
rate. But 39,701 tons of premium barge coal, covered in the barge 
and the rail and barge markets are known to have been at normal 
barge rates, the premium being in the price of the coal ; and 17,398 
tons are known to have been purchased at New York Tide circular, 
the premium on this quantity being due entirely to excessive barge 
rates. 

Of the total premium coal covered, therefore, 94,565 tons or 72.1 
per cent, are known to be due to premium on the coal; 17,398 tons 
or 13.3 per cent, due to excessive barge rates; and 19,131 tons or 
14.6 per cent unclassified. 

Representative dealers were covered in these markets, and it is 
probable that the same situation obtained throughout New England. 

Table 32 shows that in Chicago, the next largest " premium " coal 
market, comparatively little " premium " coal was handled in Sep- 
tember, but during the following three months ever-increasing quan- 
tities of " premium " coal were bought, the climax being reached in 
December. Other cities are also covered in the table. The figures 
do not cover all the anthracite handled in these markets, but cover all 
that handled by the dealers investigated by the Commission, and 
the showing is probably representative of the conditions for each 
city. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



169 



Table 32. — Gross tons of anthracite purchased by representative retailers in New 
York, Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Detroit, Milwaukee, and Chicago, at prices 
above normal, and the difference between the circular price plus freight, and 
the weighted average prices paid, September December, 1916. 

[Money amounts represent premium.] 



City. 


September. 


Egg. 


Stove. 


Nut. 




Tons. 
17 
30 


Premium. 

$0.84 

.50 


Tons. 
387 


Premium. 
$0.61 


Tons. 
300 
54 
3,402 


Premium. 
$0.57 




.75 




357 


.32 


.37 






City. 


October. 


Broken. 


Egg. 


Stove. 


Nut. 


Pea. 


Buckwheat. 




Tons. 
1,461 


Pre- 
mium 
$1.39 


Tons. 

4,798 

46 

188 

2,530 


Pre- 
mium 
$1.75 
.90 
.15 
.42 


Tons. 

3,972 

185 


Pre- 
mium 
$1.72 

2.07 


Tons. 

4,109 

351 

77 

5,149 


Pre- 
mium 
$1.56 
2.26 
.15 
.68 


Tons. 


Pre- 
mium 


Tons. 
604 


Pre- 
mium 
$0.29 




91 


$2.36 










127 .26 
825 1.04 












3,132 


.40 

























City. 


November. 


Egg. 


Stove. 


Nut. 


Pea. 


Buckwheat. 


Rice. 




Tons. 

16, 781 

92 

126 

203 

2,648 


Pre- 
mium 
$3.60 

1.70 

1.40 
.66 

1.43 


Tons. 
16, 708 


Pre- 
mium 
$3.46 


Tons. 
16,106 


Pre- 
mium 
$2.80 


Tons. 

4,974 


Pre- 
mium 
$1.09 


Tons. 
6,979 


Pre- 
mium 
$0.81 


Tons. 

588 


Pre- 
mium 
$1.00 


Buffalo 






388 


3.50 


264 

116 

5,464 


3.52 
.15 
1.44 


49 


.80 






















1,373 


1.60 


2,114 


.59 





















City. 


December. 


Broken. 


Egg. 


Stove. 


Nut. 


Pea. 


Buckwheat. 


Rice. 


New York. . 

Niagara 

Falls 


Tons. 
1,442 


Pre- 
mium 

$2.77 


Tons. 
20,861 

370 


Pre- 
mium 
$2.19 

.63 


Tons. 
18, 562 

698 
47 


Pre- 
mium 
$1.97 

1.68 
.40 


Tons. 
9,309 

418 


Pre- 
mium 
$1.79 

.98 


Tons. 
1,841 

44 


Pre- 
mium 
$0.75 

1.75 


Tons. 
5,180 


Pre- 
mium 
$1.57 


Tons. 
314 


Pre- 
mium 
$1.25 






























329 
2,125 


1.50 
1.48 










Chicago 






2,668 


1.67 


3,111 


1.87 


16, 129 


1.92 
























City. 


Total coal 
purchased. 


Total 

abnormal 

priced coal. 


Per cent. 


New York 


1,062,938 
25,547 
18,395 
100, 118 
107, 725 
205 833 


135,293 

92 

3,030 

842 

329 

SI . 023 


12.73 


Buffalo 


.36 


Niagara Fall 
Detroit . 




16.47 




.84 


Milwaukee 


.31 


Chicago 


24.78 





















170 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

The sizes most affected were nut. stove, egg. and pea, in the order 
named. It is significant that no pea was bought at premium in Sep- 
tember, but in October this steam size was bought at premium to the 
extent of 3.132 tons. In Xovember and December premium pea 
reached 2,114 and 2.125 tons, respectively. 

In the Xiagara Falls market premium coal made its appearance 
in October and kept increasing until it reached its maximum in 
December, with scove and nut sizes in the lead and egg following. 

In the New York market small quantities of premium stove and 
nut were bought in September. They increased in October and 
reached the high-water mark for nut, pea, and buckwheat in Xovem- 
ber and for egg and stove in December. 

In Detroit, October was the premium coal month, with egg. 
stove, and nut sold in the order named. While egg and nut con- 
tinued to command premium in Xovember. no premium stove coal 
was bought again until in December. Xo premium pea coal was 
bought in Detroit by the dealers covered. 

The only premium coal handled in Milwaukee by the dealers cov- 
ered was 329 tons of pea in December. 

It is significant that steam sizes (pea and buckwheat) commanded 
premium in the large manufacturing centers. Xew York, Chicago, and 
Milwaukee, a condition which may be explained by the inadequate 
supply of bituminous coal. 

Section 10. Conditions in the Local Jobbing and Retailing of 
Anthracite in Various Important Markets. 

boston. 

Transp<yrtation. — Practically all the retail yards in Boston are 
located on navigable water and receive their coal in barges. In 
normal times about 90 per cent of the supply comes in this way, 
while the remainder comes by rail to small yards located in the out- 
lying districts, such as Brookline, Forest Hills, etc. 

All the railroad coal companies except the Delaware & Hudson 
Co. and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, have their 
own coal-barge service from Xew 'York and Philadelphia tidewater 
ports to Boston Bay. Delaware & Hudson Co.'s coal sold to the 
Scranton Coal Co. (Xew York. Ontario & Western Railway), is re- 
sold in Boston by Dickson & Eddy, selling agents of the Scranton, 
being shipped from Xew York in Xew York, Ontario & Western 
barges. The Delaware. Lackawanna & "Western sells to the Xew 
England trade, but its Xew England barge service was abandoned in 
1913, and the coal is now sold f. o. b. Xew York tide and shipped in 
independent barges. 

Since October. 1916. Williams & Peters, selling agents for the 
Pennsylvania Coal Co. and Hillside Coal & Iron Co. (both controlled 
by the Erie), have shipped little coal to Xew England and have 
chartered their barges to jobbers and others for the Xew England 
trade. 

The coal formerly shipped to Xew England and Xew York City 
by Williams & Peters was largely diverted to the West in order to 
give the Erie Railroad the long haul. Beginning with June, 1917, 
these interests have resumed their normal shipments of anthracite 
to eastern territory. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 171 

During the period of coal shortage in 1916, a considerably larger 
proportion of the supply came by all-rail routes than is customary. 
There were two reasons for this. In the first place, it was much 
easier in the stringency of production to get a few cars of coal than 
it was to get a cargo of four or five hundred tons. Moreover, the in- 
crease in the charter rates on railroad coal company barges, and 
especially on independent barges, together with the danger of de- 
murrage charges accruing on either the barge or on the cars at tide- 
water, increased the cost of water shipments to such an extent that 
the all-rail rate was in some instances the cheaper of the two, even 
though it was necessary to haul the coal to the yard from the railroad 
sidings. 

At the beginning of the season the charter rates on the barges 
belonging to the railroad coal companies were 50 cents per ton from 
the New York ports to Boston, but on November 1 some of these com- 
panies increased their rates to 75 cents. On this date the Lehigh 
Coal & Navigation Co., increased the prices of egg, stove, and nut 
coal 45 cents per ton and pea coal 60 cents in its Boston circular. 
In a footnote it was explained that the 45-cent advance in prices 
on November 1 was occasioned by increased towage and other ex- 
penses for handling barges. There is reason to believe that the 50- 
cent barge rate may have been below cost. 

Some independent-owned barges charged demurrage at the rate of 
6 cents per day per ton for time in excess of the free days consumed 
in loading and unloading, the number of free days allowed depend- 
ing, of course, on the size of the barge. One jobber stated that six 
free days were allowed to load and discharge, with a demurrage 
charge of $100 per day for excess time consumed, but did not state 
the size of the barge to which this rate applied. Williams & Peters 
published a schedule showing the days allowed for discharging dif- 
ferent-sized barges, together with the demurrage charge for time con- 
sumed in excess of this allowance. The schedule is as follows : 

Barges up to 800 tons, 3 working days ; extra days, $10 per day. 

Barges of 801 to 900 tons, 4 working days ; extra days, $12 per day. 

Barges of 901 to 1,050 tons, 4 working days; extra days, $15 per 
day. 

Barges of 1,051 to 1,350 tons, 5 working days; extra days, $17.50 
per day. 

Barges of 1,351 to 1,600 tons, 5 working days; extra days, $20 per 

Unloading premiums were allowed at the same rate in case the 
barge was released in less than this number of days. Several com- 
panies reported having earned and received a small amount for 
quick unloading. Whether or not independent barge owners allowed 
unloading premiums was not learned. 

One retail company paid $2.10 per ton (35 days, at 6 cents per 
ton per day) on one cargo of coal, the barge being placed November 
14 and not loaded until December 21. Another paid $1.86 a ton on 
a cargo, and a third had to pay 42 cents per ton on a cargo. 

These were instances reported to the Commission's agents, and 
there were undoubtedly others. While these are probably extreme 
cases, they indicate the danger the dealer ran on cargo orders under 
the conditions prevailing at this time. 



172 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Sources of supply and methods of distribution. — Anthracite pro- 
duced by each of the railroad coal companies comes into Boston by 
barges from New York and Philadelphia tide, as explained above. 
In normal times the great bulk of the coal used comes from these 
companies, but in times of stress a great deal of independent coal 
is also handled. 

Some of the larger retailers buy their coal direct from the rail- 
road coal companies, while others buy company coal through jobbers, 
paying an extra 10 cents per ton as the jobber's commission. Several 
of these jobbers are located in Boston, each usually handling the 
coal of some particular railroad coal company. There are also in 
Boston a number of jobbers of independent coal who sell some coal 
in Boston, but the bulk of those sales are in the New England terri- 
tory outside of Boston. 

There are no wholesale trestles in Boston where the retailer can 
buy his coal a load at a time. Each retailer has his own yard, with 
greater or less storage capacity. There is some coal sold by ped- 
dlers, who buy from retailers at regular yard prices and sell in small 
quantities from house to house at higher prices. 

Normal consumption. — According to the annual reports of the 
Boston Chamber of Commerce there is somewhat more than one and 
a half million gross tons of anthracite coal consumed each year in 
Boston. The net receipts reported, beginning with 1912, are as 
follows : 

Year ending Dec. 31 : Gross tons. 1 | Year ending Dec. 31 : Gross tons. 1 

1912 1, 576. 725 1914 1, 732, 054 

1913 1, 756, 206 | 1915 1, 575, 308 

Local shortage and its effect on wholesale prices. — With few excep- 
tions, the retailers of Boston sold as much coal in 1916 as they did 
in 1915, and in some cases more. Where data were secured for the 
nine months from April 1 to December 31 of each year, the sales for 
these months of 1916 were about the same as for the corresponding 
period of 1915. Where comparisons were secured only between the 
year's business from April to March and the nine months of 1916, 
the sales for April to December, 1916, were about three-fourths as 
large as the business for the preceding year. Hence it is safe to 
say that there was no appreciable decrease in the quantity of coal 
sold during this period. Though no less coal was received in the 
aggregate for the period, the supply was not available at the times 
needed. 

During December, 1915, and the early part of 1916 there was a short- 
age of coal in New England due to difficulties in transportation. Re- 
membering this shortage, most dealers in 1916 urged their customers 
to get in their coal during the summer. In response to this urging 
orders poured in on some dealers much faster than they could be 
filled. At the same time the coal did not come in as fast as usual, and 
the dealers could not fill their storage bins for the fall and winter 
trade. The majority of the dealers found in September that they 
had a large quantity of coal sold at summer price and undelivered, 
while they had very little coal on hand. In most cases their stocks 
on hand were less than half their storage capacity. 

iThe Coal Trade, 1916, pp. 80, 81. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 173 

Soon after this time Williams & Peters withdrew from the New 
England market, while the other railroad coal companies further 
reduced their deliveries to regular customers and refused to take 
on new business. This left without an adequate source of supply 
those retailers who had been dealing principally with Williams & 
Peters and the other railroad coal companies, and sent them to the 
independent jobbers. At the same time the newspapers announced 
that there was about to be another coal famine, and the consumers 
began clamoring for coal deliveries, some of them going from dealer 
to dealer until their bins would be filled and in some cases would not 
hold all the coal delivered. 

Such dealers as had scant supplies of company coal to meet the 
demand began bidding for the independent coal, which caused the 
price to the retailers to advance rapidly. These advances ranged 
from only a few cents to as high as $6.31 a net ton above the Lehigh 
Valley Coal Sales Co.'s Boston circular prices. This was the extreme 
high price found and, so far as ascertained, only one car of egg cost 
this price. With the exception of this one car the highest prices 
paid by any of the 14 dealers visited were $8.12 per net ton for 
broken, $10.85 for egg, $10.71 for stove and nut, and $7.50 for pea. 
The highest average prices paid by any of these dealers for the coal 
sold during the four months, September to December, 1916, were: 
$6.44 per net ton for broken, $6.92 for egg, $7.01 for stove, $7.29 for 
nut, and $6.47 for pea. 

The average prices paid by each of these 14 dealers is shown in a 
later table (see p. 182). Most of these dealers received considerable 
coal at circular prices and very little was bought at the highest 
prices noted above. 

Boston jobbers. — The following table shows gross margins obtained 
by three of the Boston jobbers : Jobber No. 1 handled mostly railroad 
coal on which he enjoyed a margin of $0,189 during September. This 
is a margin practically double a 10 cent normal margin ordinarily 
allowed to jobbers on railroad coal in this territory. Higher mar- 
gins in October, November, and December were obtained on the 
premium coal which he handled. 

Jobber No. 2 realized excessive margins during the fall crisis. He 
made his largest margins on prepared sizes during October and 
November, when he obtained a profit of $1,354 and $1,145, respec- 
tively, per gross ton. Margins obtained on steam sizes, which repre- 
sent approximately 15 per cent of his business, did not show the 
decided increase after September shown by the prepared sizes. Job- 
ber No. 2 received margins ranging as high as $5.05 on some coal and 
lost as much as $1.90 on some. He had an agreement with one of 
the independent operators which provided that he was to receive coal 
at " circular " and sell for the highest premium obtainable. From 
these high gross margins the jobber was to deduct a commission of 
15 cents per ton, the remainder of the premium to be divided equally 
between the operator and the jobber. This arrangement covered only 
about 10 per cent of this jobber's sales. The rebate to the operator 
was more than 5 cents per ton on the total business in October, 6| 
cents in November, and more than 21 cents in December. 

Jobber No. 3 realized an excessive margin on his anthracite busi- 
ness after September, reaching in November the high mark of all 
Boston jobber margins examined ($1,852 per gross ton). 



174 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Gross margin, per gross ton. 





Jobber. 


Source of coal. 


Size of coal. 


Percent- 
age of all 
business, 
Septem- 
ber-De- 
cember. 


1916 


Market. 


Sep- 
tember. 


Octo- 
ber. 


No- 
vember. 


De- 
cember. 


Boston. . . 
Do... 

Do... 
Do... 


No. 1.. 
No. 1.. 

No. 2.. 

No. 2.. 
No. 2.. 

No. 3.. 


/Railroad and some jobber 
\ coal. 
Weighted average, all busi- 
ness. 
/Railroad (7 per cent) and In- 
\ dependent ( 93 per cent ) . 
Adjustment on Independent. 
Net weighted average, all 

business. 
Railroad, weighted average, 
all business. 


"i Prepared.. 

/Steam 

All 

"^Prepared.. 

/Steam 

All 


93 

7 

100 

85 
15 


0.189 

.178 
.189 

.241 
.157 


0.313 
.236 
.313 

1.354 
.388 
.053 

1.186 

1.209 


0.471 
.716 
.492 

1.145 
.384 
.065 
.957 

1.852 


0.346 
.855 
.426 

.736 
.275 
.214 


Do... 
Do... 


All 

All 


100 
100 


.231 
.353 


.435 
1.227 




Total weighted average of all business 

Total tonnages sold 


.221 


.874 


.907 


.510 




78, 589 


78, 025 


77, 285 


50, 321 









From the above it will be seen that the jobbers of independent 
coal have shared to a considerable extent in the increased margins 
between the cost of production and the cost to the retailer. One 
such jobber, whose business is not shown in this table, frankly stated 
that he was endeavoring to secure a larger margin of profit on his 
sales of high-priced coal than he usually made. He asserted this was 
necessary on account of the increased cost of doing business and the 
increased risk incurred. 

Retail list prices. — As already stated the prices of the Metropolitan 
Coal Co. are commonly followed by the other retailers of Boston. A 
copy of these prices with each change made during the period from 
April 1, 1915, to December 31, 1916, is shown in the following state- 
ment. These prices were copied from the lists used by the Metro- 
politan Coal Co/s salesmen, and were the prices at which orders were 
to be taken during the time they were in effect. 

Retail list prices per net ton of the Metropolitan Coal Go. — household trade. 



Fur- 
nace. 



Egg. 



Stove. 



Nut. 



Pea. 



Screen- 
ings. 



Lehigh 
furnace. 



Lehigh 
egg. 



Shamo- 
kin 



Frank- 
lin. 



1915. 

Apr. 1 

Julyl 

Aug. 16 

Dec. 15 

1916, 

May 16 

June 26 

Aug. 21.... 

Oct. 23 

Nov. 1 

Nov. 2 

Dec. 27..... 



$6.50 
6.75 
7.00 
7.25 



6.75 
7.00 
7.25 
7.50 
7.50 
8.50 
9.50 



$7. 25 
7.50 
7.75 
8.00 



7.50 
7.75 
8.00 
8.75 
8.75 
9.50 
9.50 



$7. 25 
7.50 
7.75 
8.00 



7.75 
8.00 
8.25 
8.75 
8.75 
9.50 
9.50 



$7.50 
7.75 
8.00 
8.25 



7.75 
8.00 
8.25 
8.50 
8.75 
9.50 
9.50 



$5. 50 
5.75 
6.00 
6.25 



5.75 
6.00 
6.25 
6.50 
6.50 
7.50 
7.50 



•!3. 00 



3.25 



$6.75 
6.75 
7.00 
7.50 



6.75 
7.00 
7.25 



$7.50 
7.50 
7.75 
8.25 



7.50 

7.75 
8.00 



$7.50 
7.75 
8.00 
8.25 



8.00 
8.25 
8.50 
9.00 
9.00 
10.00 
10.00 



$8.50 
8.75 
9.00 
9.25 



9.00 
9.25 
9.50 
10.00 
10.00 
11.00 
11.00 



The list prices of the outlying yards were 50 cents per ton higher 
than shown in this table. This increase is due to the fact that these 
yards are located on the railroads instead of the water front and in 
normal times have to pay higher transportation charges. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 175 

Typical selling prices and gross margins. — The typical prices re- 
ceived by the retailers for the coal delivered during the periods of 
high prices in most cases did not equal these circular prices, as will 
be seen by reference to the Table 33 below. This is due to orders 
taken during the period of lower prices but not delivered until after 
the prices had advanced. As already explained, there was a consider- 
able quantity of coal sold in this way during the summer of 1916. 

Many dealers stated that in former years they sold considerable 
coal to householders on contract, but in 1916 very little was sold in 
this way. One company in announcing spring prices, in May, said, 
"Above prices are for immediate delivery and subject to change 
without notice." Another said, " These prices are for prompt de- 
livery and are not binding until accepted by us." A third said, 
" These prices are for delivery prior to June 30." A fourth an- 
nounced, " Summer prices for early delivery." While very little 
coal was sold on contract, the unfilled orders had about the same 
effect so far as margins were concerned. One company stated that 
at no time from September to December were their deliveries at 
current prices more than one ton in four or five of their total de- 
liveries. So far as could be learned, all the retailers filled these 
orders at the price current when taken, regardless of the price at 
date of delivery. 

The gross margins of such retailers as had few or no unfilled orders 
on their books when the crisis came were thus higher than would 
otherwise have been the case. Margins were also higher for such 
retailers as purchased all or most of their coal at circular. In the 
few cases where the retailer had few or no unfilled orders and at the 
same time received most or all his coal at circular his gross margins 
were greatly increased. On the other hand, one retail company not 
shown in the table, which had a large number of orders and received 
no coal at circular after the 1st of September, asserted that the coal 
delivered during the period from November 15 to December 31 cost 
«hem about $2.46 per net ton more than the average price received for 
it. On some of this coal they paid premiums amounting to $5.75 
per gross ton, or $5.13 per net ton, and somewhat smaller premiums 
on all the coal they purchased after the 1st of September. Some re- 
tailers had so many of these unfilled orders that they discontinued 
selling for periods ranging from a few days to two weeks or more in 
order to catch up with their unfilled orders or because they were out 
of coaL Several dealers stated that there was plenty of coal for the 
demand, but it could be bought only at premium prices. The ques- 
tion, one man said, was not an actual coal shortage, but a shortage 
of coal at circular. 

Considerable data on retail prices were secured by the Commission 
from 14 retail companies in Boston. A summary table presents in a 
brief form the minimum and maximum of the purchase prices, sales 
prices on different classes of business, and the gross margins on each 
class of business. (See Table 33 below.) It also shows the average 
cost of all coal sold during the four months. In Table 34 is shown 
the purchase price of coal in the yard, the sales price, and margins for 
each of these 14 dealers. This information is by grades and sizes 
and by months from September to December, 1916. 

The classes of business covered are (1) household trade, being sales 
to domestic consumers, the prices being those for sidewalk or chute 



176 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

delivery, in the zone of normal length haul, without charge for carry- 
ing into the cellar; (2) industrial contract trade, being sales to in- 
dustrial plants, institutions, hotels, apartments, etc.; (3) yard trade, 
where sales are made at the yard, usually to peddlers, and con- 
sequently exclude any charge for hauling. For two companies (Nos. 
13 and 14) sales prices were secured in the form of a weighted aver- 
age price on all delivered business, and for these two companies and 
for company No. 12 they were secured in the form of a weighted 
average price on business of all classes. Though included in the 
following summary, these items do not refer to all 14 companies but 
only to the companies indicated. 

In the summary table the gross margins are in each case the gross 
margin on the class of business just preceding. Thus, in September, 
on broken coal the first minimum gross margin shown ($1.54) is that 
on household trade, being the margin between $4.79, the cost price, 
and $6.85, the minimum typical household sale price on broken in 
September. 

On page 83 above it was explained that most retailers do not 
keep their books in such form as to show in summary the aver- 
age price received for given classes of business and sizes of coal. 
To have secured weighted average prices would therefore have 
required compilation of each particular sale at great expense of time. 
It was therefore necessary to secure not weighted average prices, but 
" typical " prices. These " typical " prices were obtained by inspect- 
ing the sales records for the days around the 5th, loth, and 25th of 
each month (or at other appropriate dates if new price lists had been 
issued). The agent took off, for each size of coal and for each class 
of business, a number of representative sales and thus arrived at the 
typical price for each of these three periods during the month, and 
for the month as a whole. 

Cost prices as shown in these tables are the result of combining 
the tonnage on hand on the 1st of the month with that received 
during the month and getting a weighted average of the cost of all 
coal available for sale during the month. 

It will be noted that the cost of the coal advanced from September 
to December for almost every company shown in the table. In some 
cases the advance was only a few cents, and in three instances (broken 
coal for No. 6 and No. 7 and pea coal for No. 7) the price remained 
the same during the four months. In each of these cases there was a 
considerable quantity of coal on hand the 1st of September, and no 
further purchases were made. Company No. 4 showed the greatest 
increase in the cost, amounting to as much as $2.88 on stove. It will 
also be seen that the price remained the same for the first three 
months, while the increase all came in the December cost. This was 
due to the fact that this company did not buy any coal during Octo- 
ber and November, evidently expecting the crisis to pass before they 
ran out of coal. This company's average cost for the season was also 
very high. Company No. 1 paid the highest average prices for the 
four months, but this was a rail yard company located in one of the 
suburbs, which partly accounts for the high cost of its coal. The dif- 
ference % in the cost of coal at a wharf yard and at a rail yard is shown 
very forcibly in the case of company No. 9, which shows the business 
at rail and wharf yards separately. The excess in cost of this com- 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 177 

pany's rail coal over its wharf coal ranges from 28 cents a net ton 
on chestnut in November to 66 cents on broken in October. An 
exception occurs on pea for December, the wharf -yard price being 
22 cents higher than the rail-yard price. 

Sales prices as shown in these tables are not the weighted average 
of all sales by classes, but were arrived at by computing the simple 
average of the sale price for a representative number of deliveries 
around the 5th, 15th, and 25th of each month, as explained above. 

The term "sale price" as used in connection with New England 
conditions reflects the price received for the coal delivered during 
each period and not the price current for the period during which the 
coal was delivered. The difference in the sale prices of the different 
companies is due to the quantity of the old orders that were filled 
during the period more than to differences in prices charged for cur- 
rent sales. The filling of these old orders also resulted in the average 
sale prices being considerably below the list prices as shown in a 
previous table giving the circular prices of the Metropolitan Coal Co. 
The Commission found very few instances where the list prices had 
been cut in taking orders ; the demand for coal during all this period 
was greater than the supply. 

The prices shown for companies No. 13 and No. 14 were not 
arrived at in the manner explained above, but are the actual 
weighted average of the prices of coal delivered. The records of 
these companies showed separately the coal delivered to consumers 
and that taken from the yard by purchasers. While these classes 
are not as detailed as those shown for the other companies, they are 
much more satisfactory, as they show actual average prices on these 
two classes of business. These companies also show the average price 
received for all coal of each grade and size sold. Company No. 12 
also kept its records in such shape that the actual average price 
for each grade and size could be secured, and these figures are shown 
in addition to the typical prices for the different classes of business. 

It will be seen that the column for household sales is the only one 
that is filled out for all companies. 1 Blanks in the other columns do 
not necessarily mean that a company sold only to the household 
trade, but mean that the Commission did not secure typical prices for 
these classes, either because they were relatively unimportant in the 
case of these dealers or were covered in other classifications. 

Margins as shown in these tables were computed by subtracting 
the cost of the coal at the yard from the typical sale prices, or 
weighted average sales prices shown in the table. For company 
No. 12 the Commission has the actual margin received during this 
period, which ranged from 99 cents on broken coal for October to 
$3.22 on nut coal in December. With the exception of the broken 
for September and October the margins for this company are all 
very high. 

While very few of the retailers interviewed had definite ideas as 
to what their normal gross margin amounted to, the estimates ranged 
from $1.40 per ton for companies No. 1 and No. 12 to $2.20 for com- 
pany No. 11. Under these circumstances the best measure of the 
advantage taken of the crisis is to compare the gross margins in 
October, November, and December with those of September. 

1 Household sales for Nos. 13 and 14 included in delivered-business column. 
105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1—12 



178 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



On the whole it will be observed from the tables that many of 
the Boston retailers increased their gross margins during the fall and 
early winter of 1916 by as much as $1.50 to $1.75 per net ton. 

Table 33. — Boston Summary for 14 representative retailers showing the 

minimum and maximum of cost prices, of typical and average sale prices, and 
of gross margins, for principal classes of business, and the weighted average 
cost prices of white ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September Decem- 
ber, 1916. 

[Out of gross margin must come cost of doing business, degradation and shrinkage, and net profit. 

See pp. 150 to 158.] 

[See Table 34 for detail by companies.] 



SEPTEMBER. 

Cost price . . A 

Typical household sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contract sale price. .. 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, delivered busi 

ness l 

Gross margin , 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, all business 2 . , 
Gross margin 

OCTOBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contract sale price. . , 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, delivered busi 

ness ! 

Gross margin , 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin , 

Weighted average price, all business 2 . . . 
Gross margin 

NOVEMBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contarct sale price . . 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, delivered busi 

ness 1 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, all business 2 ... 
Gross margin 

DECEMBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contract sale price. . , 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, delivered Jbusi 

ness 1 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, all business 2 ... 
Gross margin 



Broken. 



Mini- 
mum. 



$4.79 
6.85 
1.54 
6.39 
1.15 

6.54 
1.55 
5.91 
.77 
6.52 
1.44 



4.79 
7.04 
1.58 
6.44 
1.09 

6.44 
1.45 
6.11 
.96 
6.34 



4.79 
6.88 
1.76 
6.40 
1.28 

6.88 
1.86 
7.11 
1.57 
6.83 
1.68 



4.91 

7.77 
.52 

6.40 
.77 



1.82 
7.50 
2.30 
6.84 
1.82 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Weighted 
average. 



S5.68 
7.22 
2.17 
6.67 
1.67 

6.73 
1.59 
6.05 
1.06 
6.69 
1.55 



5.75 
7. 33 
2.35 
6.75 
1.75 

6.85 
1.70 
6. 50 
1.51 
7.08 
2.09 



6.18 
8.50 
3.59 
6.86 
1.74 

7.79 
2.61 
7. 75 
2.71 
7.73 
2.55 



7.61 ; 

8.79 

3.67 

7.83 

2.70 

7.98 
2.71 
7.57 
2.37 
7.95 



S5.06 



5.12 



5.17 



5.38 



Egg. 



Mini- 
mum. 



$5.28 
7.46 
1.82 
6.88 
1.50 

7.51 
2.01 
6.63 

.78 
7.27 
1.77 



5.29 
7.67 
1.88 
7.02 
1.49 



1.91 
6.78 
1.00 

7.58 
1.87 



5.40 
7.96 
1.93 
7.01 
1.53 



2. 59 
7.25 
1.22 
7.85 
2.37 



5.44 
8.17 
1.65 
7.09 
1.08 



2.70 
8.36 
1.88 
7.99 
2.45 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Weighted 
average. 



$6.08 
8.50 


$5.46 


2.47 




7.38 




2.07 




7.63 




2.27 




6.91 




1.55 




7.57 




2.19 




6.00 

8.08 


5.61 


2.76 




2.04 




7.69 
2.32 









2.04 








2.22 




7.90 
10.00 


5.94 


3.95 




9.08 




3.37 




8.94 




3.54 




8-. 75 




3.16 




8.89 




3.49 




7.57 
10.00 


6.21 


3.81 




8.97 




3.46 




9.18 




3.54 




8.75 




3.30 




9.13 




3.54 





i Two companies onlj. 



'Three companies only. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



179 



Table 33. — Boston- 



Summary for 14 representative retailers showing the 
minimum and maximum of cost prices, of typical and average sale prices, and 
of gross margins, for principal classes of business, and the weighted average 
cost prices of white ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes,* September Decem- 
ber, 191 6— Continued. 



Stove. 



Mini- 
mum. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Weighted 

average. 



Chestnut. 



Mini- 
mum. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Weighted 

average. 



SEPTEMBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale price 

Gross margin , 

Typical industrial contract sale price. . . 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, delivered busi- 
ness ! 

Gross margin — 

Typical j^ard sale price 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, all business 2 . . 
Gross margin 

OCTOBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contract sale price. . . 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, delivered busi 

ness 1 ' 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, all business 2 . . 
Gross margin 

NOVEMBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contract sale price. . . 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, delivered busi 

ness 1 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, all business -. . 
Gross margin 

DECEMBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale price. . . . 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contract sale price. . . 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, delivered busi 

ness 1 

Gross margin 

Typicalyard sale price 

Gross margin 

Weighted average price, all business 2 . . 
Gross margin 



$5.29 
7.77 
1.40 
7.31 
1.79 

7.89 
2.17 
6.94 
1.22 
7.79 
2.07 



5.40 
7.99 
1.31 
7.31 
1.76 

7.96 
2.21 
6.99 
1.24 
7.85 
2.10 



5.39 
8.20 
1.39 
7.42 
2.03 

8.63 
2.76 
8.21 
2.27 
8.31 
2.71 



5.44 
8.12 
.78 
7.50 
2.06 

8.29 
2.57 
8.38 
1.75 
8.29 
2.44 



$6.37 
8.75 
2.67 
7.50 
2.21 

8.00 
2.41 
7.28 
1.69 
7.93 
2.64 



7.45 
9.25 
2.78 
7.88 
2.27 

8.20 
2.61 
7.51 
1.92 
8.01 
2.61 



7.44 
10.00 
3.71 
9.25 
3.50 

8.70 
3.04 
8.67 
2.99 
8.65 
3.04 



10.00 
3.44 
8.53 
2.82 

9.20 
2.63 
9.25 
2.94 
9.07 
3.04 



?.",. 



5.67 



6.35 



$5. 51 
7.82 
1.69 
7.50 
1.92 

7.92 
2.21 
7.00 
1.46 
7.81 
2.10 



5.49 
7.92 
1.51 



8.07 
2.35 
7.14 
1.51 
7.93 
2.21 



5.49 
8.36 
1.21 



2.92 
7.87 
2.06 
8.58 
2.79 



5.59 
8.51 
1.07 



2.94 
8.65 
2.03 
8.81 

2.7? 



56.39 
8.75 
2.53 
7.50 
1.92 

8.00 
2.32 
7.30 
1.73 

7.94 
2.43 



7.37 
9.50 
2.70 



8.22 
2.54 
7.56 
1.88 
8.08 
2.51 



8.21 
10.00 
3.71 



9.02 
3.21 
8.75 
3.23 
8.98 
3.17 



10.00 
3.61 



9.58 
3.78 
8.87 
3.07 
9.41 
3.61 



$5.69 



5.77 



05 



44 



1 Two companies only. 



2 Three companies only. 



180 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 33. — Boston- 



-Summary for 14 representative retailers showing the 



minimum and maximum of cost prices, of typical and average sale prices, and 
of gross margins, for principal classes of business, and the weighted average 
cost prices of ivhite ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September Decem- 
ber, 1916 — Continued. 





Pea. 


Buckwheat. 




Mini- 
mum. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Weighted 
average. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Weighted 
average. 


SEPTEMBER. 


$3.65 
5.75 
1.49 
5.50 
1.46 

5.88 
1.61 
4.95 
.65 
5.78 
1.51 

3.76 
5.99 
1.20 
5.50 
.95 

6.03 

1.78 
5.14 

.72 
5.93 
1.67 

3.84 
6.15 

.99 
5.75 

.95 

6.89 
2.16 
6.22 
1.49 
6.62 
2.07 

3.92 
6.64 
1.53 
7.12 
2.10 

7.34 
2.48 
6.42 
1.56 
6.96 
2.38 


$4.75 
6.29 
2.41 
5.74 
1.50 

5.93 
2.00 
5.56 
1.63 
6.00 
2.35 

4.84 
6.43 
2.33 
5.75 
1.41 

6.04 
2.10 
5.61 
1.68 
6.11 
2.35 

6.28 
7.40 
3.13 

6.17 
1.68 

7.45 
3.30 
6.89 
2.74 
7.41 
3.26 

6.47 
8.00 
3.30 
7.12 
2.10 

7.35 
3.20 
6.83 
2.68 
7.31 
3.16 


$4.18 


$2.57 


$3.46 


$3.40 
















Typical industrial contract sale price 




4.75 
1.35 

5.33 

2.76 


4.75 
1.35 

5.33 
2.76 








Weighted average price, delivered busi- 




























Weighted average price, all business 2 . . . 




4.75 
1.29 

2.57 


5.33 

2.76 

3.46 








OCTOBER. 


4.22 


3.28 
















Typical industrial contract sale price 




4.96 
1.56 

5.08 
2.51 


4.96 
1.56 

5.08 
2.51 








Weighted average price, delivered busi- 




























Weighted average price, all business 2 . . . 




5.08 
1.63 

3.44 


5.09 
2.51 

3.46 








NOVEMBER. 


4.57 


3.45 
















Typical industrial contract sale price 

Gross margin 




5.03 
1.59 


5.03 

1.59 








Weighted average price, delivered busi- 




































Weighted average price, all business " 2 . . . 




4.94 
1.48 

3.44 


4.94 

1.48 

3.46 








DECEMBER. 


4.76 


3.45 
















Typical industrial contract sale price.. . . 




4.75 
1.31 


4.75 
1.31 








Weighted average price, delivered busi- 




































Weighted average price, all business 2 ... 




4.77 
1.31 


4.77 
1.31 















1 Two companies only. 



» Three companies only. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



181 



Table 33. — Boston- 



Summary for 14 representative retailers showing the 
minimum and maximum of cost prices, of typical and average sale prices, and 
of gross margins, for principal classes of business, and the weighted average 
cost prices of white ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September Decem- 
ber, 1916 — Continued. 





Screenings. 


Birdseye. 




Mini- 
mum. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Weighted 
average. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Weighted 
average. 


SEPTEMBER. 


$1.72 
3.25 
1.03 

3.25 
.91 

3.13 
.91 

1.91 

3.12 

.30 

3.25 
.93 

2.35 
.03 

3.10 
.79 

2.16 
3.75 
1.52 

3.70 
1.04 
3.00 
.37 
3.19 
1.03 

2.23 

4.00 
1.77 

3.85 
1.19 
3.40 

3^23 
.61 


$2.34 
3.25 
1.53 

3.25 

.91 

3. 25 


$2.00 


$2.61 

3.35 

.74 


$2.61 
3.35 

.74 


' $2. 61 


Typical industrial contract sale price 








Weighted average price, delivered busi- 
















Weighted average price, all business 2 ... 










1.41 

2.82 
3.25 
1.34 

3.29 

.95 

2.35 










OCTOBER. 

Cost price 


2.27 


2.61 
3.35 

.74 


2.61 
3.35 

.74 


2.61 


Typical industrial contract sale price 

Gross margin 








Weighted average price, delivered busi- 




























.03 
3.29 
1.19 

2.66 
3.75 
1.52 

3.87 
1.24 
3.00 
.37 
3.81 
1.18 

2.66 
4.00 
1.77 

3.96 
1.33 
3.40 
.77 
3.93 
1.30 










Weighted average price, all business 2 . . . 


















NOVEMBER. 

Cost price 


2.52 


2.61 

3.50 

89 


2.61 
3.50 

.89 


2.61 


Typical industrial contract sale price 

Gross margin 








Weighted average price, delivered busi- 






















































DECEMBER. 


2.59 


2.61 
3.79 
1.18 


2.61 
3.79 
1.18 


2.61 


Typical industrial contract sale price 








Weighted average price, delivered bu si- 




































Weighted average price, all business 2 . . . 





























1 Two companies only. 



2 Three companies only. 



182 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 34. — Boston Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 

prices, and gross margins per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and by 
principal classes of business, for 14 representative dealers, September De- 
cember, 1916. 

[Out of gross margin must come cost of doing business, degradation and shrinkage, and 
net profit. See pp. 150 to 158.] 

[See Table 33 for summary of this table.] 
BROKEN COAL. 





September. 


Company. 


Cost 

price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typ- 
ical 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typ- 
ical 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 

price. 


Gross 

margin. 


Typ- 
ical 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No. 4 


$4.79 
5.07 


$6.94 
6.90 
6.92 
6.88 
7.17 
6.93 
7.22 
6.85 
7.04 


$2. 15 


















No. 5 


1.83 
2.01 
1.81 
2.17 
1.89 
1.54 
1.95 
1.80 


















No. 6 


4.91 
5.07 
5.00 
5.04 
5.68 
4.90 
5.24 
5.14 
4.99 


















No. 7 


















No. 8 


$6.67 
6.67 


SI. 67 
1.63 














No. 9 (wharf j*ards) 














No. 9 (rail yards) 














No. 11 


6.40 
6.39 


1.50 
1.15 














No. 12 










$6. 6S 
6.69 
6.52 


$1.44 


No. 13 


$6.73 
6.54 


$1.59 
1.55 


s$5.91 
a 6.05 


$0.77 
1.06 


1 55 


No. 14 










] 53 
















4.79 
5.68 
5.06 


6.85 
7.22 


1.54 
2.17 


6.39 
6.67 


1.15 
1.67 


6.54 
6.73 


1.55 
1.59 


5.91 
6.05 


.77 
1.06 


6.52 
6.69 


1.44 




1.55 


Wei ghted average 





























October. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typ- 
ical 
sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typ- 
ical 
. sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typ- 
ical 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 




$4.79 
5.09 
4.91 
5.07 
5.00 
5.09 
5.75 
4.94 
5.35 
5.15 


$7.04 
7.17 
7.25 
7.04 
7.25 
7.07 
7.33 
7.29 
7.33 


$2.25 


















No. 5 


2.08 
2.34 
1.97 
2.25 
1.98 
1.58 
2.35 
1.98 


















No. 6 


















No. 7 


















No. 8 


$6.75 
6.71 


$1.75 
1.62 














No. 9 (wharf yards) 

No. 9 (rail yards) 

No. 11 






$6.50 


$1.41 














6.50 
6.44 


1.56 
1.09 














No. 12 










$6.34 


$0.99 


No. 13 


$6.85 
6.44 


$1.70 
1.45 


3 6.11 
3 6.50 


.96 
1.51 


6.79 
7.08 


1.64 


No. 14 


4.99 










2.09 
















4.79 
5.75 
5.12 


7.04 
7.33 


1.58 
2.35 


6.44 
6.75 


1.09 
1.75 


6.44 
6.85 


1.45 
1.70 


6.11 
6.50 


.96 
1.51 


6.34 
7.08 


.99 




2.09 


Weighted average 

























1 Two companies only. 



* Three companies only. 



» Weighted average. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



183 



Table 34. — Boston Retailers 1 cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 

prices, and gross margins per net ton of ivhite ash anthracite, by sizes, and by 
principal classes of business, for 14 representative dealers, September De- 
cember, 1916 — Continued. 

BROKEN COAL —Continued. 





November. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typ- 
ical 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typ- 
ical 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typ- 
ical 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No. 4 


$4.79 
5.14 
4.91 
5.07 
6.18 
5.12 
5.75 
4.94 
5.15 
5.18 
5.02 

4.79 
6.18 
5.17 


$6.88 
7.61 
8.50 
8.03 
8.46 
7.31 
7.92 
8.50 
6.91 


$2.09 
2.47 
3.59 
2.96 
2.28 


















No. 5 . 


















No. 6 


















No. 7 


















No. 8 










$7.75 
7.58 


$1.57 
2.46 






No. 9 (wharf yards) 

No. 9 (rail yards) 

No 11 


2.19 
2.17 
3.56 
1.76 


$6. 86 


$1.74 


















6.40 
6.43 


1.46 
1.28 














No. 12 










$6.83 
7.73 
6.97 


$1.68 


No. 13. 


$7.79 
6.88 


$2.61 
1.86 


8 7. 11 
a 7. 73 


1.93 
2.71 


2.55 


No. 14 










1.95 




6.88 
8.50 












1.76 
3.59 


6.40 
6.86 


1.28 
1.74 


6.88 
7.79 


1.86 
2.61 


7.11 

7.75 


1.57 
2.71 


6.83 
7.73 


1.68 


Maximum 


2.55 


Weighted average 



























December. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typ- 
ical 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typ- 
ical 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typ- 
ical 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No. 4 


$7.61 
5.14 
4.91 
5.07 
6.26 
5.13 
5.75 
5.42 
5.22 


$8.13 
8.33 
8.58 
8.67 
8.50 
8.25 
8.79 
8.42 
7.77 


$0.52 
3.19 
3.67 
3.60 
2.24 
3.12 
3.04 
3.00 
2.55 


















No. 5 


















No. 6 


















No. 7 


















No. 8 


$7.03 

7.83 


$e. 77 

2.70 














No. 9 (-wharf yards) 

No. 9 (rail yards) 

No 11 






$7. 50 


$2. 37 




























No 12 


6.40 


1.18 










$7. 12 
7.95 
6.84 


SI. 90 


No 13 


5.27 
5.02 


$7.98 


$2.71 
1.82 


3 7.57 


2.30 


2.68 


No 14 










6.84 


1.82 






















4.91 
7.61 
5.38 


7.77 
8.79 


.52 

3.67 


6.40 
7.83 


.77 
2.70 


6.84 
7.98 


1.82 
2.71 


7.50 

7.57 


2.30 
2.37 


6.84 
7.95 


1.82 




2.68 


Weighted average 

























Two companies only. 



2 Three companies only. 



» Weighted average. 



184 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 34. — Boston- 
prices 



—Retailers 1 cost prices, typical and iveighted average sale 
and gross margins per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and 



by principal classes of business, for 14 representative dealers, September- 
December, 1916 — Continued. 

EGG COAL. 





September. 


Company. 


Cost 

price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typ- 
ical 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typ- 
ical 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typ- 
ical 
sale 
price. 


Gross 

margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No.l 


$6. 08 
6.04 
5.63 
5.58 
5.47 
5.36 
5.42 
5.31 
5.37 
5.97 
5.36 
5.28 
5.38 
5.50 
5.36 


$8. 50 
7.86 
7.63 
7.83 
7.59 
7.79 
7.46 
7.67 
7.64 
7.93 
7.66 
7.75 
7.65 


$2.42 
1.82 
2.00 
2.25 
2.12 
2.43 
2.04 
2.36 
2.27 
1.96 
2.30 
2.47 
2.27 


















No. 2 


















No.3 


















No. 4 


















No.5 


















No. 6 


















No. 7 


















No. 8 


$7.38 
7.11 


S2.07 
1.74 














No. 9 (wharf vards) 






$6.63 
6.75 


$1.26 
.78 






No. 9 (rail yards) 

No. 10 






















No. 11 


7.22 

fi.88 


1.94 
1.50 














No. 12 










$7.57 
7.27 
7.49 


$2.19 


No. 13 




$7.51 
7.63 


$2.01 
2.27 


3 6.65 
3 6.91 


1.15 

1.55 


1.77 


No. 14 










2.13 












Minimum 


5.28 
6.08 
5.46 


7.46 
8.50 


1.82 
2.47 


6. 88 1. 50 


7.51 
7.63 


2.01 
2.27 


6.63 
6.91 


.78 
1.55 


7.27 
7.57 


1.77 


Maximum 


7.38 


2.07 


2.19 


Weighted average 






1 

















October. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price . 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No.l 
























No. 2 


$5.97 
5.59 
5.58 
5.46 
5.46 
5.42 
5.71 
5.42 
6.00 
5.38 
5.29 
5.53 
5.78 
5.36 


$7.85 
7.67 
8.00 
7.92 
7.96 
8.08 
8.06 
7.78 
7.95 
7.87 
8.05 
7.81 


$1.88 
2.08 
2.42 
2.46 
2.50 
2.66 
2.35 
2.36 
1.95 
2.49 
2.76 
2.28 


















No.3 


















No. 4 


















No. 5 


















No. 6 


















No. 7 


















N0.8 


$7.75 
7.24 


$2.04 
1.82 






$7.75 


$2.04 






No. 9 (wharf yards) 

No. 9 (rail yards) 






















No. 10 


















No. 11 


7.25 
7.02 


1.96 
1.49 














No. 12 










$7. 58 
7.65 
7.58 


$2.05 


No. 13 


$7.69 
7.68 


$1.91 
2.32 


3 6.78 
3 7.31 


1.00 
1.95 


1.87 


No. 14 










2.22 














Minimum 


5.29 
6.00 
5.61 


7.67 
8.08 


1.88 
2.76 


7.02 
7.75 


1.49 
2.04 


7.68 


1.91 
2.32 


6.78 
7.75 


1.00 
2.04 


7.58 
7.65 


1.87 


Maximum 


2.22 


Weighted average 

























1 Two companies only. 



t Three companies only. 



» Weighted average. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL, 



185 



Table 34. — Boston- 



-Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 



prices, and gross margins per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and 

by principal classes of business, for 14 representative dealers, September 

December, 1916 — Continued. 

EGG COAL — Continued. 





November. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No 1 


$7.90 
6.79 
6.09 
5.58 
5.52 
5.66 
6.80 
5.71 
5.47 
6.03 
6.49 
6.12 
5.48 
6.01 
5.40 


$10. 00 
9.18 
8.25 
9.53 
9.28 
8.71 
8.94 
9.43 
7.96 
8.35 
8.42 
9.30 
8.34 


$2.10 
2.39 
2.16 
3.95 
3.76 
3.05 
2.14 
3.72 
2.49 
2.32 


















No 2 


















No 3 


















No. 4 


....1 ;*.... 














No. 5 


..1 














No 6 " 


" ..n". .. 














No.7 


\" 














No. 8 . 


$9.08 
7.87 


$3.37 
2.40 






$8.75 
8.63 
7.25 


$3.04 
3.16 
1.22 






No. 9 (wharf yards) 

No. 9 (rail yards) 

No. 10 


















1.93 
3.18 














No. 11 


8.25 


2.13 
1.53 














No. 12.... 


2.86 


7.01 










$7.85 
8.57 
8.89 


$2.37 


No. 13 


$8.60 
8.94 


$2.59 
3.54 


3 8.19 
3 7.87 


2.18 

2.47 


2.56 


No. 14 










3.49 














Minimum 


5.40 
7.90 
5.94 


7.96 
10.00 


1.93 
3.95 


7.01 
9.08 


1.53 
3.37 


8.60 
8.94 


2.59 
3.54 


7.25 
8.75 


1.22 
3.16 


7.85 
8.89 


2.37 


Maximum 


3.49 


Weighted average 



























December. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No.l 


$7.57 
7.05 
6.52 
6.89 
5.52 
7.32 
7.53 
5.99 
5.51 
6.05 
5.86 
6.01 
5.54 
6.48 
5.44 


$10.00 
9.25 
8.17 
9.87 
9.33 
9.58 
9.36 
8.79 
8.75 
9.42 
9.16 
9.44 
8.31 


$2.43 
2.20 
1.65 
2.98 
3.81 
2.26 
1.83 
2.80 
3.24 
3.37 
3.30 
3.43 
2.77 


















No.2 


















No.3 


















No.4 


















No.5 


















N0.6 


















No.7 


















N0.8 


$8.50 
8.97 


$2.51 
3.46 






$8.75 
8.50 


$2.76 
2.99 






No. 9 (wharf yards) 










No. 9 (rail yards) ...... 










No. 10 


















No. 11 


7.09 
7.17 


1.08 
1.63 














No. 12.. 










$7.99 
9.13 
8.98 


$2.45 


No. 13 


$9.18 
8.98 


$2.70 
3.54 


3 8.36 
3 8.74 


1.88 
3.30 


2.65 


No.14 










3.54 














Minimum „ 


5.44 
7.57 
6.21 


8.17 
10.00 


1.65 
3.81 


7.09 
8.97 


1.08 
3.46 


8.98 
9.18 


2.70 
3.54 


8.36 
8.75 


1.88 
3.30 


7.99 
9.13 


2 45 


Maximum 


3.54 


Weighted average 



























1 Two companies only. 



t Three companies only. 



•Weighted average. 



186 



ANTHKACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 34. — Boston- 



— Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 
'prices, and gross margins per net ton of ivhite ash anthracite, by sizes, and 

by principal classes of business, for U t representative dealers, September 

December, 1916 — Cootinued. 

STOVE COAL. 





September. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cale 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No.l .„ 


$6.25 
6.37 
5.66 
6.01 
5.69 
5.63 
5.44 
5.75 
5.51 
6.06 
5.55 
5.52 
5.29 
5.72 
5.59 


$8.75 
7.77 
7.92 
8.21 
7.85 
8.21 
7.92 
8.17 
7.84 
8.13 
7.91 
7.91 
7.96 


$2.50 
1.40 
2.26 
2.20 
2.16 
2.58 
2.48 
2.42 
2.33 
2.07 
2.36 
2.39 
2.67 


















No. 2 


















No.3 


















No. 4 


















No. 5 


















No.6 


















No. 7 


















No.8 










$7.00 
7.02 


$1.25 
1.51 






No. 9 (wharf yards) 

No. 9 (rail yards)...... 

No. 10 


$7. 47 


$1.96 


































No. 11 


7.31 

7.50 


1.79 
2.21 














No. 12 










$7.93 
7.79 

7.87 


$2.64 


No. 13 


$7.89 
8.00 


$2.17 
2.41 


3 6. 94 
3 7.28 


1.22 


2.07 


No. 14 










2.28 
















Minimum 


5.29 
6.37 
5.66 


7.77 
8.75 


1.40 
2.67 


7.31 
7.50 


1.79 
2.21 


7.89 
8.00 


2.17 
2.41 


6.94 
7.28 


1.22 
1.69 


7.79 
7.93 


2.07 


Maximum 


2.64 


Weighted average 





























October. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No.l 


$7.45 
6.68 
5.66 
6.01 
5.69 
5.70 
5.44 
5.75 
5.61 
6.22 
5.57 
5.55 
5.40 
5.75 
5.59 


$9.25 
7.99 
8.09 
8.19 
8.33 
8.29 
8.22 
8.19 
8.07 
8.33 
8.11 
8.27 
8.04 


$1.80 
1.31 
2.43 
2.18 
2.64 
2.59 
2.78 
2.44 
2.46 
2.11 
2.54 
2.72 
2.64 


















No. 2 


















No.3 '. 


















No.4 


















No. 5 


















No.6 


















No. 7. . 


















No.8 










$7.36 
7.18 


$1.61 
1.57 






No. 9 (wharf yards) 

No. 9 (rail yards) 

No. 10 


$7.88 


$2.27 


































No. 11....... 


7.31 


1.76 














No. 12 










$8. 01 
7.85 
7.94 


$2.61 


No. 13 . 






$7.96 


$2.21 
2.61 


3 6. 99 
8 7. 51 


1.24 
1.92 


2.10 


No. 14 










8.20 


2.35 

















Minimum 


5.40 

7.45 
5.67 


7.99 
9.25 


1.31 
2.78 


7.31 
7.88 


1.76 
2.27 


7.96 
8.20 


2.21 
2.61 


6.99 
7.51 


1.24 
1.92 


7.85 
8.01 


2.10 


Maximum 


2.61 


Weighted average 

























»Two companies only. 



•Three companies only. 



» Weighted average. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



187 



Table 34. — Boston ■Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 

prices, and gross margins per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and 

by principal classes of business, for 14 representative dealers, September 

December, 1916 — Continued. 

STOVE COAL— Continued. 





November. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business .1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 8 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No 1 


$6.29 
7.44 
6.06 
6.01 
5.69 
6.25 
5.44 
5.75 
5.68 
6.29 
5.97 
6.06 
5.39 
5.94 
5.59 


$10.00 
8.83 
8.57 
9.21 
8.59 
9.38 
9.09 
9.27 
8.20 
8.61 
8.66 
9.36 
8.56 


$3.71 
1.39 
2.51 
3.20 
2.90 
3.13 
3.65 
3.52 
2.52 
2.32 
2.69 
3.30 
3.17 


















No 2 


















No 3 


















No. 4 


















No 5 


















No. 6 


















No. 7 


















No. 8 


$9.25 
8.36 


$3.50 
2.68 














No. 9 (wharf yards) 

No. 9 (rail yards) 

No. 10 






$8.67 


$2.99 






























No. 11 


















No. 12 


7.42 


2.03 










$8.31 
8.65 
8.63 


$2.92 


No. 13... 


$8.70 
8.63 


$2.76 
3.04 


8 8. 21 


2.27 


2.71 


No. 14.. 










3.04 


















Minimum 


5.39 
7.44 
5.88 


8.20 
10.00 


1.39 
3.71 


7.42 
9.25 


2.03 
3.50 


8.63 
8.70 


2.76 
3.04 


8.21 
,8.67 


2.27 
2.99 


8.31 
8.65 


2.71 


Maximum 


3.04 


Weighted average 


























December. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No.l 


$8.34 
7.19 
6.77 
8.89 
5.80 
8.34 
6.64 
5.83 
5.71 
6.31 
5.96 
6.07 
5.44 
6.63 
5.66 


$10.00 
9.19 
8.34 
9.67 
9.18 
9.83 


$1.66 
2.00 
1.57 
.78 
3.38 
1.49 


















No. 2 


















No. 3 


















No. 4 


















No.5 


















No. 6 


















No. 7 


9.38j 2.74 
9.22 S.SQ 


















No. 8 










$8. 75 
8.50 
9.25 


$2.92 
2.79 
2.94 






No. 9 (wharf yards) 

No. 9 (rail yards) 

No.10 


9.11 
9.75 
9.04 
9.35 
8.12 


3.40 
3.44 
3.08 
3.28 
2.68 


$8.53 


$2.82 






























No. 11 


















No. 12 


7.50 


2.06 










$8.48 
9.07 
8.29 


$3.04 


No. 13 


$9.20 
8.29 


$2.57 
2.63 


3 8. 38 


1.75 


2.44 


No. 14 










2.63 


















Minimum 


5.44 
8.89 
6.35 


8.12 
10.00 


.78 
3.44 


7.50 
8.53 


2.06 
2.82 


8.29 
9.20 


2.57 
2.63 


8.38 
9.25 


1.75 
2.94 


8.29 
9.07 


2.44 




3.04 


Weighted average 

























1 Two companies only. 



1 Three companies only. 



» Weighted average. 



188 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 34. — Boston Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 

prices, and gross margins per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and 
by principal classes of business, for lJf representative dealers, September— — 
December, 1916 — Continued. 

CHESTNUT COAL. 





September. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business .i 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 8 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No. 1. ...... ........... 


$6.30 $8.75 


$2.45 
1.70 
2.25 
1.69- 
2.24 
2.53 
2.44 
2.48 
2.36 
1.93 
2.38 
2.37 
2.46 


















No. 2 


6.12 
5.67 
6.39 
5.70 
5.64 
5.60 
5.52 
5.54 
6.13 
5.60 
5.58 
5.51 
5.71 
5.68 


7.82 
7.92 
8.08 
7.94 
8.17 
8.04 
8.00 
7.90 
8.06 
7.98 
7.95 
7.97 


















No.3. ...... ........... 


















No. 4 


















No.5 


















No. 6 


















No. 7 


















No.8 










$7.25 
7.00 


$1.73 
1.46 






No. 9 (wharf yards) 














No. 9 (rail yards) 














No. 10 


















No. 11.......... 


$7.50 


$1.92 














No. 12........ 










$7.94 
7.81 
7.86 


$2.43 


No. 13....... 






$7.92 
8.00 


$2.21 
2.32 


3 7. 18 
3 7. 30 


1.47 
1.62 


2.10 


No. 14 










2.18 














Minimum .......... 


5.51 
6.39 
5.69 


7.82 
8.75 


1.69 
2.53 


7.50 
7.50 


1.92 
1.92 


7.92 
8.00 


2.21 
2.32 


7.00 
7.30 


1.46 
1.73 


7.81 
7.94 


2.10 


Maximum 


2.43 


Weighted average 





























October. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 




$7.37 
6.51 
6.33 
6.39 
5.73 
5.64 
5.65 
5.52 
5.63 
6.13 
5.64 
5.63 
5.49 
5.72 
5.68 


$9.50 
8.02 
7.92 
8.28 
7.97 
8.25 
8.19 
8.22 
8.01 
8.21 
8.04 
8.21 
8.02 


$2.13 
1.51 
1.59 
1.89 
2.24 
2.61 
2.54 
2.70 
2.38 
2.08 
2.40 
2.58 
2.53 


















No. 2 . ..... 


















No. 3 . 


















No 4 


















No.5 


















No. 6 


















No. 7.. 


















No.8.. 










$7.28 
7.14 


$1.76 
1.51 






No. 9 (wharf yards) 

No. 9 (rail yards) 

No. 10 .. 










































No. 11. 


















No. 12 














$8.00 
7.93 
8.08 


$2.51 


No. 13... . 






$8.07 
8.22 


$2.35 
2.54 


3 7. 39 
8 7. 56 


1.67 
1.88 


2.21 


No. 14 










2.40 
















5.49 
7.37 

5.77 


7.92 
9.50 


1.51 
2.70 






8.07 
8.22 


2.35 
2.54 


7.14 
7.56 


1.51 
1.88 


7.93 
8.08 


2.21 








2.51 


Weighted average 





























i Two companies only. 



• Three companies only. 



Weighted average. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



189 



Table 34. — Boston -Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 

prices, and gross margins per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and 

by principal classes of business, for lJtf representative dealers, September 

December, 1916 — Continued. 

CHESTNUT COAL— Continued. 





November. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 8 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 

margin. 


No. 1 


$7.79 
8.21 
7.12 
8.03 
5.75 
6.22 
5.65 


$10. 00 


£2.21 


















No. 2 


9.42, 1.21 
8.59; 1.47 


















No.3... 


















No. 4 


9. 33 1. 30 
8.88; 3.13 
9.42 3.20 
9. 33 3. 68 


















No.5 


















No. 6 


















No. 7 


















No. 8 


5.52 9.23! 3.71 
5.93 8.36 2.43 
6.21| 8.88 2.67 
6. 46 8. 77 2. 31 










$8.75 
8.71 


$3.23 






No. 9 (wharf yards) 

No. 9 (rail yards) 

No. 10 










2.78 


































No. 11 


6. 02 9. 25 
5. 49 8- 50 


3.23 


















No. 12 


3.01 














$8.58 

8.73 

. 8.98 


$3 09 


No. 13 


5.94 

5.81 








$8.86 
9.02 


$2.92 
3.21 


3 8. 30 

3 7. 87 


2.36 
2.06 


2.79 


No. 14 










3.17 














Minimum 


5. 49 8. 36 1. 21 
8.21 10.00 3.71 






8.86 
9.02 


2.92 
3.21 


7.87 
8.75 


2.06 
3.23 


8.58 
8.98 


2.79 


Maximum 






3.17 


Weighted average 


6.05 










1 





















December. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No. 1 


$7.84 
7.89 
6.78 
8.49 
5.75 
7.08 
5.95 
6.72 
5.88 
6.26 


$10.00 
9.22 

8.89 
9.56 
9.36 
9.50 
9.46 
9.50 
8.96 
9.11 


$2.16 
1.33 
2.11 
1.07 
3.61 
2.42 
3.51 
2.78 
3.08 
2.85 


















No.2 


















No.3 


















No.4 


















No.5 


















No. 6 


















No. 7 




i 












No.8 










$8.75 
8.65 


$2.03 
2.77 






No. 9 (wharf yards) 














No. 9 (rail yards) 














No. 10 


6. 19 9. 09 


2.90 
3.48 


















No. 11 


5.96 
5.59 
6.55 
5.80 


9.44 

8.51 


















No. 12 


2.92 














$8.81 
9.32 
9.41 


$3.22 


No. 13 






$9.49 
9.58 


$2.94 
3.78 


3 8. 78 
3 8. 87 


2.23 
3.07 


2.77 


No. 14 










3.61 














Minimum 


5.59 
8.49 
6.44 


8.51 
10.00 


1.07 
3.61 






9.49 
9.58 


$2.94 
3.78 


8.65 
8.87 


2.03 
3.07 


8.81 
9.41 


2.77 


Maximum 






3.61 


Weighted average 



























Two companies only. 



« Three companies only. 



•Weighted average. 



190 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 34. — Boston Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 

prices, and gross margins per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and 

by principal classes of business, for llf. representative dealers, September 

December, 1916 — Continued. 

PEA. 





September. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 

margin. 


Sale 

price. 


Gross 

margin. 


No.l 
























No. 2 IS4.75 


$6.29 
5.96 
5.96 
5.97 
5.75 
6.13 
5.89 
6.17 
6.06 
6.06 


SI. 54 
1.52 
1.99 
2.09 
1.55 
1.53 
1.65 
1.49 
2.02 
2.41 


















No. 4 


4.44 
3.97 
3.88 
4.20 
4.60 
4.24 
4.68 
4.04 
3.65 
4.27 
3.93 


















No. 5 


















No. 6 


















No. 7 


















No.8 










S5.25 


SO. 65 






No. 9 (wharf vards) 


S5.74 


SI. 50 










No. 9 (rail yards) 














No. 11 


5.50 


1.46 














No. 12 










$6.00 
5.78 
5.91 


$2. 35 


No. 13 






So. 88 


SI. 61 
2.00 


M.95 
3 5.56 


.68 
1.63 


1.51 


No. 14 .. 










5.93 


1.98 














Minimum 


3.65 
4.75 
4.18 


5.75 
6.29 




1.49 I 5.50 
2.41 5.74 


1.46 
1.50 


5.88 
5.93 


1.61 

2.00 


4.95 
5.56 


.65 
1.63 


5.78 
6.00 


1.51 




2.35 


Weighted average ..... 























October. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

pnce. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 

sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No.l 






















No. 2 S4.84 


$6.04 
6.17 
6.08 
6.21 
6.17 
6.16 
5.99 
6.43 
6.25 
6.09 


si. 26 

1.73 
1.90 


















No. 4 


4.44 


















No.5 


4.18 
3.88 
4.20 
4.60 
4.30 
4.80 
4.13 
3.76 
4.26 
3.93 


















No. 6 


2.33 
1.97 
1.56 
1.69 
1.63 
2.12 
2.33 


















No.7 


















No.8 








$5.32 


SO. 72 






No. 9 (wharf yards) 


$5.71 
5.75 
5.50 


SI. 41 

.95 

1.37 










No . 9 (rail yards. ) 














No. 11 














No. 12 










$6.11 


$2.35 


No. 13 






$6.04 
6.03 


$1.78 
2.10 


3 5.14 
3 5. 61 


.88 


fi Q2 


1.67 


No. 14 










1.68 j 6.01 


2.08 














Minimum « 


3.76 
4.84 
4.22 


5.99 
6.43 


1.20 
2.33 


5.50 
5.75 


.95 
1.41 


6.03 
6.04 


1.78 
2.10 


5.14 
5.61 


.72 
1.68 


5.93 
6.11 


1.67 


Maximum 


2.35 


Weighted average 

























1 Two companies only. 



2 Three companies only. 



1 Weighted average. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



191 



Table 34. — Boston Retailers' cost prices, typical and iveighted average sale 

prices, and gross margins per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and 

by principal classes of business, for 14 representative dealers, September 

December, 1916 — Continued. 

PEA— Continued. 





November. 


Company. 


Cost 

price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 1 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No. 1 ... 
























No.2 


$6. 28 


$7.27 
7.39 
6.70 
7.33 
7.33 
7.33 
6.15 
7.40 
7.04 
6.60 


$0.99 
2.95 
2.52 
2.05 
3.13 
2.73 
1.66 
2.60 
2.91 
2.76 


















No. 4 


4.44 
4.18 
5.28 
4.20 
4.60 
4.49 
4.80 
4.13 
3.84 
4.73 
4.15 


















No.5 


















N0.6 


















No.7 


















N0.8 










$6.75 
6.50 


$2.15 
2.01 






No. 9 (wharf yards) 

No. 9 (rail yards) 

No. 11 


$6.17 
5.75 


$1.68 
.95 






























No. 12.... 














$6.62 
6.80 
7.41 


$2.78 


No. 13 






$6.89 
7.45 


$2.16 
3.30 


3 6.22 
3 6. 89 


1.49 

2.74 


2.07 


No. 14 


3.26 














Minimum 


3.84 j 6.15 
6.28 7.40 


.99 
3.13 


5.75 
6.17 


.95 
1.68 


6.89 

7.45 


2.16 
3.30 


6.22 
6.89 


1.49 
2.74 


6.62 
7.41 


2.07 




3.26 


Weighted average 


4.57 








1 



















December. 


Company. 


Cost 

price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No.l..... .» 


$6.47 
5.65 
5.58 
4.18 
5.28 
4.20 
4.76 
5.02 
4.80 
4.13 
3.92 
4.86 
4.15 


$8.00 
7.29 
8.00 
7.04 
7.42 
7.50 
7.50 
7.00 
7.78 
7.41 
6.64 


$1.53 
1.64 

2.42 
2.86 
2.14 
3.30 
2.74 
1.98 
2.98 
3.28 
2.72 


















No.2 


















No. 4 


















No.5 


















N0.6 


















No.7 


















No. 8 










$6.75 


$1.99 






No. 9 (wharf yards) 


$7.12 


$2.10 










No. 9 (rail yards) 














No. 11 


















No. 12 














$6.96 
7.24 
7.31 


$3.04 


No. 13... 






$7.34 
7.35 


$2.48 
3.20 


3 ,6. 42 
3 6.83 


1.56 

2.68 


2 38 


No.14. 










3.16 














Minimum. 

Masrimum 


3.92 
6.47 

4.76 


6.64 
8.00 


1.53 
3.30 


7.12 
7.12 


2.10 
2.10 


7.34 
7.35 


2.48 
3.20 


6.42 
6.83 


1.56 
2.68 


6.96 
7.31 


2.38 
3.16 


Weighted average 


















1 





1 Two companies only. 



2 Three companies only. 



•Weighted average. 



192 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 34. — Boston Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 

prices, and gross margins per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and 

by principal classes of business, for 14 representative dealers, September 

December, 1916 — Continued. 

BUCKWHEAT. 





September. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 

margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 

margin. 


No. 9 (wharf vards) 

No. 12 


-S3. 40 
3.46 
2.57 




S4. 75 


SI. 35 





















$4.75 
5.33 


$1.29 


No. 13 




S5.33 


$2.76 




2.76 










Minimum 


2.57 1 4.75 

3.46 ! 1 4.75 


1.35 5.33 
1.35 5.33 


2.76 
2.76 




4.75 
5.33 


1.29 






2.76 




3.40 






1 ;: 






! 1 






1 1 





Company. 



October. 



Cost 
price. 



Household. 



Typi- 
cal I Gross 
sale margin. 

price. 



Industrial 
contract. 



Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price 



Gross 

margin. 



Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 



Sale ! Gross 
price, margin. 



Yard. 



Typi- 
cal 

sale 
price. 



Gross 
margin. 



Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 



Sale 

price. 



Gross 

margin. 



No. 9 (wharf vards). 

No. 12 

No. 13 



S3. 40 ' S4.I 

3.46 .... 
I 2.57 .... 



SI. 56 



So. 08 



S2.51 



S5.09 
5.08 



SI. 63 
2.51 



Minimum 

Maximum 

Weighted average . 



2.57 
3.46 
3.28 



4.96 
4.96 



1.56 
1.56 



5.08 
5.08 



2.51 
2.51 



5.08 
5.09 



1.63 
2.51 



1 One company only. 



3 Two companies only. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



193 



Table 34. — Boston —Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 

prices, and gross margins per net ton of tohite ash anthracite, by sizes, and 

by principal classes of business, for lJj. representative dealers, September 

December, 1916 — Continued. 

B UCK WHE AT-Continued. 





November. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 1 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No. 9 (wharf yards) 

No. 12. 


£3.44 






$5.03 


SI. 59 














3.46 














$4.94 j $1.48 
















3.44 
3.46 






5.03 1.59 
5.03 1.59 








4.94 
4.94 


1.48 










i 




1.48 


Weighted average 


3.45 








I 










1 




1 











December. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 1 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 
pri^e. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No. 9 (wharf yards) 

No. 12 


$3.44 
3.46 






$4.75 


$1.31 














1 






:" " 1 


?4.77 


$1.31 
















3.44 
3.46 






4.75 
4.75 


1.31 
1.31 


! 




4.77 
4.77 


1.31 








■ 





1.31 


Weighted average 


3.45 






! 
















i 








1 One company only. 
105510°— S. Doe. 50, 65-1 13 



194 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 34. — Boston- 



-Retailers'' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 



prices, and gross margins per net ton of tohite ash anthracite, by sizes, and 
by principal classes of business, for 14 representative dealers, September- 
December, 1916 — Continued. 



SCREENINGS. 





September. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
deiiv ered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 

sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 

sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No. 7 


$2.22 






$3.25 


$1.03 














N0.8 


















No. 12 


1.72 






3.25 


1.53 










S3. 13 


$1.41 


No. 13..... 


















No. 14 


2.34 










$3.25 


$0. 91 






3.25 


.91 






















1.72 
2.34 
2.00 






3.25 
3.25 


1.03 
1.53 


3.25 
3.25 


.91 
.91 






3.13 
3.25 


91 












1 41 


Weighted average 


























! 

















October. 










Company. 


Cost 

price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sa:e 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No. 7 


$2. 23 






$3.25 
3.12 
3.25 


$1.02 

.30 

1.34 














No. 8 


2.S2 
1.91 
2.32 
2.34 


















No. 12 














$3.10 
3.11 
3.29 


$1.19 


No. 13 






$3.25 
3.29 


$0.93 
.95 


s$2.35 


$0.03 


.79 


No. 14 










.95 










Minimum 


1.91 
2.82 
2.27 






3.12 
3.25 


.30 
1.34 


3.25 
3.29 


.93 
.95 


2.35 
2.35 


.03 

.03 


3.10 
3.29 


.79 


Maximum 






1.19 


Weighted average 





























1 Two companies only. 



2 Three companies only. 



8 Weighted average. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



195 



Table 34. — Boston Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 

prices, and gross margins per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and 

by principal classes of business, for 14 representative dealers, September 

December, 1916 — Continued. 

SCREENINGS— Continued. 





November. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No 7 


$2.23 






$3.75 


$1.52 














No. 8 . . 


















No 12 


2.16 
2.63 
2.66 


















$3.19 
3.81 
3.70 


$1.03 


No. 13 










$3.87 
3.70 


$1.24 
1.04 


^$3.00 


$0. 37 


1.18 


No 14 










1.04 




















2.16 
2.66 
2.52 






3.75 
3.75 


1.52 
1.52 


3.70 
3.87 


1.04 
1.24 


3.00 
3.00 


.37 
.37 


3.19 
3.81 


1.03 








1.18 


Weighted average 































December. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No.7 


$2.23 






$4.00 


$1.77 














No. 8 


















No. 12 


2.62 
2.63 
2.66 


















$3.23 
3.93 
3.85 


$0.61 


No. 13 










$3.96 
3.85 


$1.33 
1.19 


s$3.40 


$0.77 


1.30 


No. 14 










1.19 




















2.23 
2.66 
2.59 






4.00 
4.00 


1.77 
1.77 


3.85 
3.96 


1.19 
1.33 


3.40 
3.40 


.77 
.77 


3.23 
3.93 


61 








1.30 


Weighted average 































1 Two companies only. 



« Three companies only. 



8 Weighted average. 



196 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 34. — Boston- 



-Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 



prices, and gross margins per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and 

by principal classes of business, for 14 representative dealers, September 

December, 1916 — Continued. 



BIRDSEYE. 













September. 








Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

prize. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal Gross 
sale margin. 

price, j 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 

margin. 


No. 9 (wharf yards) 


$2.61 


1 


$3.35 


$0.74 




















1 


2.61 




3.35 


.74 
.74 








L. 






3.35 










Weighted average 2.61 

















1 










*"""l \" 







October. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 

sale 
price. 


Gross 

margin. 


Sale i Gro^s 
price, margin. 


Typi- 1 
cal 1 Gross 
sale margin. 

price. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 

margin. 


No. 9 (wharf yards) 


$2.61 




$3.35 


$0.74 


1 


















2.61 

2.61 

2.61 






3.35 
3.35 


.74 
.74 












1 








Weighted average 








' ' "I" . 










' ' 1 "1 


1 


1 1 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



197 



Table 34. — Boston Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 

prices, and gross margins per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and 

by principal classes of business, for 14 representative dealers, September • 

December, 1916 — Continued. 

BIRDSEYE— Continued. 





November. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sate 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No. 9 (wharf yards) — 


$2.61 






$3.50 


$0. 89 














2.61 
























3.50 
3.50 


.89 
.89 








i 






2.61 
2.61 












I 




Weighted average 






























1 















December. 










Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Industrial 
contract. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 

all 
business. 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No. 9 (wharf yards) 


$2.61 






$3.79 


$1.18 





























Minimum 


2.61 
2.61 
2.61 






3.79 
3.79 


1.18 
1.18 






























Weighted average 







































198 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 35. — Boston Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 

prices, and gross margins per net ton of other grades of anthracite, by sizes, 
and by principal classes of business, for 4 of the 14 representative dealers 
shown in Table 33, September December, 1916. 



[Out of gross margin must come cost of doing business, degradation and shrinkage, and net profit. See 

pp. 150 to 158.] 

FRANKLIN STOVE COAL. 





September. 


Company. 


Cost 

price. 


Household. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 

average of 

all business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 

sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price 


Gross 
margin . 


No. 7 


$6.66 


$9.19 
9.50 


$2.53 
3.21 






$8.25 
8.42 


$1.59 
2.13 






No 8 


6.29 
7.09 

6.47 






No 12 






$8.87 
9.01 


$1.78 


No. 13 






$9.06 


$2.59 


3 8.20 


1.73 


2.54 












6.29 
7.09 
6.53 


9.19 
9.50 


2.53 
3.21 


9.06 
9.06 


2.59 
2.59 


8.20 
8.42 


1.59 
2.13 


8.87 
9.01 


1.78 




2.54 


Weighted average 
























October. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 

average of 

all business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 

sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


No. 7 


§6.66 
6.29 
7.09 
6.60 


$9.75 
9.44 


$3.09 
3.15 






$8.25 
8.61 


$1.59 
2.32 






No. 8 










No 12 






$9.07 


$1.98 


No. 13 






$9.28 


$2.68 


3 8.34 


1.74 


9.20 


2.60 












6.29 
7.09 
6.56 


9.44 
9.75 


3.09 
3.15 


9.28 
9.28 


2.68 
2.68 


8.25 
8.61 


1.59 
2.32 


9.07 
9.20 


1.98 


Ma^'Trm-m 


2.60 


Weighted average 






















i One company only. 


il 


wo corj 


apanies 


mly. 




*Weigl 


ited avei 


"age. 





ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL, 



199 



Table 35. — Boston- 



-Retailers' cost prices, typical and toeighted average sale 



prices, and gross margins per net ton of other grades of anthracite, by sizei, 
and by principal classes of business, for Jf of the 14 representative dealers 
shown in Table 33, September December, 1916 — Continued. 

FRANKLIN STOVE COAL— Continued. 





November. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 

average of 

all business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No 7 


$6.66 


$11. 42 


$4. 76 
4.46 














No 8 


6.29 10.75 






$10. 25 


$3.96 






No 12 


6.90 








$9.24 
10.34 


$2.34 


No 13 


6.60 






$10. 39 


$3.79 


3 9. 80 


3.20 


3.74 












6.29 
6.90 
6.56 


10.75 
11.42 


4.46 10.39 
4.76 10.39 


3.79 
3.79 


9.80 
10.25 


3.20 
3.96 


9.24 
10.34 


2.34 




3.74 












1 














December. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 1 


Yard. 


Weighted 

average of 

all business. 2 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No 7 


$6.66 


£12. 00 


$5.34 














No 8 


. — 














No. 12 


6.90 
8.12 














$9. 84 
10.83 


$2.94 


No. 13 









$10. 93 


$2.81 


3 $9. 68 


$1.56 


2.71 










Minimum 


6.66 12.00 
8.12 12.00 


5.34 
5.34 


10.93 
10.93 


2.81 
2.81 


9.68 
9.68 


1.56 
1.56 


9.84 
10.83 


2.71 


Maximum 


2.94 




7.92 

























1 One company only. 



2 Two companies only. 



Weighted average. 



200 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 35. — Boston- 



-Rctailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 



prices, and gross margins per net t&n of other grades of anthracite, by sizes, 
and by principal classes of business, for % of the 1J+ representative dealers 
shown in Table 33, September December, 1916 — Continued. 

LEHIGH BROKEN COAL. 













September. 








Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 


Yard. 


Weighted 

average of 

all business. 




Typi- 
cal 

sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


No. 13 


$5. 39 






§6.64 


si. 25 






$6.64 


SI. 25 












Minimum 


5.39 
5.39 
5.39 






6.64 ! 1.25 
6.64 1.25 






6.64 
6.64 


1.25 


Maximum 






1.25 


Weighted average 














1 






1 





October. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Weighted 

average of 

• delivered 

business. 


Yard. 


Weighted 

average of 

all business. 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Typi- 
cal 

sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


No 13 


$5. 39 






§6.55 


$1.16 






$6. 55 


$1. 16 




















5.39 






6.55 
6.55 


1.16 
1.16 






6.55 


1.16 




5.39 
5.39 






6.55 


1.16 

































ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



201 



Table 35. — Boston Retailers' eost prices, typical and weighted average sal® 

prices, and gross margins per net ton of other grades of anthracite, by sizev, 
and by principal classes of business, for J t of the 14 representative dealers 
shown in Table 33, September December, 1916 — Continued. 

LEHIGH BROKEN COAL— Continued. 





November. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Weighted 

average of 
delivered 
business. 


Yard. 


Weighted 

average of 

all business. 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No 13 


$5. 39 






$6.21 


.$0. 82 






86. 21 


$0. 82 




















5.39 
5.39 
5.39 




6.21 
6.21 


.82 

.82 






6.21 
6.21 


.82 












.82 



































December. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 


Yard. 


Weighted 

average of 

all business. 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price . 


Gross 
margin . 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


No. 13 


$5. 39 






$6.23 


$0.84 






$6.23 


$0.84 














Minimum 


5.39 
5.39 
5.39 






6.23 
6.23 


.84 

.84 






6.23 
6.23 


.84 


Maximum , . 










.84 


Weighted average 



























202 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 35. — Boston- 



-Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 



prices, and gross margins per net ton of other grades of anthracite, by sizes, 
and by principal classes of business, for 4 of the Ik representative dealers 
shown in Table 33, September December, 1916 — Continued. 

LEHIGH EGG COAL. 





September. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 


Yard. 


Weighted 

average of 

all business. 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Typi- 
cal 

sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin . 


No. 13 


85.52 






S7.36 


SI. 84 


1 $6. 40 


SO. 88 


$7.35 


$1.83 












5.52 
5.52 
5.52 






7.36 
7.36 


1.84 
1.84 


6.40 
6.40 


.88 
.88 


7.35 
7.35 


1.83 








1.83 































October. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 


Yard. 


Weighted 

average of 

all business. 




Typi- 
cal 

sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Typi- 
cal 

sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


No. 13 


$5.45 






S7.50 


$2.05 






$7.50 


$2.05 
















5.45 
5.45 
5.45 






7.50 
7.50 


2.05 
2.05 






7.50 
7.50 


2.05 












2.05 

































Weighted average. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



203 



Table 35. — Boston- 



-Retailers' cost prices, typical and weighted average sale 



prices, and gross margins per net ton of other grades of anthracite, by sizes, 
and by principal classes of business, for 4 of the 14 representative dealers 
shown in Table 33, September December, 1916 — Continued. 

LEHIGH EGG COAL— Continued. 





November. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


"Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 


Yard. 


Weighted 
average of 
all business. 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


No. 13 


$5.45 

5.45 
5.45 
5.45 






$7.92 


$2.47 






$7.92 


$2.47 




















7.92 
7.92 


2.47 
2.47 






7.92 
7.92 


2.47 












2.47 



































December. 


Company. 


Cost 
price. 


Household. 


Weighted 
average of 
delivered 
business. 


Yard. 


Weighted 

average of 

all business. 




Typi- 
cal 
sale 

price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Typi- 
cal 

sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin . 


No. 13.. * 


$5.45 






$9.29 


$3.84 






$9.29 


$3.84 
















5.45 
5.45 
5.45 






9.29 
9.29 


3.84 
3.84 






9.29 
9.29 


3.84 












3.84 
















, 

















204 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

SOUTHEASTERN MASSACHUSETTS AND RHODE ISLAND. 

A brief discussion of conditions in various markets of south- 
eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island is here given. Following 
the discussion are specific tables showing purchase cost of anthracite, 
typical sales prices, and margins for the retail dealers investigated 
in these markets. 

It will be observed from these tables that excessive increases in 
gross margins were realized by many dealers investigated in this 
territory. Company No. 2 made gross margins of $6.13 per net ton 
on broken, $5.23 on egg, $5.13 on stove, and $5.36 on nut for Decem- 
ber household sales. Company No. 3 made in November and Decem- 
ber gross margins of $6.13 on broken, $5.46 on egg, $5.84 on stove, 
$5.60 on nut, and $3.54 on pea coal in the household trade. 

Brockton, Mass.- — Dealers of Brockton, Avon, and Campello secure 
their supply from various sources, some buying almost altogether 
from railroad coal companies, while others generally purchase from 
jobbers. Coal comes in two ways: Direct from the mines by rail, or 
by barge to New Bedford, Providence, or Fall River, and by rail 
inland. The larger tonnage comes all-rail. 

Dealers of Brockton pick the slate from their anthracite coal 
before delivery. Owing to the poor quality of much of the coal 
received in the fall of 1916, it was said that this practice in some 
cases reduced the gross tons purchased to an equal number of net tons 
delivered. 

Fall River, Mass. — This market is served by a number of dealers, 
most of whom purchase normally from some one or more railroad 
coal companies for shipment by water from New York. Shipment is 
made in both company and independent barges, but during the fall 
of 1916 there was a shortage of company coal and an even 'greater 
shortage of company barges. So great was the shortage that one 
dealer who usually secures company barges was obliged to charter 
independent bottoms for shipment of 'company coal. 

This market is served by a number of dealers, most of whom 
purchase normally from some one or more railroad coal companies 
for shipment by water from New York. Shipment is made in both 
company and independent barges, but during the fall of 1916 there 
was a shortage of company coal and an even greater shortage of 
company barges. So great was the shortage that one dealer who 
usually secures company barges was obliged to charter independent 
bottoms for shipment of company coal. 

In the past it has been customary for Fall River prices to follow 
those of Providence quite closely, but in the fall of 1916 prices were 
from $1 to $1.50 per net ton less in Fall River than in Providence. 
This seems to have been due to the fact that the larger dealers of 
Fall River purchased little premium coal, and were therefore able to 
make larger profits than usual without following Providence prices 
to their highest point. At the same time the smaller dealers, who 
in normal times underbid the larger firms for tonnage, were obliged 
to purchase practically all of their coal from premium sources. 

Thus the shortage of railroad company coal and the position of 
the larger dealers as favored customers of the big companies made 



ANTHEACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 205 

it possible for the larger dealers of Fall River to make greater 
profits than usual and at the same time put their smaller competi- 
tors in a difficult position. 

The operation of a yard under the management of the former 
owner was also resorted to by a Fall River firm as a means of holding 
custom which it was feared would be lost if it became generally 
known that the yard had changed ownership. 

The location of retail yards along the water front makes it neces- 
sary to haul all coal up hill in delivering, as the whole city is built 
on a rather steep bluff. This makes 3,000 to 5,000 pounds the maxi- 
mum load for team delivery as compared with 5,000 to 9,000 pounds 
on level city streets. This physical difficulty adds to costs of delivery 
and is emphasized by Fall River dealers as an important item in their 
cost of merchandising. 

Taunton, Mass. — Taunton, a city of 35,000 inhabitants, presents 
the rather unusual feature of being served by three dealers prior to 
the period of high prices and by two dealers during the latter part of 
the year 1916. Prices for domestic sizes of anthracite in Taunton 
during the panic period were about $1.50 per ton less than in Fall 
River and about $3 less than in Providence. These differences are 
explained by the fact that the dominant factor in the market was 
getting practically all of its supply from a railroad coal company at 
circular prices and sold its coal at prices which netted profits larger 
than during the year before, but which meant loss to competing 
firms on anthracite bought at premium prices. One of the two 
competitors of this firm was entirely dependent for its supply on 
premium coal purchased from an independent jobber of New York 
City. This firm, finding itself unable to sell at a profit in the 
Taunton market, withdrew early in the fall. The other competing 
firm usually purchased its supply from three railroad coal com- 
panies, but during October, November, and December was unable 
either to secure deliveries from these sources on orders already ac- 
cepted or to place new orders. Consequently, this firm was forced to 
turn to independent jobbers for its supply at premium prices. This 
premium coal was sold at Taunton prices, which frequently were less 
than the cost of the coal f. o. b. cars at Taunton. 

Taunton presents a concrete example of the injustice to other 
dealers arising out of an inequitable distribution of railroad company 
coal, under which a favored customer, who is also the dominant fac- 
tor in the market, is able to secure his full supply at circular prices 
in a time of shortage, while his competitors are obliged to depend 
on independent coal purchased through speculating jobbers. 

Providence, R. /.—Practically all anthracite coal sold in Provi- 
dence comes by barge from New York City and is discharged direct 
from the barges to the yards of the dealers. Some dealers handle 
railroad company coal almost exclusively, while others buy in the 
open market from any available source. During the fall of 1916 
there was a general shortage of big company coal. Orders given in 
September, 1916, were in some cases still undelivered in January, 
1917. One firm at least refused to buy premium coal or to raise its 
prices during the panic, and consequently this firm was out of coal 
and virtually out of business during part of the fall. Others firms 
purchased a great deal of premium coal and prices for the market 



206 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

were made by these firms. Such prices naturally meant inordinately 
larffe profits to firms that purchased little or not premium coal. 

Bristol and Warren, R. I. — A. single company is the controlling- 
factor in both of these small markets. This company has no competi- 
tion in Warren and only one competitor in Bristol. 

Both of the companies operating in these two towns experienced 
difficulty in securing their normal supply of company coal, but 
neither purchased any appreciable amount of premium coal prior to 
January 1, 1917. Both paid considerable demurrage charges on 
barges owing to slow delivery of coal at New York. 

Bristol and Warren prices were the same as those of Fall River 
throughout the panic period. 

TABLES SHOWING RETAIL GROSS MARGINS. 

Tables 36 to 39, prepared on the same general basis as the Boston 
tables, give the same information for these markets, but are slightly 
different in form. The average cost price for each size of coal is 
given for each month, but instead of giving a single sale price for 
each month in each class of trade, three separate sales prices are 
given in brace, being the typical sales prices for the periods about the 
5th, 15th, and 25th of each month. 

OTHER NEW ENGLAND MARKETS. 

Tables 40 to 45 give the same information for a number of repre- 
sentative dealers in other parts of New England. These tables are 
of the same general character as those for Boston and for southeast- 
ern Massachusetts and Rhode Island. 

It will be observed that gross margins increased roughty from 
75 cents to $1 in the territory from Portland, Me., to Lawrence, Mass., 
in the cases of a number of the dealers covered. In central Massa- 
chusetts and Connecticut the increases in gross margin were not so 
high, ranging generally about 30 to 60 cents above normal. 



ANTHBACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



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ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL, 



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$5.62 

5.58 

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Company No. 1 

Company No. 4 

Minimum 

Maximum 

Weighted average. . 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



229 



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ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



231 



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232 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 44. — Connecticut (Hartford, New Haven, and New London). Summary for 5 
representative retailers showing the minimum and maximum of cost prices, of typical 
sale prices, and of gross margins, for principal classes of business, and the weighted 
average cost prices of white ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September Decem- 
ber, 1916. 

|Out of gross margin must come cost of doing business, degradation and shrinkage, and net profit. See 

pp. 150 to 158.] 

[See Table 45 for detail by companies.] 





Broken. 


Egg. 


Stove. 


1916. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Weighted 
average. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


"Weighted 
average. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Weighted 
average. 


SEPTEMBER. 


$4.61 

7.50 
2.23 


$5.27 

7.80 
3.07 


$5.08 


S5.09 

7.80 
2.31 


$5.75 

8.35 
3.11 


$5.38 


$5.24 

7.80 
2.30 

7.70 
1.81 

5.42 

8.13 
2.63 

7.91 
1.88 

5.43 

8.48 
2.33 

7.79 
1.01 

6.02 

8.18 
1.64 

7.89 

.87 


$5.93 

8.60 
3.14 

7.70 
1.81 

6.03 

8.85 
3.39 

8.01 


$5.58 


Typical household sale 










Typical industrial con- 




















OCTOBER. 


4.61 

7.50 
1.96 


5.54 

8.10 
3.49 


5.22 


5.13 

8.10 
2.24 


5.99 
9.35 


5.48 


5.64 


Typical household sale 








4.13 






Typical industrial con- 






















1.98 




NOVEMBER. 


4.61 

7.50 
2.23 


5.27 

8.10 
3.49 


5.25 


5.13 

8.20 
1.68 


7.03 

10.00 

4.65 


5.98 


6.78 
10.00 


6.14 


Typical household sale 










4.57 

.8.03 
1.25 




Typical industrial con- 
























DECEMBER. 


5.27 

7.81 
2.54 


5.27 

8.10 
2.83 


5.27 


5.36 

8.35 
1.55 


6.80 

10.00 
4.64 


6.40 


7.02 

10.00 
3.98 

7.99 
.97 


6.49 


Typical household sale 












Typical industrial con- 












1 I i III 





ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



233 



Table 44. — Connecticut (Hartford, New Haven, and New London). Summary for 5 
representative retailers showing the minimum and maximum of cost prices, of typical 
sale prices, and of gross margins, for principal classes of business, and the weighted 
average cost prices of white ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September De- 
cember, 1916 — Continued. 





Chestnut. 


Pea. 


Buckwheat. 


1916. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Weighted 
average. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Weighted 
average. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Weighted 
average. 


SEPTEMBER. 


$5.26 

7.80 
2.39 

7.73 
1.82 

5.46 

8.00 
2.40 

7.83 
1.79 

5.62 

8.42 
1.71 

7.80 
1.08 

5.89 

8.14 
1.41 

7.88 
1.35 


$5.96 

8.60 
3.05 

7.73 
1.82 

6.04 

9.23 
3.77 

7.98 
1.94 

6.72 

10.28 
4.38 

8.09 
1.37 

6.94 

10.00 
3.53 

8.00 
1.47 


$5.61 


$3.35 

6.25 
2.17 


$4.08 

6.75 
2.90 


$3.96 


$3.21 

4.25 
1.04 


$3.21 

4.25 
1.04 


$3.21 


Typical household sale 




Gross margin 

Typical industrial con- 
tract sale price „ 

Gross margin 

OCTOBER. 




























5.73 


3.75 

6.30 
2.34 


4.13 

7.20 
3.07 


4.00 


3.21 

4.25 
1.04 


3.21 

4.25 
1.04 


3.21 


Typical household sale 




Gross margin 

Typical industrial con- 
tract sale price 

Gross margin 

NOVEMBER. 




























C.30 


3.75 

6.12 
1.82 


4.90 

7.83 
3.75 


4.49 


3.24 

4.25 
1.01 


3.24 

4.25 
1.01 


3.24 


Typical household sale 




Gross margin 

Typical industrial con- 
tract sale price 

Gross margin 

DECEMBER. 




























6.50 


3.75 

6.15 
1.24 


4.91 

7.83 
3.50 


4.61 


3.22 

4.25 
1.03 


3.22 

4.25 
1.03 


3.2 


Typical household sale 




Gross margin 

Typical industrial con- 
tract sale price 

Gross margin 











































234 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



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ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



235 



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238 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

NEW YORK CITY. 

Transportation. — Anthracite coal comes to New York City over 
the following initial coal-carrying railroads: Central of New Jer- 
sey ; Delaware, Lackawanna & Western ; Erie ; Lehigh Valley ; New 
York, Ontario & Western ; Pennsylvania ; and Philadelphia & Read- 

No road carries coal into New York City, coal being brought 
to Tarious New Jersey ports and transported in barges and floats 
across the river. These ports are known as upper and lower ports. 
South Amboy, Perth Amboy, Port Heading. Elizabethport, and Port 
Johnson are the lower ports. Cornwall. Edgewater, Weehawken, 
Hoboken, and Port Liberty are the upper ports. The freight rates 
on prepared sizes from the anthracite fields to the lower and upper 
ports are $1.40 and $1.45, respectively. The railroad coal companies 
own or control a small number of barges which transport coal from 
the Jersey ports to the New York retailers' yards. A few of the 
retailers operate barges of their own, but the greater number hire 
outside barges. Normally the barge rate from the lower ports is 
about 20 cents, which is 5 cents more than that from the upper ports. 
This equalizes the 5-cent differential in freight rates between the 
upper and lower ports, and thus the. alongside price of coal from the 
lower and upper ports is the same to the retailer situated in the 
central part of New York City. 

Sources of supply and local distribution. — All of the railroad coal 
companies or their sales companies or agents maintain sales offices 
in New York City and sell principally to retailers direct. Every 
important independent producing company and the greater number 
of smaller ones are represented either by sales agents or jobbers. The 
large jobbing houses of Philadelphia also maintain branch offices 
in New York City. In fact. New York is in a position to obtain its 
supply of anthracite from any colliery in the anthracite fields. It 
is frequently spoken of as the dumping ground. This is probably 
due to the fact that coal which is mined, but not sold, is generally 
sent to New York tidewater for sale at the prevailing market price 
or for storage. Thus, New York is the point to which the inde- 
pendent producing companies ship their surplus coal. All coal sent 
to New York tidewater is available for shipment not onlv to New 
York City but to New England and Canada. In 1915 15,864,800 net 
tons of anthracite, or 17.8 per cent of the total production, were 
shipped to New York tidewater. 1 

The retailers of New York are thus in a position to obtain coal 
from all the railroad coal companies, the greater number of inde- 
pendent producing companies, sales agencies, and important eastern 
jobbers. 

The annual consumption of anthracite in Manhattan, Queens, and 
The Bronx is estimated at 7,000,000 tons. Except for the quantity 
sold by producing .companies and jobbers to gas and electric com- 
panies, railroads, and manufacturing concerns direct, this tonnage 
is distributed by 61 retailers. Two of these do not maintain yards 
in New York, but deliver from their yards in New Jersey. 

1 Mineral Resources of the United States, 1915. Part II, p. 501. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 239 

Local shortage and its causes. — Despite the fact that during the 
summer of 1916 the producing companies and sales agents had been 
urging the retailers to prepare for a shortage of coal during the 
coming winter, and the retailers in turn had been urging their cus- 
tomers to fill their coal bins, New York City was not prepared 
for a shortage. In some respects this condition was not abnor- 
mal. The average apartment house, hotel, or office building has 
no facilities for the storage of coal. They are forced to purchase 
their requirements in amounts which last them but a few weeks. 
Further, the retailers are in a similar position. Their coal yards are 
necessarily situated along the water front where space is very expen- 
sive. It is not feasible, therefore, to erect large storage pockets, so 
their supply is adequate for only their temporary needs. Thus, on 
the 1st of September the 15 retailers from whom the Commission 
has reports, had on hand 194,166 net tons of anthracite. During the 
month of September these retailers sold 249,960 net tons. Assuming 
that this represents the condition of the typical retailer, New York 
City's supply of coal on September 1 was sufficient for only 23 days' 
requirements. 

The retailers are consequently dependent upon a constant sup- 
ply of coal at tidewater. The storage yards of the railroad coal 
companies, which are situated near tidewater, and the surplus coal 
of the independent producers, which is shipped to New York, are 
the sources to which the New York retailers have looked to make up 
for their inadequate storage facilities. Normally this supply is 
more than sufficient to meet the retailers' requirements, and is not 
seriously diminished even when certain other cities in the country 
are short of anthracite. But during the early fall of 1916 the quan- 
tity of coal in storage at tidewater rapidly diminished and the 
amount of coal, produced by both railroad and independent pro- 
ducing companies, which was being shipped to tidewater was much 
less than in previous years. Especially was there a shortage in de- 
livery of railroad company coal. This shortage became very notice- 
able about the 1st of October. The retailers were able to obtain only 
about 50 per cent of their normal supply of " company " coal. The 
railroad coal companies explained that the shortage at New York 
was due in great part to the fact that they were shipping large 
quantities of coal to the Great Lakes and the West; that as soon as 
navigation closed on the Great Lakes, New York would receive its 
normal supply. During the latter part of October the stocks of 
the retailers were nearly depleted. 

At this time the press began to publish articles on the great scar- 
city of anthracite coal and predicted $15 to $20 coal during the com- 
ing winter. The effect of these articles was very great. Everyone 
wanted coal at once. Those who had sufficient coal for the winter 
placed orders for more coal; apartment houses and hotels which 
normally kept a two-week supply on hand ordered quantities suffi- 
cient for several months ; and those householders who generally pur- 
chased but a few tons at a time attempted to fill their bins. In many 
cases the retailers were unable to find suitable storage facilities where 
they delivered because people were buying more coal than they could 
conveniently store. 

This abnormal concentration of demand was due in great part to 
the effect of the articles in the press which predicted $20 coal and a 



240 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

coal famine. Further there was an increased demand from other 
sources. The shortage of bituminous coal brought many purchasers 
of soft coal into the anthracite market. This feature became very 
prominent in New York. Many office buildings used anthracite in- 
stead of bituminous. Jobbers who had contracted for the sale of 
bituminous entered the anthracite market to purchase boiler and 
screenings, which they mixed with bituminous. As was to be ex- 
pected, there was an addition to the demand for steam sizes of an- 
thracite from the many office buildings and apartment houses erected 
during the preceding year. The increased call for steam sizes re- 
sulted in raising the price of buckwheat at times to within 50 cents 
of the price of prepared sizes. 

Wholesale prices. — The conditions were very favorable for the sale 
of premium coal. The retailers feared they would soon be out of 
coal if they depended upon the railroad coal companies. Premium 
coal therefore began to appear the latter part of September, when the 
independent operators and jobbers who had coal at tidewater were 
able to obtain 25 cents to 50 cents per ton above circular for it. Until 
the 20th of October the premiums averaged about 60 cents per ton, 
but during the last few days of the month there were obtained pre- 
miums of $1.50. During the following week wholesale prices at tide- 
water went to $10, $11, and $12 per gross ton, which meant that the 
independent operators and jobbers were obtaining premiums of as 
much as $6.50. The middle of November brought a decline to $9 per 
gross ton, but the price quickly advanced to $10 per gross ton during 
the latter part of November and remained at that price until the mid- 
dle of December, when it declined to $7.50 and $8 per gross ton. 
During the latter part of the month, however, it advanced again to 
$9 per gross ton. 

Gross margins of local jobbers. — Among the jobbers from whom 
the Commission obtained reports are six who may be classed as local 
jobbers, i. e., those who sell chiefly in the New York market. They 
are as follows: Borden & Lovell; A. S. Davison Coal Co.: Dexter & 
Carpenter; Gavin Rowe; Frederick C. Russell; and Sandford & 
Talbott. 

The firms listed above sold 242,971 gross tons of anthracite in 
1915, 254,115 in 1916, and during the periods September to Decem- 
ber, inclusive, 1915 and 1916, 107,659 and 96,944, respectively. 

The gross margins per gross ton of each of these jobbers, classified 
according to the source and size of coal, during the months of Sep- 
tember, October, November, and December, 1916, are shown in the 
following table. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



241 



Table 46. — Gross margins per gross ton of New York local jobbers 
September December, 1916. 


, by months, 


Jobber. 


Source of coal. 


Size of 
coal. 


1916 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


No.l 

Do. . 


Ra lroad coal companies 

do 


Prepared. . 


$0.26 


$1.33 

i -.02 

.25 

.14 

1.30 

.28 

.21 
.25 
.25 
.44 

.28 

.64 
.06 
.15 
.44 
.17 


$0.38 
.12 
.10 
.20 
1.19 
.23 

.33 
.39 
.17 
.23 

.18 

.68 
.31 
.35 
1.91 
.47 


$0.92 
.10 


Do 




.13 


.12 


Do 


do 




.35 


Do 


Ret viler 


ah. p ....:: 

...do 

...do 


.71 
.31 

.05- 
.13 
4.08 
.14 

4.01 

.11 




Do 

No. 2 


Weighted average of all busi- 
ness. 
...do 


.17 
.15 


No. 3 


.do.2 


...do 


3.01 


No. 4 

Do 

Do 

No.5 

No. 6 


Railroad coal companies 

Jobbers 

Weighted average of all busi- 
ness. 
do 

Jobbers 

do 

R ulroad coal companies 

Weighted average o. all busi- 
ness. 


...do 

...do 

...do 

...do 

Steam 


.36 
.41 

.39 

.89 
.40 


Do 




.28 


Do 






Do 


...do 


.36 












.09 
12, 676 


.31 
24,946 


.39 
37,215 


.40 


age of all business. 






22, 107 











i Loss due to heavy demurrage. 

^ All coal purchased from jobbers. 

3 Only small tonnage handled. Small profit due to miscalculation of market. 

< Loss. 

The individual margins vary considerably as between one jobber 
and another, even during September, a normal month. This is in 
great part due to the small tonnage handled by each jobber, the 
profit or loss on one or tAvo cargoes having a great weight in the 
average gross margin for a month. Thus, jobber No. 1 had a gross 
margin of 31 cents per gross ton on all business in September, which 
w T as more than the margins during any of the last three months of 
the 3^ear. This was due to large profits on two cargoes sold under 
special conditions. The gross margin of jobber No. 4, on the other 
hand, showed a loss of $0.01 per gross ton on all business during Sep- 
tember, which, is accounted for by special circumstances. 

However, the average gross margin of $0.09 per gross ton for all 
the anthracite sold by the six jobbers during September is repre- 
sentative of jobbers' gross margins during a normal period. During 
October the average gross margins of the six jobbers varied from 
$0.17 to $0.64, while the gross margins on the various kinds of busi- 
ness, where the Commission secured such data, ranged from a loss of 
$0.02 to a profit of $1.33. During November the average gross mar- 
gins varied from $0.18 to $0.68, while in December the range was from 
$0.01 to $0.89. These great differences were due, on the one hand, to 
the percentage of business which applied on contracts, and, on the 
other hand, to the percentage of railroad company coal handled. On 
the former the profits were small — in a great number of cases there 
were losses. On railroad company coal the profits were very large. 
Thus, the margins of jobber No. 1 on company coal were $0.26, $1.33, 
$0.38, and $0.92; of jobber No. 4 they were from a loss of $0.08 to a 
profit of $0.25, $0.17, and $0.35 ; and jobber No. 6 had a profit of $0.44 
and $1.91 on company coal handled in October and November. 

While the individual margins varied greatly, the average gross 
profits on all coal sold by the seven jobbers represent the typical 
profits of jobbers during the period considered. Assuming $0.09, the 
average margin for September, to be the jobber's normal profit, the 



105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1- 



-16 



242 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



SO. 31 margin in October is an increase of 241 per cent, the $0.39 for 
November is an increase of 333 per cent, while the profit of $0.40 in 
December is an increase of 344 per cent over the normal profit. 
When it is considered that a material percentage of the coal sold by 
these jobbers was handled at a small profit, some even at a loss, it is 
safe to say that on the class of business termed i; spot sales" the 
average profits were an increase of some 500 per cent over the normal 
profits. 

Retail prices. — The variations of the prices charged by Xew York 
retailers closely followed these of the independent operators and job- 
bers. However, there was no strict uniformity among the various 
retailers' prices. They not only varied widely as between The Bronx 
and Manhattan, but also among direct competitors in the same dis- 
tricts. Thus a certain retailer was selling prepared sizes at $8.50 
per net ton when his competitor was selling the same coal at $12 per 
net ton. This wide range of retail prices was due chiefly to the 
varying proportions of coal which each retailer was able to obtain 
at circular prices. Thus, one prominent retailer did not purchase 
any premium coal until the middle of January. 1917. while two others 
were able to obtain so large a proportion of their coal at circular 
prices that they had to buy only a few cargoes of premium coal dur- 
ing the season. The prices which these retailers charged were not as 
great as these charged by one retailer, for example, who was forced 
to purchase over 50 per cent of his supply at prices ranging from 
$8 to $11;50. representing a premium of 82.50 to $6. 

Thus it might be said, roughly, that there were two distinct ? ranges 
of retail prices in Xew York City. The higher retail prices which 
prevailed especially in Tie Bronx were as follows, though there 
were individual variations from these prices : 





Sept. 1. ' 


Oct. 5. 


Oct. 25. 


Oct. 30. 


Xot. 15. 


Xov. 25. 


Dec. 10. 


Dec. 27. 


White ash: 

Eroken 

Egg 

Stove 

Nut.. 


$7.20 
7.20 
7.45 
7.50 
5.85 
4.65 
4.25 


$7. 25 

7.50 
7.75 
7.75 
5.85 
4.75 
4.35 


$9. 50 
9.75 
9.75 
9.75 

6.25 
5.75 

5.25 


812. 00 
12.25 

12.25 
12. 25 
7.00 
6.50 

6.00 


$9.50 
9.50 
9.50 
9.50 
7.00 
6.25 
5. 75 


$8.50 
8.50 
8.50 
8.50 
6.75 
6.00 
5.50 


$8.00 
8.00 
8.00 
8.00 
6.25 
5.50 
5.00 


$8.75 
8.75 
8.75 
8.75 


Pea 


6.75 


Buckwheat No. 1. 
Buckwheat Xo. 2. 


6.25 
5.75 



Dates signify when price changes were made. Prices are for net 
ton. This list was for domestic trade. At beginning of period apart- 
ments and hotels were supplied egg, stove, and nut sizes at discounts 
of 25 and 50 cents, respectively, and broken, pea, and smaller sizes at 
discounts of 50 cents and 75 cents, respectively, from these prices, but 
later there was very little difference in prices for domestic use and 
apartments. 

The other set of prices which may be said to have been those 
charged by the retailers who were not forced to purchase large quan- 
tities of premium coal were, roughly, as follows : 



i Sept. 1. 


Oct. 25. ' 


Nov. 7. | 


Nov. 15. 


Dec. 5. 


Dec. 26. 


White ash: 

Broken 


$7.20 
7.20 
7.45 
7.50 
5.85 
4. 65 
4.25 


$7. 50 
7.50 
7. 75 

aoo 

5.00 

4.50 


$9.00 
9.50 i 
9.50 
0.50 : 
6.25 
5.50 1 
4. to J 


$8.50 
8.75 
S. 75 
8.75 
6.25 
5.50 
4.50 


$7.75 
8.00 
8.00 
8.00 

6.25 
5.50 

4.50 


$8.00 


Egg 


8.50 


Stove 


S. 50 


Xut 


8.50 


Pea'. 


fi. 75 


Buckwheat Xo. 1 

Buckwheat Xo. 2 


5.75 
4.75 






ANTHKACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 243 

The Commission obtained data sufficient to approximate the gross 
margins of the following retailers of New York City : 

Burns Bros. Perry, O. H., & Son. 

Gordon, Joseph (Inc.). Rheinfrank, J., & Co. 

Gordon, Robert, & Son. Robetzek, L., & Bro. 

Hencken & Willenbrock. Skidmore's, Jeremiah, Sons. 

Leonard Coal Co. Stephens, Olin J. (Inc.). 

Meyer-Denker-Sinram Co. Trimmer, S., & Sons. 

Owens & Co. Weber-Bunke-Lange Co. 

The above-named dealers sold 4,16-1,858 net tons of anthracite in 
1915 and 4,463,772 in 1916, which is about 75 per cent of the quantity 
retailed in New York City. 

Table 48 presents cost prices per net ton, each size, alongside retail- 
ers' yards; typical sales prices per net ton, each size, for various 
classes of business, sidewalk deliveries ; gross margins for each size of 
coal and class of business. 

The cost prices shown in the table are weighted averages of 
the purchase prices of coal on hand at the beginning of a given 
month taken with the prices of coal purchased during the same 
month. Thus, for instance, the cost price of broken coal for Septem- 
ber is the weighted average of the inventory price of broken coal on 
hand September 1, and of the cost prices of broken coal arriving at 
the retailers' yards during September. The cost price includes the 
cost of the coal f. o. b. vessels at the New Jersey piers, plus the water 
freight on the coal transported across the harbor and delivered along- 
side the retailers' pockets. It does not include demurrage, trimming, 
or discharging charges, which must be considered as expenses to come 
out of the dealers' gross margin along with his other expenses of 
doing business. 

The sales prices shown in the table may be explained as follows: 
Household sales prices represent the typical prices at which coal was 
sold to householders. Apartment house and hotel sales prices rep- 
resent the typical prices at w T hich coal was sold for use in apartment 
houses, hotels, and small office buildings. While in a few cases the 
retailers charged different prices for coal sold to apartments, as com- 
pared with hotels, etc., it has been necessary to lump these kinds of 
business together because it was impossible to select prices typical of 
each of them as a separate class. Yard prices are the prices charged 
those who hauled the coal from the retailers' yards in their own 
conveyances. Practically all of the coal sold under these terms was 
purchased by peddlers. The prices included under the heading 
" weighted average of all business " are weighted averages of the 
total amount received for each size of coal sold to all classes of trade 
during a given month, as distinguished from the typical prices. 
These weighted average prices could be obtained in the cases of only 
two retailers (Nos. 1 and 2), and are not given in the following sum- 
mary table but appear only in the detailed table (Table 48). 

There are three typical prices for each class of business in each 
month. These prices represent the typical price of coal sold around 
the 5th, 15th, and 25th of each month, and appear in the detailed table. 

The gross margins are thus the differences between the cost of 
coal alongside the r^ailers' pockets and the typical prices (or 
weighted prices) received for coal sold to the different classes of 
trade. 



244 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 47. — New York City — Summary for 15 representative retailers showing the mini- 
mum and maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross margins, for 
principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost prices of white ash anthra- 
cite, per net ton, by sizes, September December, 1916. 

I Out of gross margin, must come cost of doing business, degradation and shrinkage, and net profit. 

See pp. 150 to 118.] 

[See Table 48 for detail by companies.] 



1916 



SEPTEMBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale 

price 

Gross margin 

Typical apartment house 

sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



Broken. 



OCTOBER. 



Cost price 

Typical household sale 

price 

Gross margin 

Typical apartment house 

sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



le 



NOVEMBER. 



Cost price 

Typical household s 

price 

Gross margin 

Typical apartment house 

sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



DECEMBER. 



Cost price 

Typical household sale 

price 

Gross margin 

Typical apartment house 
sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



$4. 60 

6.60 
1.91 

6.35 

1.66 

5.55 

.95 



4.63 

6.60 
1.89 

6.35 
1.49 
5.55 

.87 



4.64 

6.70 
2.06 

6.45 

1.48 

5.55 

.85 



4.68 

7.32 
1.501 

7.50 
1.50 
6.00 
1.30 



S4.75 

7.20 
2.60 

6.70 
2.07 
6.75 
2.10 



9.50 
4.47 

8.50 
3.64 
7.00 

2.28 



9.00. 
4.30 . 

8.50. 
3.82. 
9.00. 

4.30;. 



$4.66 



4.79 



4.78 



4.97 

9.50 1 . 
4.78 1 . 
I 
9.50. 
4.78. 
9.00. 
4.27. 



6. 25 4. 81 



Egg. 



£* 



S5.03 1 S5.21 $5.( 



6.75 
1.61 

6.45 

1.38 

6.05 

.91 



7.20 
2.17 
| 
7.20 1 
2.14 
6.75 
1.70 



5.08! 6.04 



6.95 
.91 



8.25 
3.02 



5.27 



6.70 8.50 

. 75 3. 28 

6.05 8.00 

. 84 2. 63 



7.10 



Stove. 



$b.27. So. 46 



6.95 ! 

1.68; 



7.50 
2.17 



6.70 7.20 

1.36| 1.92 

6. 10; 7.02 

.83! 1.72 



5.30! 6.16 

6. 95 7. 92 

.99 2.48 

6. 70 8. 50 

. 80 2. 97 

6.30 8.00 

.71 2.26 



S3. 31 



5.39 8.00 6.32 



7.75 12.25 7.75 11.00' 

.79 5.90 ; 75 4.55 



7.50 12.25 

.79 5.9J! 

7.01 9.0) 

.29 2.96 

i 



5. 14 «. 55 



5.81 



9.00 
3.63 

9.0o! 
3.23| 

8.25! 
2.88! 



11.00 
4.55 
25 9. 00 
54 2.61. 



.3D 



5.34! 7.09 



7. 73 9. 00 
.66 3.35 



9.00 
3.16 
8.50 
2.84 



6.10 



Chestnut. 



$5. 3*0 

6.95 
1.63 

6.70 

1.38 

6.10 

.80 



85. 62 






$5. 32 



5.30 5.87 5.54 



6.95 
1.34 

6.70 
1.13 
6.35 

.77 



5.30 

7.50 
1.74 

7.25 
1.74 
7.25 
1.24 



5-. 38 

7.75 
1.53 

7.00 
1.53 
7.00 
1.15 



8.40 
2.62 

8.50 1 
2.95 
8.00 
2. 



6.47 

12.00 

5.53 

l 

12.00 
5.53 
8.75 
2.74 



9.00. 
3. 38 . 

9.00. 
3. 07 . 

8. 50 . 

2.88. 
I 



6.18 



5.92 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



245 



Table 47. — New York City — Summary for 15 representative retailers showing the mini- 
mum and maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross margins, for 
principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost prices of white ash anthra- 
cite, per net ton, by sizes, September December, 1916— Continued. 



1916 



SEPTEMBER. 



Cost price 

Typical household sale 

price 

Gross margin 

Typical apartment house 

sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



Cost price 

Typical household sale 

price 

Gross margin.... , 

Typical apartment house 

sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



NOVEMBER. 



Cost price 

Typical household sale 

price 

Gross margin 

Typical apartment house 

sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



DECEMBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale 

price 

Gross margin 

Typical apartment house 

sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



$3.67 



5.00 
1.23 

4.93 

1.16 

4.50 

.73 



3.52 

5.00 
1.24 

4.60 
.84 

4.20 
.35 



3.66 



5.62 
1.31 



5.00 

.90 

4.50 



3.78 

5.75 
1.61 

4.90 
.70 

4.75 
.45 






$3.84 

5.85 
2.17 

5.25 
1.57 
5.35 
1.67 



3.85 

5.85 
2.33 

5.25 
1.73 
5.35 
1.83 



$3.70 



4.31 

IT.!. 
2.98'. 

6.75'. 
2.98!. 
6.001. 
2.34!. 



4.55 

6.50 
2.72 

6.50 
2.72 
6.00 

2. 22| . 



4.00 



Buckwheat No. 1. 



$2.67 $2.99; $2.71 
3.9oL 



2.65 



3.90 
.93 



2.64 



.96 

3. SO 4. 401 

.96 1.65 

3. 40 3. 65 

. 58 . 90 1 



2. 97i 2.71 



3.90| 
.93; 



I 

3.48 5.50. 

.58 2.74. 

3.65 3.65. 

.91 .91; 



Buckwheat No. 2. 



$2.15 



3.50 
.96 



$2.54 



3.50 
.96 



3.20 3.50 

.83, 1.23 

3.00 3.00 

.85 .85 



2.15 2.55 



bjot- 

— 1 <v 



$2.37 



3.50 
.95 

3.20 
.79 

3.00 
.85 



3.49 2.75 2.15 



3.90' 4.90' 

.74 1.50' 

3.871 fi.O'V 

.41! 3 09 

4.40 4.40 

1.66 1.60 



3.40 
.80 

3.19 

.74 
3.00 

.85! 



3.50 

• 95 i- 

3.50;. 

1.27. 
3.00. 

.85 1 . 



2.60 

4.50 
1.90J. 

4.50' 

1.90i. 
S.OT. 

.85 ! . 



2. 74 3. 75i 2. 



2.15 2.79 



4.30 4.75 4.00 4.00 

.75! LOO! 1.2l! 1.21 



3. 48 5. 60 

. 52 2. 62 

4. 40 4. 50 

1.66 1.761 



3.20 5.00 

. 80 2. 21 

3.001 3.10 

. 85' . 95 



Buckwheat No. 3. 



$2.10 



3.15 
1.05 



3.15 
1.05 



$2.10 



3.15 
1.05 



3.15 
1.05 






$2.10 



2.42 2.09 2.09 

! 3.15! 3.15 

! 1.06 1.06 



3.15 
1.06 



2.49 2.09 



3.15 
1.06 



3.15 
1.06 



2.52 



3.15 
1.06 



2.09 



3.15 
1.00 



1.06 



2.09 



3.15 
l.Ou! 



3.15 

1.06 



2.09 



3.15 
1.1)6 



3.15. 
1.06 



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2.09 



2.09 



246 



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258 



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1.16 
1.33 
1.33 
1.33 
1.38 
1.38 
1.38 




8 

lO 


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lOUJlOlOiC^OOlOiOiOlOiOiOiOiCiOO^ 


2 

A 

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00 

8 

w 


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g'gj 

si 


Si 


"#^tiTi<COCOCOt^t~t^ 
TjHOiONNINHHrt 

i-5rti-5^^r-4cNcNCN 






CO CO CO O O O 
i-i t-H tH CN CN cn" 


2g 
ffi ft 


00 

»o 
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( 5.15 
\ 5.26 
I 5.25 
f 5.00 
\ 5.00 
I 5.00 
f 5.85 
\ 5.85 
I 5.85 






f 5.00 
\ 5.60 
I 5.60 
f 5.85 
{ 5.85 
I 5.85 


^ft 


$3.70 
3.67 

3.71 
3.77 
3.68 
3.84 
3.67 
3.75 






1 




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c 

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cc 
c 
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CO 
O 







ANTHRACITE AKD BITUMINOUS COAL, 



263 



CO CO 



00 00 CO N -tf (N 



■* rj5 lO lO uo CO 



l^t^t^(NC<)(M(Mt^CN'OiC'OTt<TtiTH>OC0< 

MOOOOSOffllDNOlt^OOOHHHiOTtK 



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wioifloo' 



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ss; 



t^t^t-ioooot-iooooo 



t-Ii-Ii-ICN<N<NCNCNCN 



U5 115 1(5 CO !D to CO !D O 



rfi -* 1 ■* O 00 "5 

HHHCOHIO 

CN CN CN <?4 IN <N 



CO CO co CO co CO 



t- OS 

eo'co 



rocs 

COH 



■ OS CO OC 



OOiflOiCO 
"5 Or- ON iO 

TP rji rJH CO >/5 lO 



0)0)«00C000'*01'*OOiO00«C0O' 
OOQOOOHHi ■ " 



)-*cO 

l00OC0C0«O05tN(M00COt- 

ic4c4e4e4cNCNCNe^<NrHr-;rH 



OKjioooooiooioiooioootooN 

NM^OOOmiNONNONOOOONM 
kCU5iOioiOU5COcOcOCOCOCOCOcOcOu5iOU5 



rH»-trHtN<NCNIMCNCN 



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CNCNCNCN 



o o o 



264 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



JO 

p 

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5 g 2 

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to S3 


















































.28 

cs-r; 


















































o 

3 


C3 


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eg 






























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COOCO 

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CO 
CO 00 








































as 

■^5 id 




c3 

c 
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$1.25 
1.25 
1. 25 
1.12 
1.14 
1.12 
1.31 
1.31 
1.31 
1.24 

.84 
1.24 
1.44 
1.44 
1.44 
1.15 
1.15 
1.15 
1.23 
1.23 
1.23 

.84 

1.73 






58 


coSSsScoccooncSnScoooSSn 

lO iO lO rt' Tf t}< lO iCO ^O ^ lO »0 lC l^ O iO L^ tC iO C ^ lO 
6© 




o 
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poo 






r4 r-4 C4 -H rH r-3 C^J (N c4 












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in U5 in 

00 00 00 






[ 5.25 

5.25 

1 5.85 

f 5.43 

{ 5.28 

| 5.28 

| 5.85 

5.85 

5.85 












8S 

id id 




"II 


1 $3.75 
1 3.81 
1 3.69 
1 3.76 
[ 3.81 
I 3.85 

| 3.77 

3.52 
3.85 
3.72 


£ 

OQ 


•p d g 
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to S3 

g'g) 




































































































a; 

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ac oooo 
r-- r~ i> 

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OOOOCOCOOOOOQOOOOOCOOOOCOO 
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ldidid^T^Tfidididid'dididididididididinid-'iJid 




2 
o 
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83 

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1.53 
1.53 
1.53 
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1.50 
1.50 
2.12 
2.12 
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85 

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in m in 

00 00 00 

£•0*5 






lfliOLOiOiOiOiCiflio 

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$3.68 
3.74 
3.72 
3.75 
3.73 
3.72 

3.76 

3.67 
3.84 
3.70 






1 

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a 
1 




c 
c 






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c 






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£ 

£ 

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ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



265 



s-i 

4> 

1 
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a 




































































































































d 








































888 

iC »o f> 






"-CO 

t-o 

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NNNtOOOO-lwwoOOOOOTtlti'OnnOiOHHHOM 
i-Jr-^r-HT-Hi-J.Mr-irH^Hr-icvilNCNC^OJ " ' 'rt'i-ii-i "<N 




oo>noiHwio«5ieoooooiOQiooio>0'nQO 

OONHMMNNNO^iOOONiSOHOMNNftlO 
UOiOU5iOid'OiO"^u^cOOc6cOO«OiO'OiC»0'OiOTj5«0 




$2.17 
2.17 
2.17 

'"2."07" 


HHH0C0O0O-*t)('o> 

©(OoooncoooN 

r-i r-i rH rH <m' CNl" <M* <M* CS 












tot- 

rHCM 




[ $6. 00 

6.00 

[ 6.00 


lOiOiOOQOOOK) 

t^t^r^O"S>oooc^ 












"CO 

t— io 

ic'd 








I 3.93 
I 4.14 
I 4.12 
I 3.96 
I 4.55 

I 3.94 

3.78 
4.55 
4.00 


85 
1 

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OOO 

d 

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"c4 


































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iflifli«HrtnOiCK5»«Oi"50iflOOOtO<0!OOM 
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oooc- 
ooo>- 

io ic io"" 

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c-S c4c^cn 


M«50«5«50000iOOOOOOOOOiO 
MM"5NNOOOON«50iOiOO«5iOON 








1.75 
1.75 

"*L3i" 

L69 
2.05 
2.80 
2.55 












—too 

COCfc 

rHCM* 




f $5.85 

| 5.85 

[ 5.85 

6.00 




lOUJ '(NOOOiOO 

t»i> • to o o o r>- to 












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$3.75 
3.82 
4.00 
4.31 
3.95 
4.10 

3.94 

3.66 
4.31 
3.84 






a 


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c 






c 






c 






1 






2 

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266 



ANTHEACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



o 

O 


e3 


CO .3* 


CO 










- 


- 


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- 




















00 


























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CD 

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en 

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o 




















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CO CO co 
CO coco 




















o 

03 






OOOHHHO<0(DOOOrtnNHHH 


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3.2 




OOOOOOOOOOOOOiOOOOO 
O^ Oi 0> OS C35 O ■^fTtH^CSOSOOO^T-HiOOSOSOi 

MricOCCMM'*'*TjicOMCOM'*iOCOMm 
6© 


2 

CD 
m 

% 

w 


co « 
cS'Sb 










































4J 8 

CC3T 1 










































If 


$2.65 
I 2.83 

[ 2.80 

1 2.74 

I 2.82 

I 2.76 

[ 2.78 


s 

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|.oa 

■a&s 

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05 Oi C75 OS OS C75 ""cH "^ Tf^ 00 Oi OS OS Oi O OS OS OS 

cocococococo^^t^cocococoocococo'co 
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2 

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$2.67 
2.83 

2.80 

2.75 

2.76 

2.86 

2.79 




• 






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ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAt. 



267 



1 

<o 
o 
CD 

A 

J-.' 

1 
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3 

5 




























































































co co c- 

COCOI> 




































ooo 

"* ■* lO 






























OOHHHUJUJONNNlQMCq 
NNO!»ONNOO«3<OOON 

HHrirHN ' ' t-< (N (N C/4 r-4 rH r-i 










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oc 
5 


■ 2.89 

■ 2.80 

• 2.74 

• 3.75 

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■ 3.37 










































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CO 




















































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as 


































ooo 






















ajiOiOOOOiOiOHOOOOiffiOi^^H 
OOONN^fOi-tOUJiOHOiOiOn^N 

,Hi^lMl^,Hi-HrHe>4<Nt-;rHi-4cOC4e4i-Ht-?!-H 
6© 




oooooooomoooooc 

000>0»0>-0''* l 05t^OO"iOtf5ir 

coeocO'<i<Th'^-«i5-^Ti5rjH-«j5^Hcd>oif 


> !N COCO 

) Tj5 Tj5 Tj5 






















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$2.64 
2.85 

2.80 

2.74 

3.40 

2.91 

2.91 




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ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



o 

C 


iffS-S 

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5| 




































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Pi 




































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1-1 


$0.96 

.96 

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1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

.93 

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.93 

.58 

.58 

.58 

1.01 

1.01 

1.01 

.99 

.99 

1.17 

.58 

2.74 




Cvjco'co'cO^CO^CO^CO^CO^COCO^COPJco'co'-'tfCOiO • 


o 

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o5 a-. as 
d 










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• • a> as • 






















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** cd 

g.s 


[ $2.94 
[ 2.86 
| 2.89 
[ 2. 97 
I 2.90 
I 2.89 

I 2.91 

2.65 
2.97 
2.71 


o 

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to a 

51 




































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$3.90 

3.90 
3.90 
3.85 
3.85 
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.. 2.84 
2.82 

2.88 

2.67 
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1 

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ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



269 



1 

8 

ft 
















































































































































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Ci©'Or~COO<N<M<M©©©iOiOLOCS«S<NiO>OOOiO© 
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t> t^ © 

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I $2.99 
[ 3.11 
I 3.27 
[ 3.53 
I 2.96 
1 3.29 

I 2.93 

2.74 
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1 
















































































































































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$0.96 
.96 
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o © © --i >-o t- © 

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cc©io»0'0>o25 35«5ioci«c<ieMoo© 

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$2.94 
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2.64 
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2.75 






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270 



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c o> 

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-15 



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| $2. 15 

1 2.36 

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ANTHEACTTE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



271 



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[ $2. 15 
[ 2.57 
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272 



ANTHBACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



C3 



O bo 
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co co rococo 



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ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 273 

The New York retailers are accustomed to refer to their gross 
margins as the margins between the cost of coal f. o. b. vessels at 
New Jersey terminals and the sales prices. Accordingly it will be well 
to restate that the gross margins appearing in the table above are the 
differences between the cost of coal delivered alongside the retailers' 
yards and the sales prices. The item of water freights across the 
harbor normally amounts to about 20 cents per ton. In 1917 it has 
increased to about 35 cents per ton. 

It appears from statements furnished by the New York retailers 
that the average gross margin (based on the cost of coal delivered 
alongside the retailers' yards) on prepared sizes in 1915 was $1.50 
to $1.75 per net ton, and that on the steam sizes in 1915 was $1 to 
$1.25 per net ton. 

Broken. — During September, 1916, the cost of broken coal to the 
15 New York retailers covered in Table 48 ranged from $1.60 to 
#4.75 per net ton. The typical household sales prices ranged from 
$6.60 to $7.20. The gross margins on household sales varied from 
$1.91 to $2.60. The gross margins on apartment-house sales ranged 
from $1.66 to $2.07, while the gross margins on yard sales ranged 
from $0.95 to $2.10. 

During October the average cost per net ton increased 13 cents. 
Individual gross margins on household sales varied consider- 
ably, ranging from $1.89 to $4.47. During November the gross 
margins on household sales ranged from $2.06 to $4.78, and during 
December from $1.50 to $1.30. Those on apartment house and hotel 
sales ranged from $1.48 to $4.78 in November and from $1.50 to $3.82 
in December. 

During the last three months of the year the purchase prices in- 
creased about' 15 cents per ton, but the sales prices were increased 
about $1.25 to $1.50. It is apparent that only in the case of retailer 
No. 11 in December were the large increases in the sales prices jus- 
tified on the basis of increases in the cost of broken coal. 

Data as to the gross margins of the New York retailers on each 
size of coal during 1915 are not available at this time. For com- 
parative purposes therefore it is necessary to assume that the mar- 
gins for September, 1916, are normal and use these margins as bases 
upon which to determine to what extent advantage was taken of 
abnormal conditions by the New York retailers. 

Egg. — The household sales prices of egg coal during September 
ranged from $6.75 to $7.20 per net ton. The gross margin ranged 
from $1.61 to $2.17. The gross margins on apartment-house sales 
ranged from $1.38 to $2.14, and those on yard sales from $0.91 to 
$1.70. During October the cost increased about 20 cents, while the 
household sales ranged from $6.95 to $8.25. During November the 
costs increased about 60 cents over October, while the individual 
gross margins on household and apartment -house sales ranged from 
$0.79 to $5.90. The margins on yard sales ranged from $0.29 to 
$2.96. Retailers Nos. 5 and 15 did not have unduly increased margins, 
but the remainder, especially retailers Nos. 1, 2, 4, 9, and 13 increased 
their margin considerably. During December the same situation 
105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1 18 



274 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

existed. In short, the retailers, with but the two exceptions noted, 
increased their gross margins on egg coal for all classes of business 
to an extent which can not be justified on the basis of increases in the 
purchase prices. 

Stove. — The gross margins on household sales of stove coal during 
September ranged from $1.68 to $2.17 per net ton. Those on 
apartment house and yard sales ranged from $1.36 to $1.92, 
and from $0.83 to $1.72, respectively. During October the aver- 
age costs increased about $0.15 and the margins remained about 
the same as in September. During November the costs increased 
about 85 cents above those in October. The household sales prices 
ranged from $7.75 (retailer No. 5) to $11 (retailer No. 13), the gross 
margin ranging from $0.75 (retailer No. 15) to $4.55 (retailer No. 
13). The apartment-house prices ranged from $7.65 to $11. During 
December the costs were a little below those in November, and the sales 
prices were reduced. The household sales prices ranged from $7.73 
(retailer No. 12) to $9 (retailers Nos. 9 and 13), with margins varv 
ing from $0.66 (retailer No. 15) to $3.35 (retailer No. 1). The 
apartment-house sales prices ranged from $7.48 (retailer No. 12) 
to $9 (retailer No. 13), with margins varying from $0.66 (retailer 
No. 15) to $3.16 (retailer No. 4). 

Chestnut. — The household sales prices of nut during September 
ranged from $6.95 to $7.65 per net ton, yielding gross margins vary- 
ing from $1.63 to $2.35. The gross margins on apartment-house sales 
ranged from $1.38 to $2.45. During October the average costs in- 
creased about 25 cents per ton, while the sales prices remained about 
the same. In November the costs varied considerably, $5.30 (retailer 
No. 8) being the minimum, and $6.47 (retailer No. 13) the maximum. 
The household sales prices ranged from $7.50 (retailer No. 6) to $12 
(retailer No. 13). The gross margin on this class of business varied 
from $1.74 (retailer No. 5) to $5.53 (retailer No^l3). During De- 
cember the household sales prices ranged from $7.75 (retail&rs Nos. 
4. 5, 6. 7, 11, 12, 14. and 15) to $9 (retailers Nos. 9 and 13), yielding 
gross margins ranging from $1.53 (retailer No. 6) to $3.38 (retailer 
No. 9). During November and December the apartment-house sales 
prices and corresponding gross margins were about the same as those 
of the household class. 

Pea. — Apartment-house sales prices of pea coal in September 
ranged from $4.93 to $5.25, averaging about $5 with corresponding- 
margins of $1.16 to $1.57. During October the prices remained about 
the same as the greater part of the coal was sold under verbal con- 
tracts which had been made at a previous time. In November the 
prices ranged from $5 to $6.75, while the gross margins ranged from 
$0.90 to $2.98. During December the apartment-house sales prices 
ranged from $4.90 to $6.50. the margins ranging from $0.70 (retailer 
No. 14) to $2.72 (retailer No. 5);; 

Buckwheat. — The gross margins on buckwheat No. 1, rice, and 
barley do not show such wide variations as those on the prepared 
sizes. The average costs of buckwheat No. 1 for the last four months 
of 1916 were $2.71, $2.71, $2.75. and $2.99. The average costs for the 
last four months of 1916, of buckwheat No. 2, or rice, were $2.37, 
$2.42, $2.49, and $2.52. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 275 

BUFFALO. 

Transportation. — Anthracite coal enters Buffalo principally oyer 
the following railroads: Delaware, Lackawanna & Western; Erie; 
Lehigh Valley; New York Central & Hudson River; and Penn- 
sylvania. 

The freight rate on anthracite from the mines to Buffalo is $2 
per gross ton on prepared sizes and $1.75 per gross ton on pea coal 
and smaller. Buffalo is the dock port for coal shipped by water to 
Duluth, Milwaukee, and other western points. Nearly all anthracite 
destined via all-rail route for Chicago, Detroit, and the West nor- 
mally passes through Buffalo, and prices are quoted f. o. b. Buffalo, 
though a large quantity was shipped in 1916 by way of Erie, Pa., 
instead of by Buffalo. 

Sources of supply, and local distribution. — Normally, Buffalo burns 
little independent anthracite coal. The railroad coal companies or 
their affiliated sales companies or agents sell to six wholesale trestle 
operators, who in turn sell to retailers. Sales in carload lots to large 
consumers, mostly industrial, are handled by the trestle operators. 

The railroad coal companies, arranged in alphabetical order, are 
represented as follows in Buffalo : 

Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Coal Co., sales company for Delaware, 
Lackawanna & Western Railroad. 

Dickson & Eddy, sales agents for Scranton Coal Co. (New York, Ontario & 
Western coal). 

Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co., sales company for Lehigh Valley Coal Co. 

Millspaugh & Green, selling Delaware & Hudson coal. 

Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co., branch sales office. 

Williams & Peters, sales agents for Pennsylvania Coal Co. (Erie R. R.) and 
Hillside Coal & Iron Co. (Erie R. R.), 

The largest wholesaler is the firm of E. L. Hedstrom, which leases 
six Delaware, Lackawanna & Western trestles and handles only Dela- 
ware, Lackawanna & Western coal. Spaulding & Spaulding lease 
six Erie Kailroad, New York, Ontario & Western, and Delaware & 
Hudson trestles and own one trestle of their own. They operate 
only six at present. Their coal is purchased principally from Wil- 
liams & Peters and Dickson & Eddy. Yates-Lehigh Coal Co. oper- 
ates two Lehigh Valley trestles and handles all the Lehigh Valley 
Coal Sales Co.'s coal in Buffalo. James Ash (Inc.) owns its trestle 
and has depended largely upon Thorne, Neale & Co. (independent) 
for its supply, purchasing some coal also from Dickson & Eddy. 
The Philadelphia & Beading Coal & Iron Co. operates two whole- 
sale trestles from its Buffalo branch sales office. The Eberl Coal 
Co., a wholesaler, buys all its coal from E. L. Hedstrom (Delaware, 
Lackawanna & Western coal). 

Anthracite is sold from the trestles to retailers, and by retailers is 
meant all who buy coal at these trestles for delivery to the consumer 
at an advance over the price paid. The larger retailers, handling 
from about 3,000 to 15,000 net tons annually, are few in number, only 
about 20, as against a total of upward of 400 retailing coal in Buf- 
falo. The 20 larger retailers probably handle somewhat more than 
125,000 tons annually. They maintain a delivery system and usually 



276 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

an office. As " recognized " retail coal merchants they make it their 
year-round business, while many, possibly most, of the smaller re- 
tailers use coal hauling as a means of filling in during dull periods 
in their carting, storage, or other business. 

Spaulcling & Spaulding, one of the large wholesale dealers, con- 
duct a retail department and are perhaps the largest retailers in 
Buffalo. Another wholesale trestle operator who also retails coal is 
James Ash (Inc.). Besides these two. the following are among the 
larger Buffalo retailers: James Hanrahan, C. A. & M. Kaiser, 
Lehigh-Scranton Coal Co., H. S. Metz Coal Co., D. J. Stickney Coal 
Co., and Tracy Coal & Wood Co. 

Large industrial contracts are handled principally by the whole- 
salers on account of their direct connection with carload supplies and 
on account of the fact that the retailers lack storage facilities. 
Municipal contracts are, however, in the hands of two of the retailers, 
one of whom handles little anthracite besides that sold to the munici- 
pal departments. The anthracite-coal demand for industrial con- 
sumption is, of course, not important as compared with the demand 
for bituminous, although one concern in Buffalo with large war con- 
tracts is shown to have increased its use of anthracite by 18,500 tons 
in 1916 as compared with 1915, and the demand in general was 
abnormal owing to the increased business of the past year. 

The retail companies as a rule specialize, for business reasons, in 
certain company coal and are known as Delaware, Lackawanna & 
Western, or Philadelphia & Beading, or Lehigh Valley, or Erie deal- 
ers. For instance, three of the large retailers are known as Dela- 
ware, Lackawanna & Western dealers, while another handles princi- 
pally Philadelphia & Heading coal, sold at the trestles operated by the 
Philadelphia & Beading Coal & Iron Co. A small dealer is also apt 
to establish regular dealings with one of the trestle companies, his 
choice often decided b} T nearness to a particular trestle. Extension 
of credit undoubtedly has some bearing upon the matter ; and while 
semimonthly settlements are expected, it is undoubtedly true that 
some dealers are carried for longer periods by the wholesaler, which 
results in practically exclusive and permanent connections being 
established. A considerable number of the smaller dealers buy on a 
cash basis at the trestle. 

To summarize, anthracite coal is distributed to the consumer in 
Buffalo through wholesalers, who respectively handle certain rail- 
road or independent coal and sell to retail dealers, who, as a rule, 
handle a particular wholesaler's coal. There are 6 wholesalers and 
over 400 retailers, although only about 2Q of the latter handle over 
3,000 tons per year. One wholesaler alone has 400 dealers on his 
books ; another has between 80 and 100. It is estimated that about 
400 dealers of under 3,000 tons each average an annual business of 
only about 800 net tons. 

Local consumption of anthracite. — The anthracite coal handled 
in 1916 by all wholesalers in Buffalo, including the carload business 
as well as trestle trade, totaled 521,388 net tons. Of this, about 
450,000 net tons represented trestle sales to retailers. It is estimated 
that the total anthracite consumed in 1915 was only a little over 
400,000 tons. 






ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 277 



Natural gas is an important competitor of anthracite coal in Buf- 
falo, with 76,000 consumers in 1916 — estimated to have used 8,000,- 
000.000 cubic feet of gas, displacing about 400,000 tons of anthracite 
coal. The decreasing supply of gas, however, creates a larger use of 
anthracite year by year. 

Local shortage and its effect on prices and gross profits. — The short- 
age of coal in Buffalo during the fall and winter of 1916 was due to 
abnormal demand at a time of inadequate available supply. Tardy 
lowering of prices in the spring discouraged the storing of coal by 
even the small number of householders who usually take advantage 
of the summer reduction. Just previous to September 1, influenced 
by daily newspaper reports of the shortage, but impelled primarily 
by the threatened general railway strike, everybody suddenly de- 
manded his winter's supply of coal. Shortage of cars and other 
causes prevented the wholesalers from receiving, in every case, a 
supply sufficient to meet the unusual demand, and as time went on 
this shortage increased rather than otherwise. 

The situation was rendered more acute by the heavy demand for 
steam coal for use in industrial plants, manufacturing activity being 
unprecedented. One concern alone, as previously noted, used 18,500 
tons more of anthracite coal in 1916 than in 1915, on account of large 
war contracts. 

Under these conditions of extreme demand, too, the wholesale 
trestles were receiving only part of their normal supply, and after 
about a month stocks were heavily depleted. One wholesaler stated 
that his trestles ran only from 30 to 40 per cent of normal during 
the crisis period from October 15 to December 15 ; another, from 
75 to 85 per cent. Two others called attention to the fact that while 
they sold more coal in the fall of 1916 than in the fall of 1915, 
the demand was so great that their trestles were closed down a con- 
siderable part of the time. The latter action was taken by all the 
trestle operators, at one time or another, partly to conserve supply, 
but usually because they were out of coal. 

Retailers were obliged to take their turns in line under the whole- 
sale trestles, and it is claimed that no preference was shown — " first 
come, first served." One retailer, however, stated that the trestle 
company with whom he dealt would call him up upon arrival of cars 
so that he might be among the first to drive under the trestle, and a 
wholesaler stated that he showed preference to his older customers. 

In order to handle the demand to the best advantage and to con- 
serve the supply, consumers also were served by the retailers with 
their immediate needs only; each retailer adopted the policy of de- 
livering 1 or 2 tons to a customer, often less, and of serving only his 
regular customers. Even so, some people undoubtedly secured a ton 
from one dealer, a ton from another, and so on, and received more 
than their proportionate share. As a whole, the immediate needs of 
the people seem to have been met. Several dealers, under these con- 
ditions, were able during the most serious period (Oct. 15 to Dec. 15) 
to fill, respectively, only 90 per cent, 50 per cent, and 33J per cent of 
their orders. 

In this connection it should be noted that the closing of lake navi- 
gation about December 10, 1916, made possible the diversion to the 



278 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Buffalo district of anthracite in and around Buffalo which had been 
intended for lake trade. Buffalo, as the lake coal port, a reconsign- 
ment point, a sales center, and a city served almost wholly by rail- 
road coal, possessed peculiar advantages during the shortage period. 
It was undoubtedly well served, in comparison with other cities near 
by or west of there. No premium coal of consequence was purchased, 
and prices, though increased, as explained later, were not dependent 
upon the payment of premiums, as they were in certain other cities, 
even in Niagara Falls, only 20 miles away. The shortage of anthra- 
cite in Buffalo, however, was pronounced, and the stability of the 
prices was due to the absence of any considerable quantity of inde- 
pendent or premium coal. 

While practically no premium coal was received during this period 
(see p. 158), and prices did not increase to the extent noted in other 
places, there was some increase of price during the shortage. Nor- 
mally, the wholesale trestle operators obtain a gross margin of from 
35 to 40 cents per net ton on their wholesale business, while the larger 
retailers have worked on a margin of $1.25 up until the past year, 
when, it is claimed, increasing wages and other expenses necessitated 
a larger gross margin in June and again in November. The tabula- 
tion below illustrates the increases in circular price per net ton on the 
principal household size : 

Store coal. 





June, 
1915. 


Sept., 
1915. 


June^ 
1916. 


Sept., 
1916. 


Nov. 15, 
1916. 


Jan. 16, 
1917. 


Wholesale price at trestle 


15.35 
6.60 

1 25 


$5. 65 
6.90 


$5.60 
7.00 


$5.90 
7.30 


$6.15 
7.65 


$6.50 




8.00 






Gross margin of retailers 


1.25 


1.40 


1.40 


1.50 


1.50 







The increase of 25 cents per ton wholesale on November 15, 1916, 
w r as explained by the trestle men as necessary because trestles were 
nearly empty and the fall of the coal in unloading was so great as 
to raise the per cent of degradation considerably. All trestles fol- 
lowed the lead of E. L. Hedstrom, for this reason. At the same 
time the retail prices were raised 35 cents per ton. 

It is believed that a great many of the small retailers observed the 
list prices. The larger companies state, however, that many small 
dealers operated on a margin of from 50 cents to $1 per ton. 

Actual wholesale margins. — Following is a table showing for 
three of the wholesale companies their average purchase price, aver- 
age selling price at the trestles, and average gross margin per long 
ton (2,240 pounds) for each month during the shortage period. 
These three companies handled 369,000 out of the 404,000 gross tons 
sold at trestles in Buffalo in 1916, or 91.3 per cent of the total. In 
one section of this table, prepared sizes (broken, egg, stove, and 
chestnut) 'have been combined, and in the other steam sizes (pea, 
buckwheat, and screenings). In order to show the increase in prices 
to retailers effective November 15, 1916, that month has been di- 
vided into two periods. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



279 



Table 49. — Average purchase prices, selling prices, and gross margins, of three 
representative loholesalers, per gross ton, on trestle sales to dealers, Septem- 
ber December, 1916. 





Company No. 1. 


Company No. 2. 


Company No. 3. 


Sizes and periods. 


Pur- 
chase 
price. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Pur- 
chase 
price. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Pur- 
chase 
price. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Prepared sizes: 

September. 1916 

October 

November 1 to 15 

November 16 to 30 

December 


M. 236 
6.202 
6.233 
6.213 
6.217 

4.742 
4. 820 
4. 505 
4. 505 
4. 498 


$6. 709 
6. 682 
6.684 
6.963 
6. 998 

5.207 
5.299 
4.969 
5. 251 
5.235 


$0. 473 
.480 
.471 
.750 

.781 

.465 
.479 
.464 
.746 
.737 


$6. 175 
6.195 
6.201 
6.201 
6.203 

2.064 
2.266 
2.717 
2.717 
2.946 


$6. 706 
6.716 
6.725 
6.991 
7.015 

2.389 
2.901 
3. 377 
3.087 
3.024 


$0. 531 
.521 
.524 
.790 
.812 

.325 
.635 
.660 
.370 

.078 


$i. c 66 
6.068 
6.077 
6.077 
6. 137 

4.859 
2.945 
3.709 
3.709 
4.014 


$6. 693 

6.679 
6.689 
6. 958 
6.972 

3.679 
4.020 
4.203 
4. 150 
4.265 


$0. 727 
.611 
.612 
.881 
.835 


Steam sizes: 

September, 1916 


i 1. 180 




1.075 


November 1 to 15 

November 16 to 30 


.494 
.441 

.251 







1 Loss. 



Stability and uniformity of wholesale prices on prepared sizes at 
the various trestles are clearly illustrated by this table. Slight 
variations among the companies in the same month are caused by the 
method of combining all the prepared sizes in one average. For in- 
stance, chestnut coal has a higher cost price than other prepared 
sizes and the purchase of a large proportion of this size would in- 
crease a given company's average cost price. The same reason ap- 
plies to variations in sales prices. As previously stated, the trestle 
prices to retailers were the same for any given size at all trestles. It 
should be noted that these figures are all on a gross-ton basis. 

In steam sixes the cost price varies so widely for the separate sizes, 
and likewise the selling price, that variations in the tonnage of these 
separate sizes handled in a given month cause great fluctuations in 
the gross margins. For instance, pea coal in September cost one com- 
pany $5 per ton, while screenings cost $1.75 per ton. 

On November 15 all trestles advanced their circular prices 25 cents 
per net ton, about 28 cents per gross ton. This advance is clearly 
reflected in the above table, especially by the prepared sizes. The 
purchase price of the coal did not increase at this time, excepting the 
November 1 increase by the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. 
of 25 cents on stove coal and 15 cents on chestnut. The wholesalers 
explain that their increased selling price was made necessary by 
increased degradation. During the time of shortage, when the coal 
in trestles was nearly depleted, the unusual drop in unloading coal 
from the cars caused an abnormal breakage and consequently greater- 
degradation. This advance in selling price without increase in pur- 
chase price resulted, as the table shows, in an increase of approxi- 
mately 28 cents in the gross margins. 

Actual retail margins. —The calculated gross margins of eight rep- 
resentative retailers having sales of 82,000 net tons of anthracite coal 
in 1916 are presented in Table 51. This 82,000 net tons is 18 per cent 
of the retail consumption in 1916. Cost prices in the table are actual 
average prices paid. The typical sales prices shown are an average 
of a selection of prices typical of sales to the different classes of busi- 



280 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



ness served, and the table separates these classes in order to show the 
difference in the gross margins realized from each class. 

Three sales averages are shown each month, the first representing 
typical sales around the 5th of the month, the second sales around the 
loth, and the third sales around the 25th. The three gross margins 
shown each month are for the corresponding periods. 

Table 50. — Buffalo — Summary for 8 representative retailers showing the mini- 
mum and maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross margins, 
for principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost prices of white 
ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September December, 1916. 

[Out of gross margin must come cost of doing business, degradation and shrinkage, and 
net profit. See pp. 150 to 158.] 

[See Table 51 for detail by companies.] 



SEPTEMBER. 



Cost price 

Typical household sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical apartment house sale price. 

Gross margin 



OCTOBER. 



Cost price 

Typical househoLf'sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical apartment house sale price. 

Gross margin 



NOVEMBER. 

Cost price , 

Typical household sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial sale price , 

Gross margin 

Typical apartment house sale price. 

Gross margin 



DECEMBER. 

Cost price , 

Typical household sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical apartment house sale price . 

Gross margin 



Broken. 



$5. 22 
6.45 



6.25 
.60 



$5. 65 
7.0 
1.58 
6.50 



25 1 6 



5.77 
6.65 

.84 
6.15 

.38 
7.15 
1.32 



5.65 
6.65 

.75 
6.15 

.25 
7.40 
1.50 



5.65 

7.15 

1.50 

55 

1.09 

.55 

.90 



5.86 
7.40 
1.57 
7.00 
1.17 
7.40 
1.57 



5.90 
7.40 
1.55 
6.84 
1.06 
7.40 
1.50 



$5. 57 



5. 59 



5.80 



5.81 



Egg. 



$5.65 $5.90 



6.76, 

.86 
6.50 

.60 
6.80 

.90 



5.99 
7.00 

.91 
6.37 

.35 
7.13 
1.14 



5.86 
7.33 
1.18 
l 6.37 
.22 
7.38 
1.23 



7.40 
1.50 
6.80 
1.15 
6.80 
.90 



5.90 
7.40 
1.50 
6.91 
1.05 
6.90 
1.00 



6.14 
7.65 
1.66 
7.26 
1.25 
7.30 
1.31 



6.15 

7.65 
1.50 
7.28 
1.29 
7.41 
1.26 



$5.86 



6.03 



Stove. 



$5. 82 

6.75 

.85 



6.95 
1.05 



5.90 
6.73 

.83 
6.65 

.75 
7.05 
1.15 



6.00 
6.85 

.85 
6.80 

.78 
7.65 
1.63 



6.15 
7.30 
1.15 
6.81 
.66 



$5.90 
7.40 
1.50 
7.30 
1.40 
7.30 
1.40 



5.90 

7.40 

1.50 

6.98 

1 

7.05 

1.15 



6.06 
7.65 
1.63 
7.29 
1.29 
7.65 
1.63 



6.15 
7.65 
1.50 
7.34 
1.19 



i4 

<s > 



$5. 88 



5.90 



6.03 



6.15 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



281 



Table 50. — Buffalo — Summary of 8 representative retailers showing the mini- 
mum and maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross margins, 
for principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost prices of 

white ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September December, 1916 — 

Continued. 





Chestnut. 


Pea. 


Buckwheat. 


Screenings. 




a 


B 

a 

1 
3 


-a 

P 
.2r© 


S 

a 
S 


a 


n3 
£ 9 

£*? 
.5? 8 

<D > 
>- * 


a 


a 

a 

03 


.2 9 
bC <~i 

© > 


a 

a 
•a 
i 


a 

a 

3 


T3 
%9 


SEPTEMBER. 


$6.14 

6.76 

.61 

5.45 

2.70 


$6. 15 

7. 65 


86.15 


$4. 90 
5.65 

.75 
5.42 

.52 

5.80 
.90 

4.90 
5.60 

.70 
5.46 

.56 

5.78 
.88 

4.96 
5.84 

.80 
5.51 

.47 

5.75 
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5.15 
6.40 
1.25 


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1.50 

5.50 

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5.80 
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4.91 
6.40 
1.50 
5.90 
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5.82 
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5.10 
6.65 
1.69 
5.93 
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6.04 
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5.15 
6.65 
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4.91 
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4.75 
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6.771 

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2.20 
1.30 


2.20 
1.30 




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4.35 

.85 

3.50 

4.75 






















OCTOBER. 


6.15 

6.95 

.80 

7.02 

.87 


6.15 


6.15 


3.50 








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7.65! 

1.50 ! 

7.15 1 

1.00 










1.25 

4.29 

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Typical apartment house 






4.35 

.85 

3.75 
5.10 
1.55 




















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6.20 
6.93 

.73 
7.03 

.83 


6.40 
7.90 
1.64 
7.20 
1.00 


6.29 


3.64 








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4.53 
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4.35 

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Cost price 


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6.40 
7.90 
1.50 
7.55 
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3.75 
5.35 
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4.85 


3.75 








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1.10 

4.60 

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6.00 

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ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



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288 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

A'ttention has already been called to the general increase, as com- 
puted from circulars, in gross margins of retail dealers in Buffalo 
since 1915, when it was about $1.25 per ton on the total tonnage of all 
sizes handled. In June, 1916, it was raised to $1.40 and on November 
15, 1916, to $1.50. These were circular increases, however. 

For purposes of comparison with the purchase and sale prices taken 
from the books of the companies, the table shows prices quoted by 
these printed circulars, both those quoted to retailers for coal in their 
wagons at the trestles and those quoted by the retail dealers to the 
household consumers, sidewalk delivery. The average prices and 
margins actually received were as a rule, less than the prices and 
margins called for by the printed circulars, as will be noted from the 
above table. 

One of the eight representative companies shown in the table made 
a practice of putting coal in the consumer's bin at the retail circular 
prices, and of delivering coal on the sidewalk for 25 cents a ton less. 
Several other companies followed the full circular for sidewalk de- 
liveries and made an extra charge of 25 cents for carrying it in. 
Nearly all the dealers shown have a few favored customers, employ- 
ees or friends, who receive special prices. It is the exception, there- 
fore, when the full gross margin contemplated by the published cir- 
culars is obtained. The table shows that only two companies (Nos. 
4 and 7) had margins in line with those contemplated by the circu- 
lars. 

As a rule, the Buffalo retailers do not take contract business, as ex- 
plained on page 276. Some industrial trade, however, was handled 
by companies 1, 3, 5, and 7, without contracts, the average prices and 
margins on which were usually less than on household trade. 

Apartment houses also receive somewhat better prices as a rule 
than the household customers, as they purchase in larger quantities 
and often take a regular tonnage at stated intervals. The discount 
usually runs from 25 to 50 cents a ton, although company No. 2 made 
some apartment-house deliveries of stove coal at full household prices 
in September and November, as shown by the table. 

Generally, the table shows that during the period covered prices 
and margins were raised by these representative dealers, reaching a 
fairly uniform level by December, after considerable variation in the 
first part of the period. The total increase was, on the average, 
about 30 to 40 cents a ton. Of this, as previously noted, 25 cents was 
due to the issuance of new wholesale prices by the trestle companies 
advancing the price to the retailer 25 cents on the 15th of November. 
All increase over this 25 cents was asserted by the retailers to have 
been due to increasing expenses of conducting business. 

As compared with other cities, Buffalo retail prices were advanced 
but little during the shortage period. This relative steadiness of the 
market appears to have been due almost entirely to the fact that the 
bulk of the coal sold was railroad company coal on which the pro- 
ducing companies did not advance their prices. 

NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y. 

Transportation. — Anthracite coal enters Niagara Falls principally 
over the New York Central & Hudson River, the Erie, and the Lehigh 
Valley Railroads. Freight rates^ are the same as to Buffalo, namely, 
$2 per gross ton on prepared sizes and $1.75 on pea and smaller. 



ANTHKACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 289 

Sources of supply and local distribution. — The following railroad 
coal companies sell anthracite in carload lots to dealers and industrial 
concerns in Niagara Falls: 

DelaAvare, Lackawanna & Western Coal Co. (Sales company 

of D., L. & W. R. R.) 
Lehigh Yalley Coal Sales Co. ; sales company for Lehigh Val- 
ley Coal Co. (L. V. R. R.) 
Millspaugh & Green Co., selling for Hudson Coal Co. (Dela- 
ware & Hudson R. R.) 
Susquehanna Coal Co. (Pa. R. R.) 

Williams & Peters, selling agents for Pennsylvania Coal Co. 
and Hillside Coal & Iron Co. (Erie R. R.) 

Normally little independent anthracite comes into Niagara Falls, 
except occasional cars from Thorne, Neale & Co. 

Anthracite is distributed to consumers by retailers, who as a rule 
maintain storage bins and delivery systems. There are probably 
14 dealers who handle 2,000 tons or more per annum, the largest 
estimated to sell about 19,000 tons. There are only three, however, 
who sell over 10,000 tons, and the largest of the remaining retailers 
sold much less than this in 1916. 

The principal demand for coal for industrial use falls upon 
bituminous rather than anthracite, although one plant reports an 
annual consumption of about 3,000 tons of grate (broken) coal, and 
another used upward of 12,000 tons of anthracite screenings last 
year, besides about 3,000 to 4,000 tons of grate coal. Still another 
placed an order in September, 1915, with the Delaware, Lackawanna 
& Western Coal Co., through its Buffalo agent, for about 3,000 gross 
tons of grate or broken coal. Grate coal is used as raw material in 
manufacturing processes at some of the plants. One plant consumes 
from 4,000 to 5,000 tons of pea coal a year. Few concerns use such 
quantities of anthracite coal, however, and it is believed those men- 
tioned have been the exceptions. 

Consumption of anthracite in Niagara Falls, including household 
and industrial trade, is estimated to have been about 125,000 tons in 
1916. 

Local shortage and its effect on prices and gross profits. — Although 
the greater part of the local supply of anthracite normally comes 
from the railroad coal companies' sales agents, receipts were so far 
below the demand in the fall of 1916 that dealers were obliged to 
purchase large quantities of independent coal. 

It is well to understand that an unusual demand existed coinci- 
dentally with the shortage. Niagara Falls is said by its Real Es- 
tate Exchange to have grown during the past year to the extent of 
more than 700 occupied houses, over and above the number occupied 
in 1915. Its growth in population has been unprecedented, respond- 
ing to the increased prosperity of its industries. One large plant 
had an increase of 30 per cent over 1915 in its consumption of an- 
thracite coal, while other plants have been forced into the open 
market in order to meet their increased needs over and above con- 
tracted amounts. 

This unusual but natural increase in demand was heightened by the 

late spring and omission of the usual summer reduction in retail 

prices, which led to less storing of coal during the summer. The 

newspaper articles heralding the coming shortage, and particu- 

105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1 19 



290 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

larly the fear of a general railway strike, precipitated a demand in 
the early fall for a full winter's supply. Some dealers were able 
to meet this demand and at first did so from the stock which they 
had on hand, but it soon became apparent that shipments of coal 
from usual sources of supply were coming in far below normal — 
one company stating its receipts during the fall averaged only 10 
per cent of normal. The large retail companies seem to have received 
more coal in proportion than the smaller ones, two or three of which 
had to practically shut down after October 1. Several of the 
dealers sold more than in 1915, but were still unable to meet the 
demand. The supply was conserved as the shortage increased, and 
orders were taken only from old customers, as far as possible, only 
small quantities being delivered to a customer. Attempts were made 
to prevent duplication of orders for the same address among several 
dealers. After September 1, 1916, practically all retailers operated 
on a cash basis. 

One of the largest companies took orders in the summer for coal 
to be delivered in the fall. The summer retail price on egg and stove 
coal was $6.75, and coal delivered on these orders at this price cost 
the company in some instances as high as $9.38 per net ton. Another 
large dealer anticipated the panic and took no orders for future de- 
livery from a time back in August, thus avoiding delivery of high- 
price coal on summer prices. The Welch Coal Co. has a school- 
department contract calling for the delivery of about 1,500 tons of 
anthracite coal during the year at a price of $6.55 per net ton, for 
egg coal, as well as a large industrial contract, upon both of which 
agreements it has been delivering during the crisis period, at times 
furnishing coal which cost it more than the price received. This, 
of course, affected its normal gross margin of profit. 

Anthracite coal was offered in Niagara Falls by independent job- 
bers at premium prices. 

Six different jobbers sold anthracite coal in Niagara Falls at pre- 
mium prices during October, November, and December, 1916. 

In one instance 17 cars of premium coal were purchased from one 
of the six at a premium by another jobber and sold to a Niagara Falls 
retailer at an increase of from 22 to 54 cents per net ton over the 
price the second jobber paid to the first jobber. 

One dealer stated that he had an order for several cars accepted by 
a jobber at a premium price of $8.35 per ton and that he was later 
given an excuse for its nondelivery, while a neighbor dealer who had 
in the meantime placed with the same jobber a somewhat larger order 
for the same kind of coal at $10 a ton received the shipment. 

These instances illustrate the difficulties of obtaining coal, even at 
a premium. The period of greatest difficulty and of the highest 
prices in Niagara Falls was from October 1 to December 1. 

The following table presents the average cost prices, selling prices, 
and gross margins of three representative retailers in Niagara Falls 
from September 1 to December 31, 1916. by months. The companies 
here represented sold 30,000 of the 125,000 tons of anthracite esti- 
mated to have been consumed in 1916, or 24 per cent. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



291 



Table 52. — Niagara Falls — Retailers' cost prices, actual average or typical sale 
prices, and gross margins, per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, for 3 
representative dealers, September December, 1916. 

[Out of gross margin must com3 cost of doing business, degradation and shrinkage, and net profit. 

See pp. 150 to 158.] 





September. 


October. 


November. 


December. 




Cost 
price. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
mar- 
gin. 


Cost 
price. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
mar- 
gin. 


Cost 
price. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
mar- 
gin. 


Cost 
price. 


Sale 
price. 


Gross 
mar- 
gin. 


Broken: 














$5.22 

7.18 
5.19 


$6.35 

7.44 

8.10 

f 7.92 

\ 9.33 

I10.00 

8.13 

8.14 

( 10.25 

\ 9.19 

1 10.00 

9.29 

7.88 
( 9.50 
\ 10.00 
1 10.25 

7.67 

8.37 

f 7.06 

I 8.83 


$1.13 

.26 
2.91 
2.41 


$5.22 

5.45 
5.64 


$6.23 

7.28 

8.10 

f 


$1.01 


Egg: 

Company — 

No. 1 


$5.45 
5.19 

15.36 

5.45 
5.34 

5.43 

5.67 
5.51 

5.63 

4.46 
3.88 

4.15 
3.13 


$6.73 
7.08 

7.25 

5.50 
7.02 
(7.15 
^7.25 
(6.92 

7.87 
7.44 
(7.31 
^7.25 
17.50 

5.64 
6.18 
(6.00 
•te.25 
[6.00 

4.12 


$1.28 
1.89 

1.89 

.05 
1.68 
1.72 
1.82 
1.49 

2.20 
1.93 
1.68 
1.62 
1.87 

1.18 
2.30 

1.85 

1.85 
.99 


$5.45 
5.19 


$6.71 

7.22 


$1.26 
2.03 
1.74 


1.83 


No. 2 


2.46 




l( 7.25 
5.51-! 6.75 




No. 3i 


1. 24 V 5. 51 


3. 82 !• 5. 47 


{ 7.50 
1 7.50 

7.98 

7.97 

( 


2.03 


Stove: 

Company — 

No. 1 


5.45 
5.37 

i 5.47 

6.40 
5.51 

I 5.66 

8.93 
4.18 

3.13 
3.12 
3.12 


I 7.00 

7.31 
7.19 

(7.00 
47.15 
17.75 

7.62 
7.93 
(7.29 
47.50 
(8.00 

6.51 
6.80 
(6.25 
46.25 
[6.75 

4.30 
5.50 
5.00 


1.49 
1.86 


8.12 


4.49 

.01 
2.23 
4.79 
3.73 

4.54 

.99 
1.15 
2.60 
3.10 
3.35 

2.54 
4.19 
2.63 
4.40 


5.45 
7.41 

I 5.87 

5.80 
7.65 

J6.18 

4.46 
1.18 

[ 5.29 

3.13 

3.89 
3.12 


2.03 
2.53 


No.2 


1. 821 5. 91 
1.53 1 

1. 68 \ 5. 46 
2. 28,j 

1.22 8.30 
2. 42, 6. 73 
1.63 1 
1.84V 6.90 


.56 


No. 3i 

Chestnut: 

Company — 
No. 1 


4 8.00 
I 8.00 

8.58 
10.08 
( 10.50 
\ 8.00 
| 8.00 

6.86 
7.22 
(9.00 
47.00 
(7.00 

4.40 

5.85 
5.00 


2.13 
2.13 

2.78 


No.2 


2.43 


No. 3i 


4.32 
1.82 


Pea: 

Company- 
No. 1 


2.34 

2 2.42 
2.62 
1.82 

2.32 

1.17 

2.38 
1.88 


5.13 
4.18 

I 4.43 

3.13 
3.89 


1.82 
2.40 


No. 2.., 


3.04 


No. 31 


3.71 
1.71 
1.71 


Buckwheat: 
Company— . 

No.l 

No. 2 


4.33 
5.92 


1.20 
2.03 


1.27 
1.96 


No.3 








1.88 



















1 Where 3 prices are shown they represent prices around the 5th, 15th, and 25th of the month. 

2 Loss. 

The sales figures shown in this table for companies No. 1 and No. 2 
represent the actual average prices received per net ton on all sales. 
In this they differ from the Buffalo table, for instance, in that they 
give a single average price for all classes of trade, instead of showing 
typical prices on different classes of business. It should be borne in 
mind that the prices charged household customers in any month may 
have exceeded somewhat the figure shown in the table for these 
companies, as sales at lower prices to large industrial consumers or 
to municipal departments, which are also included, affect the average. 
The cost prices are also actual averages of all purchases, and con- 
sequently the resultant margins are the actual average gross margins 
realized. 

The three sales figures for company No. 3 represent typical house- 
hold prices around the 5th, 15th, and 25th of the month. 

The six Niagara Falls dealers interviewed by agents of the Com- 
mission stated that their gross margin in 1915, which may be taken as 
normal, was about $1.50 to $2 a net ton on household sizes. The 
above table, covering three representatives dealers, illustrates the 



292 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

effect of the 1916 shortage and of premium coal upon this normal 
margin. The results at any one time vary without rule among the 
different companies. 

Company No. 1 shows a gross margin on all its anthracite business 
of only $1.28 on egg and 5 cents on stove in September, while chest- 
nut returned an average gross margin of $2.20 per ton. Its margin 
was $1.18 on pea and 99 cents on buckwheat. This company's com- 
paratively low margins on some sizes in September were directly 
due to the fall delivery of orders taken at summer prices and to a 
large amount of low-price trade. 

The loss of $2.42 a ton sustained by this company on pea coal 
in October was on account of a purchase at high premium, raising 
its average cost to $8.93 per ton, with which it filled orders accepted 
at the usual prices. This loss figure does not include the cost of 
handling the business, but is the bare difference between average 
purchase price and average selling price. It is interesting to note 
that in November this company's average cost price decreased $3.80 
a ton, while the average selling price had been raised, so that the 
company's average gross margin on pea coal in that month was $2.54. 

November was the month of high premiums and high retail prices 
generally, although the proportion of premium coal purchased by 
the different companies varied. Company No. 1 made a gross 
margin of only 1 cent per ton on stove coal in November, in spite of 
the higher retail prices in effect in that month as compared with 
October ; the increase in cost from $5.45 per ton in October to $8.12 
in November is the cause, nearly 300 tons of stove coal at high 
premiums having been purchased. Compan}^ No. 2, on the other 
hand, while it purchased some premium coal, raised its average 
margin about 40 cents above October on account of increased prices. 
Company No. 3, purchasing practically no premium coal, but ob- 
taining the top prices for what coal it had, realized the highest 
margins of all, over $4 per ton on the average. 

Following these companies into December, the relations are re- 
versed, for while company No. 1 had railroad coal to sell at the 
December retail prices, the other two companies bought more 
premium coal than in November and their margins were considerably 
reduced. Even so, company No. 3 realized $2.13 margin, while No. 2, 
with a higher average purchase price, made only 56 cents a ton. 

Company No. 3 purchased less premium coal in proportion to its 
total business than some of the others, and obtained at the same time 
the highest average prices of the three companies shown above. 
Gross margins realized by this company on the household sizes in 
October and November were considerably above the normal $2 a ton. 

ROCHESTER, N. Y. 

To a large extent the method of distributing coal in Rochester is 
similar to that in Buffalo. Because of the fact that the fall shortage 
was much less pronounced than in Buffalo, a detailed study of the 
conditions in the coal trade in 1916 was not made at Eochester. Most 
of the trestle operators and several retailers and others were inter- 
viewed, and the following outline of the situation in Eochester is 
based largely on their statements. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 293 

Transportation. — Anthracite coal enters Rochester principally over 
the Erie, Lehigh Valley, New York Central & Hudson River, and 
Pennsylvania Railroads. While the actual freight rate to Rochester 
on prepared sizes varies from $1.85 on the Lehigh Valley to $1.90 on 
the New York Central and $2 on the Pennsylvania, all coal is sold 
delivered at Rochester by the railroad coal companies at the same 
price, the Buffalo rate of $2 per gross ton on prepared sizes and $1.75 
on pea coal and smaller being taken as the basis. 

Sources of "supply, and local distribution. — About three-fourths of 
the anthracite coal sold in Rochester is bought by the retailers at 11 
trestles operated by large wholesale trestle companies as in Buffalo 
or by the railroad coal companies or their affiliated sales companies 
or agents. The remaining one-fourth is bought from the coal com- 
panies direct in carload lots by 9 or 10 retailers who maintain regular 
yards with storage bins, teams, etc. Very little independent coal is 
sold in Rochester. 

There are about 90 retailers in Rochester and all but 9 or 10 of them 
buy from the wholesale trestles for delivery to the consumer. A 
majority of the retailers in Rochester maintain offices only, while in 
Buffalo the retailers usually also keep their own teams and do their 
own carting. In Rochester practically 75 per cent of the dealers 
have their teaming done by contracts with carters, who are said to be 
strongly unionized. Several large carting concerns have contracts 
which cover the handling of a majority of the total coal consumed in 
Rochester. A retailer well acquainted with the local situation esti- 
mates that one-half of the 90 retailers sell less than 1,000 tons of 
anthracite annually. 

Consumption. — The consumption of anthracite in Rochester is esti- 
mated to amount normally to about 400,000 tons per year. 

Extent and causes of shortage. — Rochester was stated by all in- 
formants to have escaped fairly well the panic of the fall of 1916. 
It was thought to be a fortunate city in that the railroad companies 
deliver practically all the coal consumed. 

The shipments of coal by the railroad companies appear to have 
been fairly regular during the fall months. It seems probable that 
more anthracite was shipped into Rochester during 1916 than in 
1915, but there was an unusual demand for coal, particularly in 
November. This was held to be due to the fact that consumers did 
not store coal in April, as is usual, and tried to get a winters supply 
in November. Others, fearing a shortage, ordered coal when their 
bins were not yet empty. As a rule the November demand is not 
large, the consumer stocking up early and the supply lasting un.il 
January or February, when the demand again occurs. 

There was a shortage in some sizes, principally stove and chestnut., 
on certain days in October, November, and December. At such times 
consumers who were out of coal were supplied with other sizes ; those 
who could wait were given coal of the desired size within a day or 
two, when it came in. There was always some coal to be bought at 
the trestles and at no time in the fall were the trestles shut down as 
at Buffalo. 

As in Buffalo, the trestle operators endeavored to stay the semi- 
panic which prevailed by persuading their customers to take only 
enough to meet their immediate needs, assuring them of plenty of 
coal later. Little or no premium coal seems to have been purchased. 



294 ANTHRACITE AM) BITUMINOUS COAL, 

Prices during the shortage. — Until January. 1917. all the trestle 
operators, with the exception of the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & 
Iron Co.. charged the same prices to retailers at the trestle, obtaining 
a gross margin of profit of 22 cents per net ton. In November, 1916. 

the latter company increased its gross margin to 15 cents per net 
ton. and in January. 1917. the other trestle operators followed its 
lead. This increase, it is stated, was made to cover the actual in- 
creased cost of operation of the trestles. 

The retailers all charge practically the same prices for coal. Those 
who purchased at the trestles worked on a gross margin of about SI. 50 
per net ton in 1915. but. it is claimed, increasing wages and other ex- 
penses necessitated a larger gross margin in 1916. Attention was 
called particularly to the fact that the majority of the dealers have 
their carting done by contract at a fixed rate of 50 cents a ton. which 
reduced their actual gross margin by that amount, and that beginning 
with December IS. 1916. the rate for carting had been raised by the 
teamsters to 55 cents per net ton which, after December IS. offset in 
part the November increase in retail prices. The increase in Novem- 
ber was explained on the ground that one of the trestles had in- 
creased its price to retailers. 

The tabulation below illustrates the increase in circular price per 
net ton on the principal household size since the summer of 1915 : 



June, I June, 
1915. 1916. 



Sep ? mber.J a SXc^- 
iyib - i bei-,1916. 



Wholesale price at Trestle 5. IS ■ 5.40 1 5. G7 

Retail circular price 6.70 7.HC 7.40 



Gross margin of retailer 3 1.52 1.60 1.73 2. OS 

1 Yor trestles other than Philadelphia & Eeadine Coal & Iron Co. 
2 Some dealers raised the oriee in November, others Dec. 1. 
1 Includes 50 cents lor cartng. 

The retail prices shown are the circular prices universally adopted 
by all retailers in Rochester. They do not necessarily represent the 
prices at which the coal was actually sold. For instance, they do not 
take into account coal delivered in the fall at summer prices. It was 
stated to be a very general practice, normally, among the retailers in 
Rochester to make no actual increase in price after the usual spring 
reduction until September, at which time they have added the de- 
ferred summer increases of 10 cents a month, or a total of 50 cents. 
While this practice was not so generally adhered to in 1916, undoubt- 
edly the average gross margin as shown by the books of the retailers 
would vary somewhat from the gross margin given in the accom- 
panying tables, for the reasons already mentioned. Dealers buying 
coal at the trestles of the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. in 
November and December were obliged to pay the increases in the 
trestle prices that went into operation at those trestles in November. 

The table below gives only a general idea of the gross margins of 
profit obtained in Rochester. The cost per net ton f. o. b. Rochester 
is the published circular price of the railroad coal companies, not 
necessarily representing actual average cost to the wholesalers oper- 
ating trestles. The wholesale selling price at the trestles is the price 
uniformly charged at all trestles until November, when, as already 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



295 



explained, the Philadelphia & Heading Coal & Iron Co. increased 
its trestle prices, and such retailers as purchased coal at the two 
Philadelphia & Reading trestles necessarily made a smaller gross 
margin. The retail circular prices are the circular prices published 
by the retailers and do not necessarily represent the prices actually 
received, as already explained above. The total gross margin entered 
in the table shows the difference between the ultimate published cost 
to the consumer and the cost f. o. b. Rochester and furnishes an 
approximate gross margin for those 9 or 10 retailers who conduct 
retail yards with storage facilities and teams and buy by the carload. 

Table 53. — Rochester, A T . Y. Circular purchase and sale prices of whole- 
salers and principal retailers of anthracite, by months, April December, 

1916. 





April. 


May. 


June. 


July. 


Au- 
gust. 


Sep- 
tember 


Octo- 
ber. 


No- 
vem- 
ber.! 


De- 
cember. 


Broken, or grate: 

F. o. b. cars, Rochester. . 
Wholesale trestle 


$5.00 
5.22 
6.75 


$4. 87 
5.09 
6.75 


$4.96 
5.18 
6.75 


$5.04 
5.27 
6.95 


$5.13 
5.36 
7.05 


$5.22 
5.45 
7.15 


$5.22 
5.45 
7.15 


$5.22 
5.45 
7.25 


$5.22 
5.45 
7.25 






Gross trestle margin 

Gross retail margin 2 


.22 
1.53 


.22 
1.66 


.22 
1.57 


.23 
1.68 


.23 
1.69 


.23 
1.70 


.23 
1.70 


.23 
1.80 


.23 
1.80 


Total gross margin 


1.75 1.88 


1.79 


1.91 


1.92 


1.93 


1.93 


2.03 


2.03 


Egg: 

F. o. b. cars, Rochester. . . 

Wholesale trestle 

Retail (circular) 


5.22 
5.45 
7.00 


5.09 
5.31 
7.00 


5.18 
5.40 
7.00 


5.27 
5.49 
7.20 


5.36 

5.58 
7.30 


5.45 
5.67 
7.40 


5.45 

5.67 
7.40 


5.45 
5.67 
7.50 


5.45 

5.67 

v 7.50 






Gross trestle margin 

Gross retail margin 2 


.23 
1.55 


.22 
1.69 


.22 
1.60 


.22 
1.71 


.22 
1.72 


.22 
1.73 


.22 
1.73 


.22 
1.83 


.22 
1.83 


Total gross margin 


1.78 


1.91 


1.82 


1.93 


1.94 1.95 


1.95 


2.05 


2.05 


Stove: 

F. o. b. cars, Rochester. . . 

Wholesale trestle 

Retail (circular) 


5.22 
5.45 
7.00 


5.09 
5.31 

7.00 


5.18 
5.40 
7.00 


5.27 
5.49 
7.20 


5.36 
5.58 
7.30 


5.45 
5.67 
7.40 


5.45 
5.67 
7.40 


5.45 
5.67 
7.75 


5.45 
5.67 

7.75 






Gross trestle margin ..... 
Gross retail margin 2 . . . . . 


.23 
1.55 


.22 
1.69 


.22 
1.60 


.22 
1.71 


.22 
1.72 


.22 
1.73 


.22 
1.73 


.22 
2.08 


.22 
2.08 


Total gross margin 


1.78 


1.91 


1.82 


1.93 


1.94 


1.95 


1.95 


2.30 


2.30 


Chestnut: 

F. o. b. cars, Rochester. . . 

Wholesale trestle 

Retail (circular) 


5.45 
5.67 
7.25 


5.31 
5.54 
7.25 


5.40 
5.63 
7.25 


5.49 
5.71 
7.45 


5.58 
5.80 
7.55 


5.67 
5.89 
7.65 


5.67 
5.89 
7.65 


5.67 
5.89 
7.90 


5.67 
5.89 
7.90 






Gross trestle margin 

Gross retail margin 2 


.22 
1.58 


.23 

1.71 


.23 
1.62 


.22 
1.74 


.22 
1.75 


.22 
1.76 


.22 

1.76 


.22 
2.01 


.22 
2.01 


Total gross margin 


1.80 


1.94 


1.85 


1.96 


1.97 


1.98 


1.98 


2.23 


2.23 


Pea: 

F. o. b. cars, Rochester. . . 

Wholesale trestle 

Retail (circular) 


3.84 
4.06 
5.75 


3.88 
4.11 
5.75 


3.97 
4.20 
5.75 


4.06 
4.29 
5.95 


4.15 
4.38 
6.05 


4.24 
4.46 
6.15 


4.24 
4.46 
6.15 


4.24 
4.46 
6.50 


4.24 
4.46 
6.50 






Gross trestle margin 

Gross retail margin 2 


.22 

1.69 


.23 
1.64 


.23 
1.55 


.23 
1.66 


.23 
1.67 


' .22 
1.69 


.22 
1.69 


.22 
2.04 


.22 

2.04 


Total gross margin 


1.91 


1.87 


1.78 


1.89 


1.90 


1.91 


1.91 


2.26 


2.26 


Buckwheat: 

F. o. b. cars, Rochester. . . 

Wholesale trestle 

Retail (circular) 


2.86 
2.86 
4.25 


3.04 
3.04 
4.25 


3.04 
3.04 
4.25 


3.04 
3.04 
4.25 


3.04 
3.04 
4.25 


3.04 
3.04 
4.25 


3.04 
3.04 
4.25 


3.04 
3.04 
4.50 

1.46 


3.04 
3.04 
4.50 






Gross retail margin 2 


1.39 


1.21 


1.21 


1.21 


1.21 


1.21 


1.21 


1.46 



1 Certain dealers did not raise their circular prices until Dec. 1, 1916. 

2 Includes 50 cents for carting, up to Dec. 18, 1916, when the contract price for carting was raised to 55 
cents per net ton. 



296 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

WESTERN MARKETS ON THE GREAT LAKES. 

Sources of supply. — The Middle Western States get their supply 
of anthracite coal partly by rail and partly by lake routes. The bulk 
of both lake and rail shipments comes by way of Buffalo, N. Y., 
small quantities coming from Oswego and Erie. Some also conies 
by way of Pittsburgh via the Pennsylvania and the Delaware & 
Hudson, and some Erie coal is shipped by way of Salamanca, N. Y. 

Detroit and Chicago get a high proportion of their anthracite all 
rail. Outside of the territory supplied by these two cities, other 
points in the Northwestern States receive anthracite chiefly from the 
docks at Milwaukee, Racine, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Green Bay, 
Duluth, and Superior, which points^ in turn, receive it directly from 
Buffalo by lake. The region thus served includes Minnesota, north- 
ern Iowa, the Dakotas, and the northwestern part of Wisconsin. 
A few scattered cars go into Nebraska and Montana. Some dock coal 
goes from Duluth and Superior to Canada, where the American dock 
companies have leased docks at Fort William and Port Arthur with 
sales agencies at Winnipeg and Port Arthur. 

About 90 per cent of the anthracite coal handled at these docks is 
shipped there by the railroad coal companies on consignment and is 
unloaded, screened, resized, stored, and shipped by the dock com- 
panies. 

The large dock companies in Milwaukee, Minneapolis, and St. Paul 
appear to be the leading factors in the coal trade in these cities. 
They operate as dock companies, as wholesalers and as retailers^ and 
in this threefold capacity exercise a controlling influence on the di- 
rect supply of anthracite in their respective territory. 

DETROIT. 

Transportation. — Detroit receives practically its entire supply of 
anthracite by rail from Buffalo over the Michigan Central, Wabash, 
Lake Shore, Pere Marquette, Detroit & Toledo Shore Line, and 
Grand Trunk. Lake shipments are normally very small. Toledo is 
the gateway through which most of the rail coal comes, although the 
Michigan Central, Wabash, and Grand Trunk have direct short lines 
from Buffalo to Detroit through Canada. The shortest route is via 
the Michigan Central Short Line, 251 miles. 

The normal time required from the mines to Detroit is from five to 
eight days (three to five days from Buffalo), but during the fall and 
winter of 1916, Detroit dealers stated, the time varied from a week 
to a month and often longer. They say that coal has been delayed 
for days and sometimes weeks by the local congestion at Toledo. 
Complaint has been made that even in Detroit's own limits cars were 
received which were not placed on the tracks at the dealer's yard 
for several weeks. 

Sources of supply and local distribution. — Under normal conditions 
Detroit depends largely upon railroad coal company anthracite. 
Several important retailers buy some independent coal, however. 
The railroad coal companies, or their agents, selling in Detroit are 
as follows: 

Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Coal Co. (D.. L. & W. R. R.) ; 
Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co. (L. V. R. R.) ; Millspaugh & Green 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 297 

Co., handling D. & H. Co. coal ; Philadelphia & Heading Coal & Iron 
Co. (P. & R. R. R.) ; Susquehanna Coal Co. (Pennsylvania R. R.) ; 
Williams & Peters, handling Pennsylvania Coal Co. coal (Erie 
R. R.). 

The following companies, with principal offices in the cities named, 
are represented in Detroit and handle independent coal : 

Madeira, Hill & Co. (Philadelphia), Meeker & Co. (New York), 
J. S. Wentz & Co. (Philadelphia), W. A. Gosline & Co. (Toledo). 

These railroad and independent coal companies sell direct to the 
retailers in carload lots, the retailers maintaining trestles or storage 
bins. 

Several smaller local jobbers sell anthracite in the Detroit territory, 
either serving small retailers or catering to the steam-coal trade of 
industrial plants, etc. Some of them handle railroad and some inde- 
pendent coal. Industrial plants have lately been drawing more and 
more away from the jobbers and to a considerable extent are dealing 
with the producing companies. 

There are 144 retail dealers in the city. Of these the 15 larger 
companies sold over 300,000 tons of anthracite in 1916. 

Normal consumption of anthracite in Detroit. — It is estimated that 
Detroit requires in normal times from 600,000 to 700,000 tons of an- 
thracite a year. The demand greatly increased during 1916, however, 
due to industrial growth and the consequent increase in population. 

Extent and causes of shortage. — In Detroit and southern Michigan 
the chief cause of the shortage has been the slow movement of coal in 
transit. 

It is said that the congestion of freight at the Toledo gateway is a 
serious factor. A similar congestion in the Detroit terminals has 
resulted in delays of several weeks after arrival of cars in the city 
before they were set upon the tracks of coal dealers. So serious has 
the local delay been that, it is claimed, bribery of brakemen has been 
resorted to in some cases to get cars set on a dealer's tracks. During 
the early fall the larger retail anthracite dealers had on hand stocks 
varying at the different yards from 25 to 85 per cent of normal. 
This was enough coal to care for current needs, and it is said that if 
coal had come through with little delay there would have been no 
trouble in meeting later demands. 

The seriousness of the freight congestion at Detroit is illustrated by 
the statement of one dealer that he had the car numbers of nearly 100 
cars of anthracite consigned to him which were in Detroit (Jan. 26, 
1917), but which he could not get on account of the inability of the 
railroads to segregate this coal from the other freight and set it on 
his tracks. 

The secondary cause of the shortage in Detroit, as in Chicago, was 
the abnormal demand brought on in September by failure of the con- 
sumers to buy during the summer and by the fear of a general rail- 
road strike. Summer buying was discouraged by the omission of 
the usual April reduction in prices and the consumers w T ere con- 
tinually in hope that prices would later be lowered. The demand 
in the fall of 1916 would naturally have been greater than ever be- 
fore, due to the record growth and expansion of local industries and 
the accompanying increase in population. It is true that several 
companies report a greater tonnage of anthracite delivered to con- 
sumers during the last four months of 1916 than during the same 



298 ANTHEACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

period of 1915. Nevertheless, the irregularity and slowness of the 
receipt of coal, coupled with pressure of demand, resulted in un- 
usual market conditions, as regards both supply and prices. 

Bulk of wholesale business at circular prices. — The largest re- 
tailers purchased, as is their custom, from the railroad coal com- 
panies. They received during the last four months of 1916 enough 
coal to supply their regular customers without buying any consid- 
erable quantity of premium coal. Concerning the purchases of re- 
tailers from Madeira, Hill & Co., Meeker & Co., J. S. Wentz Co., 
and W. A. Gosline & Co., listed above as handling independent coal, 
the Commission did not secure enough information to make a state- 
ment showing how all of these four companies treated the retail trade. 
At least one of these companies sold to regular retail customers at or 
about circular during the last four months of 1916, while another 
is stated to have obtained premiums in the early fall and to have 
since abandoned premium operations and adopted railroad circular 
prices entirely. The former company is probably the chief factor 
in independent coal going to large Detroit retailers. 

It appears, therefore, that during the shortage months of 1916 
the greater part of Detroit's anthracite has been railroad coal or inde- 
pendent coal sold to dealers at railroad circular prices. The result 
has been a tendency to hold local retail prices somewhat below those 
obtained in the surrounding territory of southern Michigan, although 
prices have been higher than in normal times. 

Mine premiums and jobbers^ profits on premium coal. — The smaller 
retailers have found it more difficult to obtain coal. Several of the 
outside independent companies, also local jobbers handling inde- 
pendent coal, have supplied some anthracite to these smaller retailers 
at premium prices. Premiums paid by the dealers for this coal have 
varied from 15 cents to nearly $4. Although this premium coal 
has not been a heavy factor in the local-price situation, it is deserving 
of attention, because it undoubtedly has helped to increase the price 
to the consumer. 

An instance of the high premiums obtained is found in the case of 
a car of stove coal purchased by a local jobber in October from one 
of the large outside independent sales companies previously men- 
tioned. The price paid by the jobber for this coal was $5.80 per ton 
at the mines, a premium of $1.70 per ton above the circular price 
of $4.10. This car was turned over by the jobber to a small Detroit 
retailer at $8 per ton f. o. b. mine, an advance of $2.20, though in nor- 
mal times this same jobber operates on a margin of about 15 cents 
per ton. The retailer therefore paid for this car of coal at the mines 
$3.90 above the circular mine price. One November sale to a manu- 
facturing plant in Detroit at $8 per ton f. o. b. mine involved a total 
premium of $3.65, of which the jobber received $2.65 and the Phila- 
delphia sales company from which he obtained the car received $1. 
Other instances of a similar nature, with varying premiums, were 
found. 

On the other hand, another Detroit jobbing company in the list 
above served its regular customers in the city, of which it has not 
many, at its customary advance over price paid, namely, 15 to 25 
cents per gross ton. 

An interesting case fos»d in Detroit was the purchase of anthra- 
cite from an outside independent jobber, previously mentioned, for 



ANTHEACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



299 



which the retailer was charged circular price, on the condition that 
an equal quantity of bituminous coal be taken at the same time. A 
heavy premium was demanded on the bituminous coal. 

The following table presents the monthly average of a few cases 
of premium sales to Detroit dealers and plants : 



1916. 


Prepared sizes, f. o 

(average). 


b. mine 


Steam sizes, f. o. b. mine 
(average). 


Price 
paid. 


Selling 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 


Price 
paid. 


Selling 
price. 


Gross 
margin. 




$3.95 
4.89 
6.60 
4.85 


$4.10 
6.60 
7.67 
7.00 


$0.15 

11.71 

2 1.07 

2.15 


$2.50 
3.75 
4.28 


$3.15 
4.50 
6.67 


$0. 65 








3 2.39 















i Maximum, $2.65; minimum, $0.15. 

2 Maximum, $2.20; minimum, sold at same price paid. 

3 Maximum, $3.90; minimum, $1.50. 

Retail prices. — The practice among Detroit retailers generally has 
been to reduce the price of anthracite to consumers 50 cents per ton in 
April, following the similar reduction in normal times by the rail- 
road coal companies. In most other cities covered by the Commis- 
sion's investigation, the normal practice is for retail prices to be 
increased 10 cents per ton each subsequent month, until the winter 
price is restored in September. Most Detroit companies restore the 
winter price by a 50-cent increase the 1st of September, others making 
the increase on October 1. 

In the spring of 1916 the mine companies did not announce their 
usual April discount of 50 cents per ton. Instead, a discount of only 
25 cents per ton was put into effect in May. Many Detroit retailers 
maintained their previous winter's prices without change until Sep- 
tember, 1916. Others did not change their prices until October. In 
this way the retailer's gross margin was increased in May by the 25 
cents discount in their purchase prices, and remained 25 cents above 
'their normal gross margin from that time on. The changes in gross 
margin will be discussed in more detail on page 312. 

As has already been stated, the large retail companies handled 
almost entirely railroad coal during the shortage, while many of the 
smaller retailers found it necessary to buy independent coal at vary- 
ing premiums. Besides the variance in cost prices, the following 
conditions also affected the retail prices: 

(1) Irregular receipts of coal, due to railroad congestion and local 
difficulties. For instance, a dealer whose yards are located on the 
Grank Trunk tracks could not get coal shipped to him over the Michi- 
gan Central because of the latter road's embargo against the Grand 
Trunk. 

(2) Labor shortage and high wages, resulting in increased ex- 
penses of retailing coal. Difficulty was found in holding teamsters 
and yard men except at greatly advanced wages, on account of their 
ability to command better pay in local industrial plants. 

(3) No retail coal dealer has a predominant position in the Detroit 
market, and there is no group of companies following the same price 
policy. 



00 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Three important retail companies delivered coal throughout the 
shortage period without a change of price other than the fall increase 
of 50 cents per ton. explained above. This increase was from SS to 
88.50 on stove and egg coal. 

Other companies increased prices to the consumer. The small 
quantities of premium coal purchased by the larger retailers tended 
to raise their prices to some extent. Premium coal had a greater 
influence, however, on the prices of the smaller companies. The fol- 
lowing circular prices illustrate the lack of uniformity in the quoted 
prices and in the dates of change of price among the larger dealers 
during the last four months of the year. The price prevailing in the 
winter of 1915-16 was SS per ton. 

Published prices to consumers. 



Stove coal. 







Company. 






No. 1. 


No. 2. ! 


No. 3. 


No. 4. 


No. 5. 


No. 6. 


$8.50 


$8.00 


$8.50 


*S. 50 


$8.50 


$8.50 


8.50 


8.50 


8.50 


8.50 j 


8.50 I 


8.50 


8.50 


S.50 ! 


8.50 


8.50 


8.50 


9.00 


S. 50 


8.50 i 
8.50 i 


9.00 
9.00 


8.50 
8.50 ! 


9.00 
9.00 


9 00 


8.50 


9.00 


8.50 


8.50 ; 


9.00 


8.50 i 


9.50 


9.00 


8.50 


8.50 ; 


9.00 


8.50 ! 


10.00 


9.00 


8.50 


8.50 ! 


9.00 


8.50 


10.00 


10.00 


8.50 


9.50 1 


9.00 


8.50 ; 


10.00 


10.00 


8.50 


9.50 ' 


9.50 


8.50 ! 


10.00 


10.00 


8.50 


9.50 J 


9.50 


8.50 


10.00 


10.50 



Sept. 1.. 
Oct. 2... 

Oct. 15.. 
Oct. 21.. 
Oct. 26.. 
Nov. 7.. 
Nor. 13. 
Nov. 25. 
Dec. 26. 
Dec. 29.. 
Dec. 31. 



The range of prices actually received on coal for household con- 
sumption, by these six representative companies and an additional 
concern rated among the smaller retail dealers, was as follows: 



Range of prices actually received. 



Company Company j Company Company Company Company Company 
No.l. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No. 5. * No. 6. " No. 7. 

stove coal. '• 



Max. Man. Max. 



Min. Mas. Min. Mas. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. 



September.... $8.50 $3.50 $8.00 $.8.00 IS. 50 i$5.00 $8. .50 i-SS.OO SS.50 $8.50 i$8.00 

October S.50 8. 50 9. 00 8. 50 9. 00 18.00 8.50 8.00 9.00 8.50 9.60 

November 8.50 8.50 9.00 j 9.00 '- 9.00 9.00 8.50 15. 00 10.00 9.00 9.50 

December S.50 8.50 9.50 I 9.00 ; 9.50 9.00 8.50 «S.O0 10.00 10.00 10.25 



!$5.00 $8.50 i$8.00 
18.00 8.75 : 18.00 
9.00 11.00 j 18. 00 



1 Coal delivered at summer prices, orders taken in the summer. 

The general policy as to service and price adopted by each of these 
companies during the shortage was stated to be as follows : 

Company Xo. 1 : One price to all : old customers preferred as to 
delivery: considers it morally wrong to raise prices under condi- 
tions of extreme shortage and need, but states larger gross margins 
will be necessary hereafter to care for increased costs. 

Company Xo. 2 : One price to all. 

Company Xo. 3 : One price to all ; refused everyone except regular 
customers and families with small babies since Xovember 1 ; claimed 
higher margin of profit necessary to cover increased costs. 

Company Xo. 4 : One price to all ; served only old customers. 



ANTHKACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 301 

Company No. 5 : Prices allowed to follow the high prices of other 
dealers; prices often different to different consumers on the same 
day; preference in price and delivery given old customers. 

Company No. 6 : Price governed by supply on hand and available. 

Company No. 7: Price governed by prices paid; old customers 
given the lower prices. 

Another company raised the price $1 a ton the latter part of 
December to all new customers, in an effort to discourage new trade 
and enable the company to care for and hold their old patrons. 
Several of these companies, and one not referred to above, had taken 
orders in the summer and were delivering coal at summer prices all 
through September and October, and even in some cases as late as 
December. 

Following is a comprehensive tabulation of the cost prices, typical 
sale prices, and gross margins of representative retailers in De- 
troit during the period of shortage from September to December, 
inclusive, 1916. This table indicates the variation in gross margin 
realized during the different months and reflects the result of the 
shortage upon prices paid by the consumers and upon the gross 
profits of the retail dealers. 

The cost price figures are the actual costs of coal purchased, 
weighted, with cost of coal on hand each month to obtain the aver- 
age cost, f. o. b. the dealers' yards, of all the coal available for sale 
during the month. Sales prices, except in the case of company 7, are 
averages of a selection of typical sales during each period (see p. 83), 
and may be considered as the approximate average selling prices. 
Company No. 7 is the only one for which actual averages of all 
sales for each month are shown. There are three prices in each 
month for most of the companies, representing the average of typical 
prices around the 5th, 15th, and 25th of the month. In these cases 
three corresponding gross margins are shown for the same periods. 
Gross margins are computed by obtaining the difference between 
the average cost prices and the average typical sales prices. 



302 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



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312 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Cost prices. — Cost prices averaged fairly even for all companies 
during the entire period, due to the fact previously noted that 
the quantity of premium coal purchased by the larger companies 
was not great. The premium prices paid by one of the companies 
during the period raised its average purchase cost, so that the amount 
of its excess cost over the current railroad coal companies' circular 
prices paid by the other retailers ranged from 4 cents to 68 cents 
per ton. 

Sales prices. — The table illustrates the lack of uniformity in price 
which has been referred to above. The difference in price among the 
companies was not so marked in September as in later months. In 
September, for instance, companies Nos. 5 and 8 sold egg coal to 
household trade at an average price of $8, and companies 2 and 6 
sold at $8.50; in October the lowest average on this size coal was 
$8.05 and the highest was $9; in November the prices ranged from 
$8.06 to $9, and in December from $8.25 to $9.50. It is noteworthy 
that the company with the highest purchase cost was not always the 
one to obtain the highest average prices. It may be said, however, 
that the maximum individual sales prices entering into the averages 
were obtained by this company. 

Gross margins. — Twelve Detroit retailers interviewed by the Com- 
mission's agents stated that their normal gross margin in 1915 was 
from $1.70 to $2 per net ton. 

It is evident that in view of the general uniformity in average pur- 
chase prices paid by the various large companies shown in the table, 
those retailers showing the highest average selling prices made the 
highest gross margins. Companies Nos. 2 and 4, with sales prices re- 
maining constant throughout the entire period covered, realized 
about their normal gross margin, while companies 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 in- 
creased their respective margins by increasing their sales prices. The 
greatest increase in margins was made by companies 1, 5, and 8. 
Company No. 1 shows an increase from $1.71 in September to $2.65 
in December on egg coal; from $1.96 to $2.89 on stove coal; from 
$1.74 to $2.94 on chestnut coal. Company No. 8 increased its margins 
in about the same proportion as company No. 1, while the increase by 
No. 5 was slightly less than either of these other two, although 
averaging nearly a dollar per ton. 

The gross margins in October, November, and December should be 
compared with those in September, which may in general be assumed 
to be normal. Such a comparison indicates that during the panic 
months two of the companies included in the table maintained their 
normal margin, while the six others increased their margins to a con- 
siderable or, in some cases, a marked extent. 

Prices and shortage in southern Michigan territory outside of 
Detroit. — Prices were very high, both wholesale and retail, in south- 
ern Michigan points outside of Detroit. These places are less ad- 
vantageously situated as regards transportation facilities, most of 
them being off the main line, and they lack the advantages of an 
industrial center. Many of the shipments passed through Detroit 
en route, and these shipments were subject to the delays incident to 
local congestion at that point, in addition to the many delays 
previous to arrival at Detroit. Many of the retailers serving the 
smaller places do not purchase regularly from the railroad coal 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



313 



companies, and it is said that they depended mainly upon Detroit 
jobbers during the shortage. 

The jobbers undoubtedly obtained premiums for coal sold in this 
outside territory. For instance, pea coal was purchased by a Detroit 
jobber in November from an independent source. The price paid 
was $3.15 p^r ton at the mine, slightly under the railroad circular 
price, which was $3.25 at the mine. This coal was sold to a Michigan 
retailer on the basis of $4.25 at the mines, a premium price of $1 
above circular, and a gross profit for the jobber of $1.10 per ton. 

It should be explained in this connection that in normal times 
the jobber bases his margin of profit largely on the credit standing 
of the retailer, and his margins may fluctuate considerably among 
the various retailers who deal with him. This variation according 
to credit risk becomes doubly necessary at a time of uncertainty such 
as has recently existed. 

Beyond this credit basis, however, there is apparently no govern- 
ing rule. Sales seemingly were made in a large number of cases 
at the best price obtainable. 

Some cases are on record where the anthracite passed through 
the hands of several jobbers, each realizing a premium profit before 
it finally reached the retailer. As an example, in October a Detroit 
jobber bought egg coal from a large independent coal sales company 
of Philadelphia, paying $6.50 per ton f. o. b. Buffalo. This was a 
premium of 40 cents per ton to start with, the circular price being 
$6.10 Buffalo. The Detroit jobber turned the coal over to another 
local jobber at $8 per ton, and this last jobber sold it to a Michigan 
retailer at still another advance. Under such conditions of distribu- 
tion, supplemented by irregular and uncertain railroad deliveries, 
the prices paid by the consumer in places around Detroit rose to a 
notable degree, reports being made of prices as high as $12. 

Detroit jobbers selling in southern Michigan territory. — The fol- 
lowing table covers average prices of purchase and sale of two typi- 
cal Detroit jobbers to retail dealers in southern Michigan territory 
and indicates at least one of the causes of high retail prices during 
the shortage months of 1916, when it is considered that in normal 
times these jobbers get a gross margin of from 10 to 25 cents per ton. 

Table 56. — Average gross margins of representative Detroit jobbers selling to 
retailers in southern Michigan. 

[Railroad coal and jobber coal shown separately. Gross margin, per gross ton.] 





Jobber. 


Source of coal. 


Size of coal. 


Percentage 

of all 
business, 
September- 
December. 


1916 


Market. 


Septem- 
ber. 


Octo- 
ber. 


Novem- 
ber. 


Decem- 
ber. 


Detroit 


No.'l.... 

No. 1.... 


Railroad . 


Prepared 


58 

3 

14 

25 

100 


$0. 199 

"\'i99" 

.150 
.650 


$0. 288 
.500 
.377 
.898 
.494 

1.710 

.750 


SO. 302 
.614 
.141 

.872 
.557 

1. 070 
2.390 


SO 441 




do 


Steam 

Prepared 

Steam 

All 


500 




No. 1.... 
No. 1.... 
No. 1.... 

No. 2.... 
No. 2.... 


Jobber 


317 




do 

Weighted aver- 
age, all business. 
Jobber 


.741 
.480 


Detroit 


Prepared 


2 150 




.....do 


Steam 















314 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



As stated, the normal margin realized by these jobbers is from 10 
to 25 cents, slightly more in some cases, depending upon credit 
standing of the retailer to whom the coal is sold. In September the 
average gross margin was hardly above normal, but from that time 
on the margin increased. 

Margins obtained by jobber No. 1 are shown for both railroad coal 
and coal purchased from other sources. Beginning with a margin of 
$0,199 in September on railroad coal, prepared sizes, on about 58 per 
cent of the entire business, the margin gradually increased to $0,441 
in December. No railroad coal, steam sizes, was handled in Septem- 
ber, but margins averaged $0,500, $0,614, and $0,500 during October, 
November, and December, respectively. 

Coal purchased of other jobbers, steam sizes, showed substantial 
margins of $0,898, $0,872, and $0,741 from October to December. 
The small average gross margin of $0,141 realized in November on 
jobber coal, prepared sizes, was due to an actual loss of 65 cents on 
a car which was refused by the original purchaser and resold at 
a loss. 

Jobber No. 2 handled anthracite as a side line, and sold carload 
lots in Detroit and vicinity. The margins given in this table repre- 
sent the profits per gross ton on about 20 carloads of coal, the total 
amount sold by this company in Detroit from September to De- 
cember. 

The margins entering into these averages varied and the maximum 
and minimum gross margins are indicative of the uncertainty of 
market conditions. Another tabulation is therefore presented below, 
showing the maximum and minimum gross margins per gross ton 
received on the sales which were combined to produce the above 
averages : 





Maximum. 


Minimum. 




Maximum. 


Mini mum. 


Prepared sizes: 

September, 1916 

October, 1916 


i$0.50 

11.50 

1.95 

1L00 


i $0. 10 
1.15 
«.65 
1.15 


Steam sizes: 

September, 1916 






October, 1916 


2 SI. 10 

2 1.25 

2 1.10 


2 $0. 30 


November, 1916 

December, 1916 


November, 1916 

December, 1916 


1.30 
*.25 


i Railroad c 


oal. 




2 Jobber 
CHIC 


coal. s Jobber 
AGO. 


coal; loss. 





Transportation. — Anthracite coal comes to Chicago, mostly via 
Buffalo, by lake or over the following railroads : 

Pennsylvania, Erie, New York Central, New York, Chicago & St. 
Louis, Baltimore & Ohio, Michigan Central, Grand Trunk, Flint & 
Pere Marquette, Wabash. 

The distance from Buffalo to Chicago differs via the various roads, 
the short-line mileage being 523 miles. Under normal conditions the 
time of movement of anthracite from the mines to Chicago is from 
five to eight days. According to a statement by a representative of 
the Chicago Association of Commerce to the Interstate Commerce 
Commission on December 18, 1916, the average time of movement of 
384 cars of anthracite via the different lines from Buffalo to Chicago 
during the period from November 1 to December 10, 1916, ran from 
7.1 by the road having the lowest average time to 15.2 days by the 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 315 

road having the highest average. Toward the close of the year, the 
movement of anthracite is reported by dealers to have taken a month 
or upward. The freight rate on anthracite from the mines to Chi- 
cago by rail via Buffalo is $3.75 per gross ton on prepared sizes and 
$3.50 per gross ton on pea and smaller sizes. The normal rate from 
the mines via Buffalo or Erie by lake to Chicago was $2.35 per ton 
on contract cargoes, but during 1916 it rose to as much as $3 per ton. 

Sources of supply, and local distribution. — The great bulk of all 
anthracite consumed in Chicago and vicinity during 1916 was shipped 
there by the railroad coal companies. The so-called independents in 
normal years do not reach the Chicago market at all. 

The following are the railroad coal companies and their principal 
agents or representatives, doing a wholesale business in Chicago : 

Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. (P. & R. R. R.) ; Lehigh 
Valley Coal Sales Co., selling for the Lehigh Valley Coal Co. (L. V. 
R. R.) ; Williams & Peters, sales agents for the Pennsylvania Coal 
Co. and Hillside Coal & Iron Co. (Erie R. R.) ; O. S. Richardson 
Coal Co., handling Susquehanna Coal Co.'s coal (Pa. R. R.) ; E. L. 
Hedstrom & Co., sales agents for the Delaware, Lackawanna & 
Western Coal Co. (D., L. & W. R, R.) ; S. C. Schenck & Co., sales 
agents for the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Coal Co. (D., L. 
& W. R. R.) ; Globe Coal Co., sales agents for the Scranton Coal Co. 
(N. Y., O. & W. R. R.) ; Eureka Coal & Dock Co., sales agents for 
the Scranton Coal Co. (N. Y., O. & W. R. R.). 

In 1915 the anthracite storage capacity at the 13 Chicago docks 
of the producing companies and their sales agents amounted to 
624,000 tons, or about 75 per cent of the lake receipts of anthracite 
at Chicago during that year. The 9 rail yards of the same com- 
panies during 1915 had a storage capacity for anthracite of 56,700 
tons. This appears to indicate that the receipts of all-rail anthra- 
cite by agents of the producing companies at Chicago are chiefly 
current. During December, 1916, and January, 1917, the daily 
stocks of anthracite received at the rail yard of a leading producing 
company were depleted each day a few hours after arrival of the 
shipments, peddlers' wagons lining up at the gates as early as 4 
o'clock in the morning. While the storage facilities for all-rail coal 
of the producing companies appear to be limited, there are 350 track 
yards within the Chicago city limits operated by large retailers, some 
of whom also do a wholesale business. At no time during 1916 were 
large quantities of anthracite stored in these yards, according to re- 
ports from dealers, and this was verified in many cases by inspection 
of their records by the Commission's agents. 

In Chicago there are about 18 wholesalers and jobbers of impor- 
tance. They recently organized the Chicago Coal Exchange. The 
bulk of their business consists in handling bituminous coal, anthra- 
cite being more of a side line. Only the larger wholesalers have dock 
or rail yard facilities, the others selling most of their coal before 
buying it and having it shipped directly to their customers, many of 
whom are in cities and towns outside of Chicago. Chicago jobbers 
get their supply of anthracite mostly on contracts with the railroad 
coal companies through the latter's docks or yards in Chicago or from 
the mines direct. To some extent, they purchased in the open market 
during the fall and winter, when the supply of the railroad coal com- 
panies was not adequate to meet the increased demand. 



316 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

The retail anthracite trade in Chicago is conducted by approxi- 
mately 250 retail dealers, operating 350 track yards. The annual 
tonnage of anthracite of the average retail dealer varies from 2.000 
to 50,000 tons each. They sell chiefly to domestic trade in lots of 
from one-fourth ton up, and to customers residing within a 3-mile 
limit. The Consumers' Co. is by far the largest dealer. It does 
both a wholesale and retail business, its total anthracite tonnage for 
1916 approximating 400,000 tons. It handles anthracite coal in 60 
of its 104 active coal yards. Besides selling to the better class of 
household trade, the Consumers' Co. also supplies anthracite to 
municipal and county institutions, hotels, office buildings, and the 
elevated railroad. 

It is estimated that there are about 3,500 coal peddlers in Chicago, 
each of whom does an annual business of less than 2,000 tons. They 
usually do a moving and express business on the side. The peddlers 
buy their coal as a rule at the nearest wholesale or retail yard, and 
resell it in fractional ton lots and by the bag (100 pounds) or bushel 
(80 pounds). The average peddler has no storage facilities. Almost 
all peddled coal is sold for household use. 

Local consumption of anthracite. — It is estimated that the con- 
sumption of anthracite in Chicago and the territory served by it in 
1915 was about 3,000,000 tons. In 1916 the total quantity handled 
in Chicago and adjacent territory is estimated by the Commission, 
on the basis of reports covering practically all the producing com- 
panies and independent shippers, at about three and one-half million 
tons. 

The annual consumption of bituminous coal in Chicago is far in 
excess of this, being estimated at no less than 23 million tons. For 
several years the increase in the consumption of anthracite in the 
city had not been keeping pace with the increase of bituminous. 
Many householders had turned to the use of smokeless bituminous 
coals, particularly those from the Pocahontas and New River fields 
of West Virginia. During 1915 and 1916 the increased exportation 
of these Pocahontas and New Eiver coals had reduced the supply 
available for use in this country, and so far as Chicago is concerned 
had created an increased household demand for Illinois coals and 
for anthracite. This, with the increase in manufacturing require- 
ments and the recent scarcity and sharp rise in price of all bituminous 
coal, resulted in an unusually strong demand for anthracite coal in 
the latter part of 1916. 

Local shortage and its causes. — The main factors which brought 
about shortages from time to time in anthracite coal in Chicago dur- 
ing the fall and winter of 1916 were decreased receipts of lake coal 
during the season of navigation; car shortage, freight congestion, 
and coal embargoes, as far as the rail shipments were concerned ; and 
a marked increase in demand, both real and artificial, over former 
years. 

The unsettled conditions in the spring of the year at the mines 
and the delay in issuing wholesale-price circulars had caused many 
dealers, as well as consumers, to defer stocking their yards or pro- 
viding for their consumption earlier in the year. The dealers were 
therefore unprepared fully to meet the sudden demand which devel- 
oped toward the close of August as a result of the threatened rail- 
road strike. About the same time congestion of traffic facilities be- 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 317 

came acute. Beginning with the middle of October, every railroad 
shipping coal into Chicago had, at one time or another, an embargo 
on coal anywhere from one to three weeks. Even the Chicago Belt 
Line was embargoed for a short period. A panic scare developed, 
increased very materially by sensational newspaper reports of an im- 
pending coal famine, and resulted in retail dealers being swamped 
with orders which they could not fill at once and fully. 

The receipts of anthracite by lake at the Chicago docks in 1915 
were 831,761 net tons, and in 1916 were only 679,998 tons, a falling 
off of over 150,000 tons, or 18 per cent. Statistics of the tonnage 
of all-rail shipments of anthracite are not available. Since Chicago 
territory appears to have consumed four or five hundred thou- 
sand tons more in 1916 than in 1915, the falling off in lake receipts 
of anthracite must mean that the all -rail anthracite increased to the 
extent of .some five or six hundred thousand tons. At any rate, the 
dock coal was all exhausted at the close of December instead of last- 
ing, as usual, through the winter; and all-rail routes had to be 
mainly depended on during the season on account of the difficulty of 
getting lake coal to Chicago. 

If the total increase in the anthracite consumption of the city in 
1916 is taken at 500,000 tons, this would amount to an increase of 
about 15 per cent, which, under the increase in real demand, might 
well indicate an actual shortage. Whether or not a shortage ex- 
isted for the year as a whole, there was certainly a shortage at 
particular times, due to difficulty in getting supplies promptly and 
to the panic fear of the public. The times of most pronounced short- 
age were the latter parts of December and January. 

Producers and shippers. — The four factors which affect anthracite 
prices in Chicago from the producer to the consumer are the pro- 
ducers and shippers, wholesalers other than sales agencies of opera- 
tors, retailers with yards, and peddlers. 

The railroad coal companies who produce and ship anthracite to 
Chicago, besides being operators and carriers, serve also as local dis- 
tributors to dealers, both directly through their own yards and docks, 
like the Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co., the Lehigh Valley 
Coal Sales Co., and indirectly through firms acting as their sales 
agents, like E. L. Hedstrom and the S. C. Schenck Coal Co. (both 
representing the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western), and Williams 
& Peters, representing the Pennsylvania Coal Co. (Erie). The 
branch offices of the producing companies have limited sales terri- 
tories and are in charge of sales agents on a salaried basis. In the 
cases in which a firm acts as sales agent, the business is done on com- 
mission. 

A considerable proportion of the coal sold by the railroad coal 
companies in Chicago is sold on consignment contract, that is, is 
delivered by the companies or their agents to wholesalers or to re- 
tailers in the capacity of factors, who do not at any time acquire 
title to it, but who effect sales of it and transmit to the producing 
companies or their agents an agreed amount per ton, less a commis- 
sion for finding the customer, providing yard storage for the coal 
till sold, guaranteeing the credit risx en sales not made for cash, etc. 

From evidence gathered by agents of the Commission it appears 
that in Chicago the railroad coal companies did not sell above their 
circular prices. In the winter, however, some of them did increase 



318 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

their circular prices 25 cents per ton. Williams & Peters advanced 
their prices 25 cents per ton on all sizes, except pea and buckwheat, 
as early as December 8, 1916. The Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co. and 
the Susquehanna Coal Co., on January 1, 1917 : and the Philadelphia 
& Reading Coal & Iron Co., on February 15, 1917, announced a simi- 
lar advance. (See, however, p. 119.) Considering the large tonnages 
handled by these companies, this relatively small increase was im- 
portant. 

While it is true that the railroad companies made the aforemen- 
tioned advance in their circular prices, they, on the whole, exercised 
a steadying influence on the market during the fall and winter, and 
did not take the advantage that they might have taken of the abnor- 
mal situation. At the yards of a sales agency of one railroad coal 
company the prices to peddlers' wagons were considerably lower dur- 
ing the coal shortage in January than the current circular prices, al- 
though the supply at this company's yard was at no time equal to the 
increased demand. 

Independent producers increased their prices greatly during the 
period of coal shortage in Chicago. During times of the most acute 
difficulty, when the railroad coal companies had no stocks on hand 
and disposed of their incoming supplies immediately after arrival, 
independent operators took the opportunity to charge as high prices 
as the market would bear. The fact that some railroad coal com- 
panies and their sales agents at times refused to sell anthracite to 
new customers and outsiders, and were not able to meet the increased 
demand of old customers, forced dealers to purchase in the open mar- 
ket, where they bid any price at which coal was to be had from the 
independents, the highest bidder getting the coal. Thus a large Chi- 
cago dealer had to buy 20 cars at premium to accommodate some old 
customers, because a certain railroad coal company failed to deliver 
on contract. 

The total tonnage of anthracite which came into the Chicago mar- 
ket at premium prices as far as agents of the Commission could estab- 
lish from the records of the shippers, was about 25 per cent (see 
p. 158) of the total tonnage of anthracite handled, and the premium 
ranged from 32 cents to $1.92 per gross ton. Yet the fact remains 
that during the intermittent periods of acute coal shortages, when 
premium coal was sold, its effect was all the more marked. As an 
instance of premium coal coming into Chicago, it may be mentioned 
that, while on September 15, 1916, an eastern coal jobber sold inde- 
pendent chestnut coal to a leading Chicago wholesaler at $4.35 per 
gross ton at the mines, the same company on November 22, 1916, sold 
chestnut coal to the same Chicago dealer at $6.75 per ton, an increase 
of $2.40 per ton within two months. Pea coal was sold by the same 
independent jobber at $2.90 per ton in September and at $4.50 in 
November. During November, December, and January an inde- 
pendent producing company shipped on an average three cars per 
week of premium coal to Chicago, totaling about 3,000 tons, which 
was sold to local jobbers at from $8 to $9 per net ton. 

The wholesale circular prices of the railroad coal companies for 
anthracite f. o. b. cars Chicago are shown in the following table 
for the period from September, 1916, to February, 1917, inclusive: 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



319 



Table 57. — Wholesale circular prices per net ton f. o. b. cars Chicago, for 5 

railroad coal companies. 



Kind. 



Broken: 

I ehigh Valley Coal Sales Co 

Williams & Peters (Penna. Coal Co.) 

O. S. Richardson Coal Co. (Susq. Coal Co.). 
S. C. Schenck Co. (P., L. & W. Coal Co.)... 
Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co 



I ehigh Valley Coal Sales Co 

Williams & Peters (Penna. Coal Co.) 

O. S. Richardson Coal Co. (Susq. Coal Co.). 

S. C. Schenck Co. (D. : L. & W. Coal Co.). . . 

Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co — 
Stove: 

Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co 

Williams & Peters (Penna. Coal Co.) 

O. S. Richardson Coal Co. (Susq. Coal Co.). 

S. C. Schenck Co. (D., L. & W. Coal Co.)... 

Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co.. .. 
Chestnut: 

Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co. 

Williams & Peters (Penna. Coal Co.) 

O. S. Richardson Coal Co. (Susq. Coal Co.). 

S. C. Schenck Co. (D., L. & W. Coal Co.)... 

Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co 



Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co 

Williams & Peters (Penna. Coal Co.) 

O. S. Richardson Coal Co. (Susq. Coal Co.). 
S. C. Schenck Co. (D., L. & W. Coal Co.)... 

Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co 

Buckwheat No. 1: 

Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co 

Williams & Peters (Penna. Coal Co.) 

O. S. Richardson Coal Co. (Susq. Coal Co.). 
S. C. Schenck Co. (D., L. & W. Coal Co.)... 
Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co 



1916 



Sept. 



$6.85 
6.85 
6.85 
6.85 
6.85 

7.10 
7.10 
7.10 
7.10 
7.10 



7.35 

5.80 
6.00 
5.80 
6.00 
6.00 



4.25 
4.25 



Oct. 



$6. 85 
6.85 
6.85 
6.85 
6.85 

7.10 
7.10 
7.10 
7.10 
7.10 

7.10 
7.10 
7.10 
7.10 
7.10 

7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
7.35 

5.80 
6.00 
5.80 
6.00 
6.00 



4.25 
4.25 



Nov. 



$6.85 
6.85 
6.85 
6.85 
6.85 

7.10 
7.10 
7.10 
7.10 
7.10 

7.10 
7.10 
7.10 
7.10 
7.10 

7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
7.35 

5.80 
6.00 
5.80 
6.00 
6.00 



4.25 
4.25 



Dec. 



$6.85 
7.10 
6.85 
6.85 



7.10 
7.35 
7.10 
7.10 
V. 10 

7.10 
7.35 
7.10 
7.10 
7.10 

7.35 
7.60 
7.35 
7.35 
7.35 

5.80 
6.25 
5.80 
6.00 
6.00 



4.25 
4.25 



Jan. 



$7.10 
7.10 

6.85 
7.10 
6.85 

7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
..35 
7.10 

7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
7.10 

7.60 
7.60 
7.35 
7.60 
7.35 

6.05 

6.25 
6.05 



6.00 



5.00 
5." 66' 



Feh. 



57.10 
7.10 
6.85 
7.10 
7.10 

7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
7.35 

7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
7.35 

7.60 
7.60 
7.35 
7.60 
7.60 

6.05 
6.25 
6.05 



6.00 



5.00 
*5."66 



The circular prices here shown of these five railroad coal com- 
panies show little variation. The difference in the Williams & 
Peters prices for December is due to this company making its price 
increase effective on December 8, 1916 ; whereas the other companies 
made their price increase effective about January 1, 1917. 

Wholesalers, other than operators and their sales agencies. — There 
are wholesalers in Chicago with permanent storage capacity in rail 
yards or docks, and wholesalers without permanent storage capacity. 
The terms "dock or yard wholesaler" and "jobber" may be used to 
indicate these two classes of dealers. Wholesaling from storage 
docks or yards involves physical handling and reloading of the coal 
and the expense incident thereto. In jobbing the coal goes direct 
from the mines to the retailer or industrial consumer and only sell- 
ing expense is entailed by the jobber. The dock or yard wholesaler 
may sell from his yard or dock in carload lots or to retailers' and 
peddlers' wagons, or both; but the jobber deals in car lots only. 
Some of the dock and yard wholesalers, notably the Consumers' Co., 
also are themselves retailers. 

The dock and yard wholesalers are generally bound by long-time 
contracts with the railroad coal companies or their selling agents, 
many receiving coal on consignment in the manner described above. 
The railroad coal companies reserve the right to sell at wholesale in 
the same territory with their consignment factors. The factors are 
supposed to sell at the circular wholesale price of the railroad com- 
panies, and to return this price to the companies less the commission 



320 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



which is in the form of a discount from circular. This discount, 
which thus represents the gross margin of the dock and yard whole- 
saler, is commonly from 50 cents to 55 cents a ton on prepared sizes 
and 25 cents on steam sizes. These may be said to represent their 
normal gross margins. 

^ The railroad coal companies generally stand the loss of degrada- 
tion, but in at least one contract the degradation loss falls on the 
dealer and a much higher discount is allowed him on that ground. 
The following table shows the actual gross margin derived from 
the books of two storage wholesalers in Chicago for the last four 
months of 1916, being the difference between their purchase price, 
or consignment remittance, and their selling price : 

Gross margin per gross ton on anthracite for two Chicago dock companies. 





Source of coal. 


Size of 
coal. 


Percent- 
age of all 
business, 
Septem- 
ber-De- 
cember. 


1916 


Dock company. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


No. I 1 


Railroad, weighted average, 
all business. 

Railroad (consignment), 
weighted average, all busi- 
ness. 


All. . . . 
...do... 


100 
100 


SO. 979 
.560 

17, 306 


SI. 198 
.560 

30,067 


$1. 715 

.560 

22, 173 


$2 560 


No. 22 


.560 




16,816 











1 Gross margins include degradation. 



Gross margins exclude degradation. 



Dock company No. 1, whose gross margins are shown in the above 
table, handles over his dock only railroad coal on consignment. This 
margin covers all dock and selling expenses, including loss due to 
degradation. 

The large quantity of coal sold during September and October 
makes it appear that it was necessary to sell below circular prices 
in order to meet competition; while in November and December, 
Avith a much smaller supply, it was comparatively easy to dispose of 
coal at premium prices, realizing gross margins which were much 
larger than the normal margin. 

Dock company No. 2 handles railroad coal on consignment, receiv- 
ing a commission of $0.56 per gross ton on all sizes. This commission 
does not include a degradation charge but is supposed to cover all 
dock and selling expenses. 

The jobbers or car wholesalers form a class by themselves, inas- 
much as they either have no storage capacity at all or else only 
occassionally rent storage. As a rule they have no long-time con- 
tracts with shippers and producers. They buy in the open mar- 
ket at the lowest price and sell at the highest price obtainable. The 
railroad coal companies generally allow Chicago jobbers a discount 
of 25 cents per ton from their circular. 

The jobbers, or car wholesalers, in addition to the independent 
operators, were very largely responsible for premium wholesale 
prices in Chicago. During the intermittent period of coal shortage 
individual scalpers in certain cases made use of the opportunity to 
supply coal at premium prices to dealers whose stock had been de- 
pleted. One jobber stated that he had handled as much as 2,500 
tons at premium, his total tonnage for the year being 22,000 tons. 
However, these comparatively small quantities of premium coal 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



321 



usually appeared at the psychological moment when demand was 
strong and supplies low, so that they set the wholesale spot price 
for the time being. When fresh shipments sufficient to meet the 
demand came in and were sold at circular prices, premium coal was 
wiped out. Another function of some jobbers seems to have been to 
keep as much coal as possible " on the run " or in cars at various 
railroad yards, for the purpose of reconsigning it to other places 
where better prices were to be had. The Illinois Public Utilities 
Commission held extensive hearings on this phase of the Chicago 
situation and increased demurrage charges with a view to remedying 
this situation. 

.Some jobbers make a practice of buying anthracite in gross tons 
at the prevailing circular price and selling it at the same price in net 
tons. The difference constitutes the gross margin on which such 
jobbers do business. Such a margin, calculated on circular f. o. b. the 
mines for Chicago shipments, would have amounted during the last 
four months of 1916 to 47 cents per net ton on broken; 50 cents on 
egg and stove ; 54 cents on nut, and 39 cents on pea. 

The Commission obtained data sufficient to calculate the gross 
margins on the anthracite jobbing business of the following, the 
names being arranged alphabetically and not in the order of the 
numbers in the table : 

Atlas Coal Co.; Castner, Curran & Bullitt; Consolidation Coal 
Co.; Globe Coal Co.; Mitchell & Dillon Coal Co.; Peabody Coal Co. 



Table 58. — 


Gross margin per gross 


ton on anthracite for 6 Chicago jobbers. 




Source of coal. 


Size of 
coal. 


Percent- 
age of all 
business, 
Septem- 
ber to De- 
cember. 


1916 


Jobber. 


Sep- 
tem- 
ber. 


Octo- 
ber. 


Novem- 
ber. 


Decem- 
ber. 


No. l.... 


Railroad (consignment) 

do.... 


Prepared. . 

Steam 

Prepared. . 

Steam 

Prepared. . 

Steam 

All.. 

...do 

Prepared.. 

Steam 

Prepared.. 

Steam 

All 

Prepared. . 

Steam 

AH 

Prepared.. 

Steam 

All 

Prepared.. 

Steam 

AIL 


89 
8 

} • 

100 
100 

35 

9 

38 

18 

100 

58 
42 
100 

90 

10 

100 

75 
25 
100 


$0. 560 

.477 

j .285 


$0,560 
.444 
.280 


$0. 560 

.477 
.281 

1.400 
.320 

.280 
.549 

.557 

.361 
.397 
.305 

"".'338' 

.629 
.409 
.505 

.510 

.519 
.511 


$0. 560 


Do .. 


.477 


Do 


Railroad (other than con- 
signment). 
do 


.286 


Do 




Do 




f .369 


.266 


.356 


Do 


do 




Do 


Weighted average, all busi- 
ness. 

Railroad (other than con- 
signment), 1 weighted av- 
erage, all business. 

Railroai 


.545 
.180 

.374 
.286 
.270 
.190 
.286 

.478 
.451 
.469 


.539 
.226 

.356 

.277 
.299 
.316 
.320 

.434 
.492 
.458 

.313 
.301 
.31.1 


.547 


No.2 


.411 


No. 3. 


.447 


Do 

Do . 


do 


.698 
.461 


Do 

Do 


do 

Weighted average, all busi- 
ness.a 


.373 
.460 


No. 4.. 


.675 


Do 


do.... 


1 273 


Do 


Weighted average, all busi- 
ness. 
Jobber 


.772 


No. 5 


.535 


Do 


.....do 


600 


Do 


Weighted average, all busi- 
ness. 
Jobber 


.536 


No.6 


1.424 


Do 


do 






1.326 
1.326 


.412 


Do 


Weighted average, all busi- 
ness.* 






.690 










Total ton- 




59,012 


66,285 


69,617 


67,400 


nages sold. 











1 Including about 8 per cent jobber coal. 

2 Margins figured on typical purchases and corresponding sales only— probably 10 per cent of total busi- 
ess. 

3 Only small tonnage handled. 

105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1 21 



322 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

The first concern shows practically stable margins throughout the 
period, viz, 56 cents for prepared and 47 cents for steam sizes. The 
remainder of its business, which is but 3 per cent, shows margins 
from $0.28 to $1.40. This represents coal bought and sold in the open 
market, which is but 3 per cent of this company's business, its main 
business being the handling of railroad coal company coal on a fixed 
consignment basis. 

The margins of jobbers Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5 show a distinct advance 
throughout the period, except for slight decreases in October. The 
highest point was reached in December. A closer inspection of the 
figures of concern No. 2 shows that the gross margin on its entire 
jobbinb business had an upward trend, advancing from $0,180 in 
September to $0,226 in October and to $0,557 in November, with a 
slight decline to $0,411 in December. The margin of jobber No. 3 
on prepared sizes dropped from $0,374 in September to $0,356 in 
October, and then went up to $0,361 in November and reached 
$0,447 in December. A more decided advance was made by the 
margin of jobber No. 4, which decreased from $0,478 in Septem- 
ber to $0,434 in October, and then jumped to $0,629 and $0,675 in 
November and December. Jobber No. 5 increased his margin from 
$0,313 in October to $0,510 in November and to $0,535 in December, 
while jobber No. 6 had a margin of $1,424 on prepared sizes in De- 
cember. 

Prepared sizes constituted from 35 to 90 per cent of the entire 
business, while steam sizes made up from 9 to 42 per cent of the 
turnover of these six jobbers. 

Though smaller in volume, the sales of steam sizes show a much 
more violent fluctuation in the margins than the prepared sizes. 
While the margins of some jobbers were smaller in September on 
steam sizes than on prepared sizes, in December the margins on steam 
sizes with most jobbers were the larger. The margin of concern No. 
1 on steam sizes was $1.40 in November. Jobber No. 3 did business 
on gross margins of $0,374, $0,356, $0,361, and $0,447 on prepared 
sizes, but in steam coal his margins were $0,286, $0,277, $0,397, and 
$0,698, showing an increase of 150 per cent as between October and 
December. Concern No. 4 trebled its margin on steam sizes from 
September to December; No. 5 doubled it, while the highly specula- 
tive No. 6 realized $1,326 in November and only $0,412 in December. 
This violent upward trend of the margins on steam sizes may bo 
accounted for in the first place by the greatly increased demand of 
manufacturers for anthracite, who were unable to secure bituminous 
coal. The great increase in the price of bituminous coal reflected 
itself in the price levels of anthracite steam coal. On the other hand 
there was an increased demand from household consumers for pea 
coal. 

The drop in October margins was accompanied by a 20 per cent 
increase in the tonnage sold. Only a slight increase in the tonnage 
sold took place as between October and November, while the Decem- 
ber sales dropped from 85,090 to 80.432 with a simultaneous and 
marked increase in the margins. With an increased demand owing 
to cold weather in December, with Lake transportation closed, and 
a shortage at the docks as well as slow rail movement, the jobbers 
were able to obtain high prices. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



323 



J 



Retailers^ prices. — An outstanding feature of the retail anthracite 
trade in Chicago consists in the fact that the Consumers Co., the lead- 
ing anthracite retailer in Chicago, with its large annual tonnage and 
the great number of yards operated by it in every part of the city, 
practically sets the price which most of the other local retailers fol- 
low. It appears to be customary throughout the city for retailers 
daily to inquire by telephone for the Consumers Co.'s prices in order 
to get a lead on the prevailing market. The following tabulation in- 
dicates the retail prices of the Consumers Co., according to its 
printed circulars, from September 1, 1916, to February 1, 1917. 



Size. 



1916 



Sept. 1. 



Oct. 1. 



Nov. 1. 



Dec. 1. 



Increase 

Dec. 1 

over 

Sept. 1. 



1917 



Feb. 1. 



Broken 

Egg 

Stove 

Chestnut 

Pea 

Buckwheat No. 1 



$8.25 
8.50 
8.50 
8.75 
7.40 
6.00 



$8.50 
9.00 
9.00 
9.50 
7.80 
6.50 



$9.00 
9.50 
9.50 
9.50 
8.50 
7.00 



$10.00 
10.50 
10.50 
10.50 
9.50 
8.00 



$1.75 
2.00 
2.00 
1.75 
2.10 
2.00 



$9.50 
9.50 
9.50 
9.50 
8.50 
7.00 



According to the above table, the total increases in circular prices 
from September 1 to December 1 varied from $1.75 to $2.10 per ton. 
Advances ranging from 25 cents to $1 per ton were made each 
month on each size, with one exception, the price of chestnut remain- 
ing stationary at $9.50 per ton during October and November. The 
steady advance in retail prices beginning September 1 was explained 
by the Consumers Co. as due to increased wages, inefficient labor, 
shortage of supply, and increased costs in general. On February 1, 
1917, the retail circular prices dropped $1 on all sizes except large 
egg or broken, on which it dropped 50 cents per ton. This decrease 
on February 1 took place shortly after the panic scare appeared to 
have reached a crisis and despite an advance in teamsters' wages 
effective on January 26, 1917, resulting from a coal teamsters' 
strike — at a time when an advance rather than a decrease in prices 
might have been expected, if the previous increases were due to the 
causes assigned. 

Among the few retailers whose prices were lower than those of the 
Consumers Co. is a South Side dealer, whose circular sales prices for 
anthracite from September to January are indicated in the following 
tabulation : 









1916 






Size. 


September. 


October. 


November. 


December. 


Increase 
December 

over 
September. 


Egg 


$8.35 
8.35 
8.60 
7.35 


$8.75 
8.75 
9.00 
7.50 
6.00 


$9.00 
9.00 
9.25 
7.75 
6.00 


$9.00 
9.00 
9.25 
7.75 
6.00 


$0.65 




.65 


Chestnut 


.65 


Pea 


.40 


Buckwheat No. 1 











324 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

According to the foregoing table the increase in the retail sales 
prices of this firm for December over those of September amounts to 
from 40 cents to 65 cents per ton. While the October and November 
prices show slight increases, the December prices remained the same 
as those of the previous month. The December prices of this dealer 
were from $1.25 to $2 below the retail circular prices of the Con- 
sumers Co. 

A small retailer in Chicago purchased his anthracite from one 
of the railroad coal companies at $1.25 per ton less than the Con- 
sumers Co. sold the same grade wholesale, under the condition 
that he sell it cheaper than the Consumers Co.'s retail price. This 
dealer sold chestnut at $8.25 per ton in January, while the Con- 
sumers Co.'s price was $10.50. 

Apparently few retailers undersell the Consumers Co., but it seems 
that the increase made in retail price by the Consumers Co. was taken 
advantage of by many dealers to increase their margin. In a gen- 
eral way it can be said that, except for the instances just stated, no 
wide range in the prices of the different retail dealers was noticeable. 

An inspection of the books of representative retail dealers by 
agents of the Commission showed that the selling prices of some 
retailers vary considerably to different customers. In some cases a 
difference of $1 per ton was charged on the same size of anthracite 
to different customers on the same day. An explanation frequently 
offered for this was that one was a regular customer while the other 
was not. In some cases a longer distance for hauling was offered in 
explanation, while credit standing accounted for the variation in 
others. Further explanation of • such varied retail prices on the 
same day may be found in the poor delivery facilities of many re- 
tailers. Few of them can sell beyond the 3-mile zone, and most of 
them cater to a certain restricted class of customers. Longer hauls 
would increase their teaming expenses disproportionately. The Con- 
sumers Co. with its many coal yards distributed throughout the city, 
is the only exception, and hence its dominating influence on the 
retail market. Some dealers make a reduction for short hauls and 
easy delivery. The margin realized on sales by one company in some 
cases went up to as much as $3.50 or more per ton, while it went down 
to 50 cents per ton, hauling and other expenses included, on con- 
tract coal purchased from a railroad coal company and sold to a 
prominent manufacturing concern. A very advantageous contract 
which this company had with a local wholesaler accounts in part for 
its large margin. 

The Chicago retailers' gross margin, prior to April, 1916, is said 
to have been stationary for about 10 years, approximating $1.25 per 
ton and reaching $1.50 per ton in exceptional cases. Some retailers 
claim that the $1.25 was the maximum allowed to them by the big 
anthracite companies whose local sales agents sell to small dealers 
and are eager to compete with the larger local dealers who conduct 
both a wholesale and a retail businep-. It is to be noted, however, 
that some large retailers were allowed a discount approximating 35 
cents per ton by several railroad coal companies. 

The peddlers purchase their supplies from wholesalers at the regu- 
lar circular prices to dealers' wagons, which are $1 below the con- 
sumer's price. This $1 per ton is the peddler's gross margin. A 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 325 

considerable portion of the peddler's sales is in bags of 100 pounds 
and per bushel of 80 pounds. During December 1916 peddlers paid 
$9.50 per ton for chestnut and sold the same coal at $10.50 per ton 
to their customers. A bag of chestnut sold at 60 cents, making $12 
per ton in the bushel and bag trade. The increased expenses in 
handling bag and bushel trade, the peddler states, account for the in- 
creased gross margin in this trade as compared with sales from a 
quarter ton up. 

The following tables, compiled from the books of 11 representative 
Chicago retailers, show the cost prices, the typical sales prices, and 
the gross margins of these dealers on each size of coal, by classes of 
business. The first table is a summary showing minimum and maxi- 
mum of cost prices, of typical sales prices, and of gross margins, and 
the weighted average cost price of anthracite for all 11 dealers in 
each month for each size. The second table gives the detailed infor- 
mation for each company. 

The cost prices are actual weighted average costs of all coal of 
that size in stock during a given month. 

The typical sales prices are averages of a number of prices selected 
as typical of sales made around the 5th, 15th, and 25th of each month. 
(See p. 176.) 

The gross margins constitute the difference between the actual cost 
prices and the typical sales prices. 



326 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 59. — Chicago — Summary for 11 representative retailers showing the mini- 
mum and maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross mar- 
gins for principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost prices 
of white ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September December, 1916. 

LOut of gross margin must come cost of doing business, degradation and shrinkage, and 
net profit. See pp. 150 to 158.] 

[See Table 60 for detail by companies.] 



SEPTEMBEE. 



Cost price 

Typical household and industrial 

sale price , 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contract sale 

price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



Cost price 

Typical household and industrial 

sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contract sale 

price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



NOVEMBER. 



Cost price 

Typical household and industrial 

sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contract sale 

price 

Gross margin , 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



DECEMBER. 



Cost price 

Typical household and industrial 

sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contract sale 

price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



Broken. 



Mini- 
mum. 



Maxi- 
mum, 



$6. 26 



8.15 
1.40 


8.56 
2. 10 


7.85 

1.00 

7.25 

.80 


7. 85 
1.00 
7. 85 
1.00 



6.29 

7.45 
.72 

8.40 
1.54 
7.50 
1.00 



6.31 



8.50 
1.65 



$6.85 



Weight 

ed 
aver- 
age. 



86. 38 



9.75 
2.90 

8.40 
1.54 
8.50 
1.64 



10.50 
3.65 



7.85 
1.00 



6.37 
8.50 



8.10 
1.16 



8.50 
1.64 



7.07 



10.50 
3.63 



Egg. 



Mini- 
mum. 



6.47 



>. 54 



9.00 
2.27 



$6.52 

8.00 
1.10 

7.35 
.40 

7.40 
.40 



6.72 

8.50 
1.40 

8.40 

1.43 

7.50 

.46 



6.86 



8.72 
1.43 



Maxi- 
mum 



$7.32 



8.91 
2.14 



8.50 
1.39 



.91 



8.82 
1.53 



7.85 
.80 



7.20 

9.45 
2.34 

8.75 
1.65 
8.50 
1.53 



7.57 



10. 85 
3.74 



Weight 
ed 
aver- 
age. 



9.50 
2.39 



7.61 



10.85 
3.66 



9.50 
2.21 



9.50 
2.41 



$6.62 



Stove. 



Mini- 
mum. 



$6.45 



8.00 
1.04 



>.S2 



6.99 



7.12 



7.40 
.40 



6.58 

8.50 
1.23 

7.35 

.77 
7.50 



6.75 

8.72 
1.27 

9.00 
1.95 
8.50 
1.31 



8.82 
1.53 

8.35 
1.30 
9.50 
2.19 



Maxi- 
mum 



$7. 36 



8.91 
2.11 



7.85 
.80 



7.37 

9.45 
2.42 

8.00 
1.42 
8.50 



7.73 

10.85 
3.74 

9.00 
1.95 
9.50 
2.75 



7.87 

10.85 
3.66 

9.50 
2.45 
9.50 
2.42 



Weight- 
ed 
aver- 
age. 



$6.62 



6.69 



6.85 



7.11 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



327 



Table 59. — Chicago — Summary for 11 representative retailers showing the mini- 
mum and maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross mar- 
gins, for principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost prices 

of tokite ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September December, 

1916 — Continued. 



Chest Aut. 



Mini- 
mum. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Weight- 
aver- 
age. 



Pea. 



Mini- 
mum. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Weight 

aver- 
age. 



Buckwheat. 



Mini- 
mum. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Weight- 
ed 
aver- 
age. 



SEPTEMBER. 



Cost price 

Typical household and industrial 

sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contract sale 

price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



$6.78 



$7.55 



$6.88 



8.37 
1.02 


9.47 
2.40 


8.34 

1.14 

7.41 

.15 


8.34 
1.14 
8.41 
1.15 



$5.32 



7.15 
1.23 



$6.17 



8.02 
2.28 



$5. 57 



$4.00 



5.85 
1.30 



$4.78 



6.54 
2.50 



OCTOBER. 



Cost price 

Typical household and industrial 

sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contract sale 

price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

; margin 



3.93 



8.96 
1.41 



7.65 



9.85 
2.55 



7.03 



6.40 
.42 



5.79 



7.40 
1.40 



6.80 
1.11 



8.35 
2.35 



4.85 
.35 



4.00 



5.75 
1.30 



5.25 
1.00 



6.83 
2.50 



$4.37 



4.57 



NOVEMBER. 



Cost price 

Typical household and industrial 

sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contract sale 

price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



DECEMBER. 



Cost price 

Typical household and industrial 

sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial contract sale 

price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



7.15 

9.20 
1.55 

8.32 

.67 

8.50 

1.17 



7.21 

8.58 
1.19 

8.10 

.45 

9.50 

1.76 



10.85 
3.54 

8.32 

.67 

9.83 

2.19 



10.85 
3.51 

8.25 

.51 

9.60 

2.26 



7.25 



6.80 
1.00 



5.79 



7.63 
1.23 



7.33 
1.33 



6.57 

9.85 
3.85 



7.50 
1.50 



5.79 



7.75 
1.74 



8.50 
2.50 



5.63 

), 85 



6.35 



8.00 
2.00 



8.50 
2.50 



4.85 
.35 



6.50 

1.88 

5.50 

.84 

5.50 

1.50 



4.00 



6.50 
1.50 



5.75 
1.50 



4.78 

8.35 
4.04 

5.50 
1.50 
7.53 
3.22 



5.00 



8.40 
4.16 



5.50 
1.50 



7.00 
2.76 



4.61 



4.49 



328 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



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340 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Retailers' margins. — An analysis of the accompanying table from 
the viewpoint of gradation of margins by trade groups indicates 
that the industrial contract trade margins are the smallest and show 
the least fluctuations. 

The wholesale or " yard " trade shows higher margins and larger 
variations between the minimum and maximum margins. This is 
due to the fact that some sales to small dealers or peddlers classed 
under the head of yard sales include deliveries to the consumers' bins, 
the peddler or small dealer in these cases merely taking the order and 
assuming the credit risk. The yard trade margins therefore include 
delivery charges on sales of this character. 

The general household and industrial trade margin shows the 
largest fluctuations and reaches the highest levels. 

All retail margins increased from September to October and still 
more in November, when the highest levels w T ere reached. A slight 
drop followed in December on some sizes. The averages for the 
entire period are higher than the initial margins in September, but 
slightly lower than the December margins. 

This condition prevailed also in Milwaukee, and may be attributed 
in some measure to the stoppage of the all-lake coal supply in the 
beginning of December. 

The largest margins were realized on the steam sizes, which 
reached as high as $4.16 on buckwheat and $3.85 on pea in Decem- 
ber. It is also significant that the margins on steam sizes did not 
show any drop in December, but continued to rise throughout the 
entire period. Of the prepared sizes stove and broken showed the 
highest margins with egg and nut following closely behind. The 
large increase in the margins on steam sizes appears to be due to the 
still larger price increase in bituminous coal, which is used for much 
the same purpose in Chicago. 

Minimum and maximum margins. — The range between the mini- 
mum and the maximum margins in the household trade was largest 
in the small sizes. In December the difference between the minimum 
and maximum margin in buckweat was $2.66. The next largest 
range appears in the margins in nut, being $1.19 in September and 
$2.32 in December. The margins in stove, egg, and broken follow 
in the order named. 

In the industrial contract trade the range between the minimum 
and maximum margins is smallest. The minimum and maximum 
margins were alike for broken and nut in September and November 
and almost alike for nut in October and December. 

In the " yard " trade the range increased continuously from Sep- 
tember to December, the maximum rising more rapidly than the 
minimum. On the whole, the maximum margins were more than 
doubled at the close of the four-month period. 

Sales prices. — The sales prices kept rising throughout the period 
on all sizes with the sole exception of nut, which dropped slightly 
in November and December in the industrial contract and in yard 
trade, but no drop took place in the maximum in the general house- 
hold trade. 

The increasing demand for coal with the advancing season seems 
to have enabled the dealers to increase their sales prices, because 
their cost prices do not indicate the same rate of upward move- 
ment as do their margins. 



AttTHKAClTE AiSTt) BITUMIKOUS COAL. 341 

Cost prices. — The differences between the minimum and maximum 
cost prices, as shown in the table, are much smaller than in the 
sales prices, which apparently indicates that the weakest consumer 
did not get the same treatment at the hands of the retail dealers as 
the latter got at the hands of the wholesalers. The increase in the 
cost price during these four months was in no case more than 50 
cents, while the increases in the sales prices ranged from $1 to $2. 
The maximum cost prices had increased in December over the Sep- 
tember prices as follows: Broken, 25 cents; nut, 40 cents; egg, 29 
cents; stove, 51 cents; pea ; 49 cents; and buckwheat, 22 cents. The 
corresponding increases in the maximum sales prices in the house- 
hold trade were $1.94, $1.38, $2.19, $1.94, $1.83, and $1.86. 

While the average maximum cost prices for the whole period had 
increased over the September prices for broken, 11 cents; nut, 18 
cents; egg, 10 cents; pea, 21 cents; and buckwheat, 9 cents; the 
average maximum sales prices in the industrial trade had gone 
up for the same sizes : $1.13, 59 cents, $1.27, 92 cents, 80 cents, and 70 
cents. 

To summarize, it appears that the Chicago retailers advanced their 
sales prices at a rate altogether out of proportion with their cost 
prices. Furthermore, in view of the fact that the costs of doing 
business were, on the whole ; uniform among all the Chicago deal- 
ers, labor wages, which are based on agreements with teamsters' and 
other unions, being uniform, and dealers delivering within zones 
only, the wide range in margins appears to indicate that some dealers 
advanced their sales prices arbitrarily and seized the opportunity 
to increase their profits. 

MILWAUKEE. 

Transportation. — Anthracite coal comes to Milwaukee chiefly by 
lake via Buffalo, Erie, and Oswego. A small quantity is forwarded 
by the Pere Marquette Railroad and car ferry across the lake from 
Ludington, Mich., or by the Grand Trunk Eailroad and car ferry 
across the lake from Grand Haven, Mich. In normal years hardly 
any anthracite comes to Milwaukee by an all-rail route. The three 
railroads that serve Milwaukee directly are the Chicago, Milwaukee 
& St. Paul, the Chicago & North Western, and the Minneapolis, St. 
Paul & Sault Ste. Marie. 

The lake contract rates from Buffalo to Milwaukee ranged from 
30 to 50 cents per ton during the season of navigation. The published 
rates of the Lehigh Valley Transportation Co. amounted to 30 cents 
per net ton up to April 22, 1916. From that date until October 18, 
1916, the rate was 35 cents per net ton. From October 18 until the 
close of navigation on December 5, 1916, the rate was 50 cents per 
net ton. A considerable tonnage was shipped by "wild" cargoes 
during 1916, owing to the difficulty of getting contract cargoes. The 
rate on "wild" cargoes from Buffalo to Milwaukee averaged 65 
cents per ton for the season. A leading local wholesale concern was 
obliged to pay 25 cents per net ton extra freight on a cargo of ap- 
proximately 7,000 tons of chestnut from Buffalo in November. The 
freight rate from the mines to Buffalo is $2 per gross ton on pre- 
pared sizes and $1.75 per gross ton on smaller sizes. 



342 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



The rate to Milwaukee proper from mines, via car ferry, is $4 per 
gross ton. For points beyond Milwaukee the rate is $3.75. The 
difference of 25 cents per ton is due to the fact that the Pere Marquette 
and the Grand Trunk have limited terminal facilities in Milwaukee, 
and are required to absorb switching and other charges on coal for 
local delivery. Where traffic moves through Milwaukee to other 
points, coal is accepted at the ferry docks by railroads which receive 
the outbound haul. 

The rate for all-rail coal from mines to Milwaukee by way of 
Chicago amounts to $4.17 per gross ton. 

In 1916 the total anthracite coal shipments from Milwaukee 
amounted to 373,661 tons. Of this quantity 169,022 tons were ship- 
ped by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Eailway, 169,641 tons by 
the Chicago & North Western Eailway, and 34,998 tons by the Soo 
Line. 

Sources of supply, and local distribution. — The bulk of the anthra- 
cite coal consumed in Milwaukee comes to the local docks by lake. 
The anthracite storage capacity of Milwaukee coal docks amounts to 
600,000 tons. 

The following are the receipts of anthracite by vessel at Milwaukee 
during the seasons 1915 and 1916 as reported by captains at the 
customhouse, arranged according to size of dock companies: 





1915 


1916 


Milwaukee Western Fuel Co 


Tons. 
576, 413 
146, 073 
106, 019 
97, 017 
94, 246 
37,075 
18,322 
10,580 


Tom. 
490, 591' 


Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co 


120,000 


Kanawha Fuel Co 


89, 164 


Pennsylvania Coal & Supply Co 




Gross Coal Co 


82, 949 


Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co 


37,453 


Callaway Fuel Co ! 


27,419 


North Side Coal Co 


5,640 






Total 


1, 085, 745 


853,217 







The receipts of anthracite coal by car ferry amounted to 97,256 
tons for the year 1916. All-rail shipments of anthracite received at 
Milwaukee during 1916 amounted to 4,847 tons. During the first 
two months of 1917 all-rail shipments increased largely. 

More than half of the anthracite handled in Milwaukee is Dela- 
ware, Lackawanna & Western and Lehigh Valley coal. The Mil- 
waukee-Western Fuel Co. is the sales agency for the Delaware, 
Lackawanna & Western Coal Co., and sells about as much anthracite 
coal at wholesale and retail as all the other local dealers together. 
It operates nine wharves, all with rail connections except one. One 
yard is operated exclusively for retail business. The Lehigh Valley 
Coal Sales Co. is the second largest wholesaler, and operates one 
dock and one rail yard. Approximately 90 per cent of the local 
wholesale sales of the Milwaukee coal dock companies are made to 
dealers, the remainder to industrial concerns. 

There are few anthracite jobbers in Milwaukee, because the retail- 
ers generally get their coal directly from the dock companies. The 
bulk of the jobbing business goes outside of the city. 



ANTHftAClO^E AND BlTuMlKOUS COAL. 343 

In addition to the dock companies, some of whom also do a retail 
business, there are about 100 retail coal dealers in Milwaukee, the 
largest of whom have an anthracite tonnage of from 5,000 to 9,000 
tons per year, and rail yards of their own. There are about 100 
local hucksters of coal who buy on an average one ton at a time at 
the docks at the same price as that paid by retail dealers and sell 
per bag of 79 pounds. The hucksters' price for chestnut averaged 
40 cents per bag. 

Milwaukee is a distributing center for points in Wisconsin and 
neighboring States. In 1915 the three railroads that serve Mil- 
waukee directly transported 499,319 tons of anthracite from Mil- 
waukee to interior points. 

Local shortage and its causes. — Up to the close of navigation in De- 
cember, 1916, the total receipts of anthracite coal by lake at the Mil- 
waukee docks amounted to 853,217 tons. This was a decrease of 
232,528 tons as compared with the receipts in 1915, which were 
1,085,745 tons. In former years the normal lake receipts of anthra- 
cite had been slightly in excess of 1,000,000 tons. While the stocks 
on hand at the docks in December, 1916, were sufficient to meet the 
local demand, the falling off in receipts materially affected the ship- 
ments from Milwaukee to points in the interior served by local deal- 
ers. At times, particularly in January, 1917, Milwaukee wholesalers 
had to turn down orders from points outside of the city on account 
of lack of supply. To make up for shortage in lake coal, anthracite 
was shipped to Milwaukee by rail via Chicago. Toward the close 
of January, 1917, about 100,000 tons of all-rail coal had come to 
Milwaukee. 

It is noteworthy that while in some other large cities an artificial 
demand, produced to a large extent by sensational exploitation by 
local newspapers of an alleged impending famine, resulted in a 
panic scare and temporary periods of coal shortage, this was not the 
case in Milwaukee. It appears that by means of a systematic adver- 
tising campaign local dealers kept the public informed of the condi- 
tions actually existing in the local coal market and thus succeeded 
in preventing panic fear on the part of consumers. Economical dis- 
tribution of sales by dealers also helped to conserve the available 
supply. 

Wholesale prices. — In Milwaukee the wholesale anthracite busi- 
ness is in the hands of the local dock companies, of whom the largest 
are the Milwaukee-Western Fuel Co. (selling Delaware, Lackawanna 
& Western coal), the Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co., and the Phila- 
delphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co. 

From September, 1916, till January, 1917, wholesale circular prices 
remained stationary. On January 1, 1917, the Lehigh Valley Coal 
Sales Co. advanced its circular wholesale prices 25 cents per ton on 
prepared sizes, and on January 16, 1917, the Milwaukee-Western Fuel 
Co. announced a similar advance. 

The following tabulation indicates the wholesale circular prices 
for anthracite, f. o. b. cars Milwaukee in net tons from September, 
1916, till January, 1917, inclusive: 



344 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Wholesale circular prices for anthracite, f. o. 1). cars, Milwaukee, in 
September, 1916-January, 1917. 


net tons, 


Size. 


September- 
December, 
1916. 


January, 
1917. 


Egg 


$7.10 
7.10 
7.35 
6.00 
4.25 


$7.35 


Stove 


7.35 


Nut 


7.60 


Pea 


6.00 




4-75 







Prices to dealers at docks were 25 cents per ton above the f. o. b. 
car prices. 

The following statement shows the circular yard sale price of the 
Milwaukee-Western Fuel Co. to dealers: 



Wholesale circular prices, per net ton, of anthracite to dealers at yards, at 
Milwaukee, Wis., of the Milwaukee Western Fuel Co., April 1, 1916^- — 
January 16, 1917. 

[The prices for grate coal were taken from price list of Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co., as 
the two price lists are identical.] 



Date of circular. 


Grate. 


Egg. 


Stove. 


Nut. 


Pea. 


Buck- 
wheat. 


Apr. 1, 1916 


$6.85 
6.70 
6.80 
6.90 
7.00 
7.10 
7.10 
7.10 
7.10 
7.35 


$7.10 
6.95 
7.05 
7.15 
7.25 
7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
7.60 


$7.10 
6.95 
7.05 
7.15 
7.25 
7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
7.35 
7.60 


$7.35 

7.20 
7.30 
7.40 
7.50 
7.60 
7.60 
7.60 
7.60 
7.85 


$5.80 
5.85 
5.95 
6.05 
6.15 
6.25 
6.25 
6.25 
6.25 
6.25 


$4.25 


May 1,1916 


4.50 


June 1, 1916 


4.50 


July 1, 1916 


4.50 


Aug. 1, 1916 


4.50 


Sept. 1, 1916 


4.50 


Oct. 1, 1916 


4.50 


Nov. 1, 1916 


4.50 


Dec. 1, 1916 


4.50 


Jan. 16,1917 


4.50 







From the above table it will be noted that the wholesale circular 
prices of the Milwaukee-Western Fuel Co. to dealers at yards show 
an increase of 50 cents per net ton on prepared sizes, 45 cents on pea, 
and 25 cents per net ton on buckwheat on January 16, 1917, as com- 
pared with April 1, 1916. The customary spring discount was not 
allowed in April, 1916. On May 1, 1916, prices decreased 15 cents on 
prepared sizes and advanced 5 cents per ton on pea and 25 cents on 
buckwheat. From June 1 till September 1 prices advanced 10 cents 
per ton each month on all sizes except buckwheat, remaining station- 
ary from September till January, 1917. On January 16, 1917, an 
advance of 25 cents became effective on all sizes except pea and 
buckwheat. 

Retail p?*ices. — The following table indicates the retail circular 
prices of a leading Milwaukee retailer for anthracite from Septem- 
ber 1, 1916, to January 22, 1917 : 



Size. 


Septem- 
ber. 


October. 


Dec. 12. 


Jan. 16, 
1917. 


Jan. 22, 
1917. 


Egg 


$8.50 
8.50 
8.75 
7.40 
5.75 


$8.60 
8.60 
8.85 
7.50 
5.75 


$8.60 
8.60 
8.85 
7.50 
6.25 


$9.10 
9.10 
9.35 
7.75 
6.00 


$9.10 


Stove 


9.10 


Nut 


9.35 


Pea 


7.75 


Buckwheat 


6.50 







ANTHKACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 845 

The gross margin of the retailers prior to October 1, 1916, ranged 
from $1 to $1.15 per ton. From October 1, 1916, to January 16, 1917, 
the margin allowed them bj the dock companies (i. e., the margin be- 
tween the price at which the dock companies sold to them and that at 
which the dock companies themselves sold as retail dealers) amounted 
to $1.25, and after that date it became $1.50. 

Retailers' margins. — The outstanding feature of the Milwaukee 
retail anthracite market in the last four months of 1916 was the com- 
parative smallness and evenness of the margins, as shown by the ac- 
companying tables, which are in the form of summary and detail, for 
five representative dealers. 

The tables are on the same plan as tables 59 and 60 for Chicago, 
and the meanings of cost price and gross margin are as explained on 
pages 176 and 177. 



346 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 61. — Milwaukee, Wis. — Summary for 5 representative retailers, shoioing 
the minimum and maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross 
margins, for principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost 

prices of lohite ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September December, 

1916. 

[Out of gross margin must come cost of doing business, degradation and shrinkage, and net profit. 
See pp. 150 to 158.J 

[See Table 62 for detail by companies.] 



Egg. 



Mini- 
mum. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Weight- 
aver- 
age. 



Stove. 



Mini- 
mum. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Weight 
aver- 



Chestnut. 



Mini- 
mum. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Weight- 
ed 
aver- 
age. 



SEPTEMBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 

OCTOBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 

NOVEMBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 

DECEMBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale price 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



$6.72 
8.30 

.75 
7.11 

.01 



6.72 
8.35 

.70 
7.20 

.08 



6.72 
8.38 

.70 
7.35 

.63 



6.72 
8.52 

.45 
7.35 

.53 



S7.75 

8.62 

1.78 

7.35 

.63 



7.90 
8.87 
1.88 
7.35 
.63 



7.90 
8.93 
1.88 
7.73 



8.15 
8.95 
1.88 
7.61 
.63 



$6.93 



6.92 



6.92 



6.93 



S6.72 
8.30 

.75 
7.35 

.56 



6.72 
8.36 

.70 
7.35 

.62 



6.72 
8.38 

.70 
7.35 

.63 



6.72 
8.52 

.45 
7.35 

.63 



$7. 75 


$6.88 


8.67 




1.78 




7.72 




.63 




7.90 


6.90 


8.81 




1.88 




7.74 




.63 




7.90 


6.87 


8.92 




1.88 




8.22 




1.10 




8.15 


G.85 


8.95 




1.88 




7.79 




.69 





S6.97 
8.50 

.75 
7.60 

.42 



6.97 
8.58 

.70 
7.60 

.47 



3.73 
.70 



.63 



6.97 
8.80 

.45 
7.60 

.63 



$8.00 

8.89 

1.78 

7.80 

.63 



8.15 
9.10 
1.88 
7.86 
.63 



8.15 
9.22 
1.88 
8.20 
.85 



8.40 
9.22 

1.88 

8.18 

.83 



$7.08 



7.07 



7.04 



7.05 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



347 



Table 61. — Milwaukee, Wis. — Summary for 5 representative retailers, showing 
the minimum and maximum of cost prices, of typical sale prices, and of gross 
margins, for principal classes of business, and the weighted average cost prices 

of white ash anthracite, per net ton, by sizes, September ■ December, 

1916— Continued. 



Pea. 



Mini- 
mum. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Weight- 
aver- 
age. 



Buckwheat. 



Mini- 
mum. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Weight- 

ed 

aver- 



Dust. 



Mini- 
mum. 



Maxi- 
mum. 



Weight- 
ed 
aver- 
age. 



SEPTEMBER. 



Tost price 

Typical household sale price . 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial sale price. 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



OCTOBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale price . 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial sale price. 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



NOVEMBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale price . 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial sale price. 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



DECEMBER. 

Cost price 

Typical household sale price . 

Gross margin 

Typical industrial sale price. 

Gross margin 

Typical yard sale price 

Gross margin 



$5. 67 

7.02 

.75 



$6.65 
7.55 
1.73 



6.25 
.57 



5.67 

7.35 

.70 



6.63 
.58 



6.80 
7.71 
1.83 



i. 25 
.58 



5.67 

7.47 

.70 



6.84 
.71 



6.25 

.58 



5.67 

7.50 

.45 



7.34 
1.34 



7.05 
7 82 
1.83 



6.25 

.58 



7.82 
1.40 



$5. 



5.80 



5.81 



83. 96 
5.75 

.85 
5.25 
1.29 
4.50 

.54 



3.96 
5.75 

.70 
5.25 
1.29 
4.50 

.54 



3.96 
5.75 

.70 
5.25 
1.29 
4.50 

.54 



3.96 
5.75 

.16 
5.25 
1.29 
4.50 

.54 



84. 90 
5.95 
1.79 
5.75 
1.50 
5.19 
.94 



5.05 
6.02 
1.92 
5.75 
1.50 
5.27 
1.17 



5.05 
5.99 
1.79 
5.75 
1.50 
5.46 
1.21 



5.59 
6.42 
1.92 
6.25 
1.90 
4.50 
.54 



$4.06 



4.03 



4.03 



4.03 



SO. 



$1.70 



2.00 

1.04 

1.50 

.04 



2.00 

1.04 

1.74 

.54 



2.04 



2.00 
1.04 
1.50 
».31 



.96 



2.00 

1.04 

1.73 

.54 



2.00 
1.04 
1.50 
1.97 



.96 



2.00 

1.04 

1.50 

.54 



2.00 
1.04 
1.79 

.54 



2.00 

1.04 

2.37 

.99 



$1.23 



1.23 



1.40 



1.00 



1 Loss. 



848 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



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ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 359 

Comparing the range of margins for the three classes of business — ■ 
household sales, yard sales, and industrial sales — we find the lowest 
margins were realized on yard sales. On these yard sales the margins 
shown vary from 1 cent to $1.40 per ton, showing a range of $1.39 be- 
tween the highest and lowest margin. The retailer has no delivery 
expense to meet on this business, and all sizes from egg to dust are 
sold in this way. On industrial sales, covering only buckwheat and 
dust, margins of from $1.04 to $1.90 are shown, the range between the 
maximum and the minimum being 86 cents on this class of sales. In- 
dustrial sales, for which only two of the five firms show margins, is 
the least important of the three classes. On household sales, covering 
all sizes from egg to buckwheat, margins shown vary from 45 cents 
to $1.99 per net ton, a range of $1.54 between the highest and the 
lowest margin shown. This is by far the most important of the three 
classes of sales. 

As far as sizes and classes of business are concerned, margins of 
a given firm on a given size and class of business were comparatively 
uniform. On prepared sizes the margins were slightly larger than on 
steam sizes, the largest margins being realized on egg coal. Differ- 
ences as between dealers were due to differences in cost of coal to the 
dealer, the selling price for different firms being fairly uniform for 
any given size and class of business. 

Taking the margins by months there generally was a slight in- 
crease during the period from September to November, inclusive, 
with a slight falling off in December as compared with November. 
This was due to the slightly higher price paid by dealers in De- 
cember, the retail prices remaining generally the same. The differ- 
ences between the upper and lower margins - f for the entire four 
months correspond almost exactly to the differences between the 
maximum and minimum cost prices of coal to retailers. Further, it 
appears that there was no unreasonable increase in the price of an- 
thracite sold in Milwaukee, and that fluctuations in retail prices re- 
flected merely the fluctuations in the cost prices to the leaders in the 
trade. 

A distinguishing feature with respect to the retail price of anthra- 
cite coal in Milwaukee in 1916 consists in the fact that the prices paid 
by consumers in Milwaukee were considerably lower than the retail 
prices in Chicago. A comparison of the price circulars of the Mil- 
waukee-Western Fuel Co. and of the Consumers Co., of Chicago, 
makes this clear: 



360 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 63. — Retail circular prices, per net ton, of the Milwaukee-Western Fuel 

Co. and the Consumers Co. of Chicago, September 1, 1916 February 1, 

1917. 





Sept. 1, 1916. 


Oct. 1, 1916. 


Nov. 1, 1916. 


Size. 


Milwaukee- 
Western 
Fuel Co. 


Consumers 
Co. 


Milwaukee- 
Western 
Fuel Co. 


Consumers 
Co. 


Milwaukee- 
Western 
Fuel Co. 


Consumers 
Co. 


Broken 




$8. 25 
8.50 
8.50 
8.75 
7.40 

} 6.00 




$8. 50 
9.00 
9.00 
9.50 
7.80 

} 6.50 




$9.00 


Egg 


$8.50 

8.50 

8.75 

7.40 

/ 15.25 

\ 5.75 


$8.60 

8.60 

8.85 

7.50 

/ 15.25 

\ 5.75 


$8.60 

8.60 

8.85 

7.50 

/ 15.25 

\ 5.75 


9.50 




9.50 


Nut 


9.50 


Pea 


8.50 


Buckwheat 


} 7.00 






Dec. 1, 1916. 


Jan. 16, 1917. 


Jan. 22, 1917. 


Feb. 1, 1917. 


Size. 


Milwau- 
kee- 
Western 
Fuel Co. 


Con- 

■ sumers 
Co. 


Milwau- 
kee- 
Western 
Fuel Co. 


Con- 
sumers 
Co. 


Milwau- 
kee- 
Western 
Fuel Co. 


Con- 
sumers 
Co. 


Milwau- 
kee- 
Western 
Fuel Co. 


Con- 
sumers 
Co. 






$10.00 
10.50 
10.50 
10.50 
9.50 
1 8.00 


$8.85 
9.10 
9.10 
9.35 

7.75 

6,00 




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9.10 
9.10 
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7.75 

6.50 







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$8.60 

8.60 

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7.50 

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\ 5.75 




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i For steam and manufacturing purposes. 

The fact that Milwaukee gets nearly all of its anthracite coal by 
lake, where rates are cheaper, while the bulk of Chicago's supply of 
anthracite comes there by rail, may account in part for cheaper coal in 
Milwaukee, the difference between the all-rail freight to Chicago and 
the rail-and-lake freight to Milwaukee w T as $1.17. The costs of de- 
livery have increased in both cities, pjerhaps slightly more in Chi- 
cago. It was stated by several prominent Milwaukee city officials 
and coal dealers to agents of the Commission that two searching 
investigations of the local coal trade made in recent years by the 
district attorney's office may have exercised a deterrent effect on 
local dealers, causing them not to raise prices. No premium coal 
seems to have been handled in Milwaukee. 

Margins of dock companies. — The following table presents mar- 
gins of two leading Milwaukee dock men. Both dock men handle the 
coal of railroad coal companies exclusively. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



361 



Table 64. — Milwaukee, Wis. — Gross margin per gross ton of anthracite dock 

companies. 





Dock 
man. 


Source of coal. 


Size of coal . 


Percentage 

of all 
business, 
September- 
December. 


1916 


Market. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 




No.l.. 

No. 2.. 


Railroad (con- 
signment). 
.....do 


Prepared.. 

Steam..... 
All 

Frepared.. 

Steam 

All 


Per cent. 

82 

18 
100 

84 

16 
100 


$0. 700 

.r-17 
.684 

.784 

.784 
.781 

.697 
43, 189 


$0,700 

.617 

.182 

.784 

.784 
.784 

.701 
44,305 


$0. 700 

.610 

.686 

.784 

.784 
.784 

.706 
40, 146 


JO. 700 




.617 


Do 


Weighted aver- 
age—all busi- 
ness. 

Railroad (con- 
signment). 
do 


.689 
.784 




.784 


Weighted average 


Weighted aver- 
age—all busi- 
ness. 


.784 
.711 


of all business. 
Total tonnage sold . 










35, 264 















From the above table, showing the margins of two representative 
clock companies of Milwaukee, it will be seen that the margin of 
each concern remained constant throughout the entire period from 
September to December. This is due to the Tact that both dock com- 
panies handled railroad consignment coal on long contracts providing 
for a fixed commission. The margin of company No. 2 is slightly 
higher than that of No. 1, the two dock companies getting their an- 
thracite from two different railroad coal companies. Furthermore, 
it will be noted that concern No. 2 has the same commission (78 
cents) on both prepared and steam sizes, while the commission of 
concern No. 1 on prepared sizes (70 cents) is higher than on steam 
sizes (62 cents). 

The ratio between the tonnage handled of prepared and steam 
sizes is about the same in the case of both concerns, the tonnage of 
prepared sizes handled being approximately five times that of steam 
sizes. 

The total tonnage sold by both concerns increased slightly from 
September to October, but decreased approximately 8,000 tons for the 
whole period from September to December. 

Margins of jobbers. — The following table shows the gross margins 
of the anthracite business of two representative Milwaukee jobbers: 



862 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Table 65. — Mihvaukee, Wis. — Gross margin per gross ton of anthracite jobbers. 





Jobber. 


Source of coal. 


Size of coal. 


Percentage 

of all 
business, 
September- 
December. 


1916 


Market. 


Sept. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Milwaukee 


No. 1.. 

No. 1.. 

No. 1.. 
No. 1.. 

No. 1.. 
No. 1.. 

No. 2.. 


Railroad 

do 


Prepared 

Steam (not in- 

eluding 

dust). 

Prepared 

Steam (not in- 

c 1 u d i ri g 

dust). 
Dust 


20 
3 

3 

7 

67 

100 

100 


$0. 279 

.287 


$0,281 SO. 281 


SO. 436 




.283 


.739 
.282 

.489 
.470 

.846 
2,890 






do 

Railroad and 

jobber. 
Weighted aver- 

a g e , all 

business. 
Railroad, 

weighted 

average, a 1 1 

business. 






1.290 




.212 

.228 

.003 
3,973 


.471 
.418 

.032 
4,021 


.413 




All 


.198 




do 


1.088 


Total tonnage sold. 




2,248 













1 Loss. 

The table shows that the gross margin per gross ton of the two 
Milwaukee jobbers during the last third of 1916 had little stability. 
Jobber No. 1 had margins of $0,279, $0,281, $0,281, and $0,436 on pre- 
pared sizes, the margins on steam sizes being about the same. On dust 
the margin was doubled, increasing from $0,212 in September to 
$0,471 in October and $0,489 in November, with a slight drop to 
$0,413 in December. The weighted average margin on all business of 
the first jobber was doubled in November ($0,470) as compared with 
the September margin of $0,228, dropping to $0,198 in December. 
The margin on steam coal, amounting to $0,290 ill December, in- 
volved an actual loss. 

It was different with the other jobber, whose ver}^ small margin of 
$0,003 in September rose to $0,032 in October, $0.*846 in November, 
and to $1,088 in December. 



MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL. 

Transportation. — Almost 100 per cent of the anthracite sold in Min- 
neapolis and St. Paul and in adjacent territory comes from Buffalo 
and Erie by lake via the docks at Duluth and Superior. All-rail 
anthracite coal shipped to the Twin Cities is an almost negligible 
factor in the local coal market in normal years. 

The rate by lake from Buffalo to the docks at Duluth and Su- 
perior in 1916 ranged from 33 cents to $1.40 per gross ton. The 
freight rate from the docks to Minneapolis and St. Paul amounts to 
$1.34 per gross ton. Adding the freight rate of $2 per gross ton from 
mines to Buffalo and 25 cents per gross ton for loading at Buffalo, 
the total rate from mines via Buffalo and Duluth or Superior to the 
Twin Cities amounts to from $3.92 to $4.99 per gross ton. The all- 
rail rate via Chicago from mines to the Twin Cities is $5.99. 

Sources of supply, and local distribution. — The coal dock companies 
with docks at Duluth and Superior are the controlling factors in the 
Minneapolis and St. Paul coal market. The wholesale trade is ex- 



ANTHRACITE ANP BITUMINOUS COAL. 863 

clusively in their hands, and about half of them also operate retail 
yards. The leading dock companies, arranged alphabetically, are : 

Berwind Fuel Co. Northern Coal & Dock Co. 

Carnegie Dock & Fuel Co. Northwestern Fuel Co. 

Clarkson Coal & Dock Co. Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron 

Great Lakes Coal & Dock Co. Co. 

M. A. Hanna Coal Co. Pittsburgh & Ashland Coal & Dock Co. 

Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co. Pittsburgh Coal Co. 

Anthracite coal is shipped by the producing companies on consign- 
ment to the dock companies at Duluth and Superior. The coal is un- 
loaded, screened, stored, and prepared for the market at the docks. 
From the docks it is shipped to points in Minnesota, Iowa, the 
Dakotas, and the northwestern part of Wisconsin. A few scattered 
cars go to Nebraska and Montana. 

Apparently there is little jobbing in anthracite coal in Minneapolis 
and St. Paul, due to the proximity of docks with large storage 
capacity. 

In addition to the retail yards of the dock companies, there are 
about 30 local " track " dealers or retailers having coal yards in 
Minneapolis and a smaller number in St. Paul. Approximately 140 
retailers in Minneapolis have no storage capacity. 

Local shortage and its causes. — The total receipts of anthracite coal 
at the Duluth- Superior docks during the navigation season of 1916 
indicate a considerable shortage as compared with the receipts in 
former years. In 1916 the receipts of anthracite at the docks amounted 
to 1,536,976 tons, as compared with 1,735,506 tons in 1915, or a de- 
crease of 198,530 tons. At the opening of navigation in 1916 the 
supply on hand at the docks amounted to 423,645 tons of anthracite, 
making the total tonnage of anthracite available for sale at the 
docks from April 1, 1916, to January 1, 1917, 1,960,621 tons. On 
January 1, 1917, there were on hand at the docks 396,232 tons of 
anthracite, leaving 1,564,389 tons disposed of from April 1, 1916, to 
January 1, 1917. Of this tonnage approximately 930,000 tons were 
sold wholesale from cars at the docks, 425,000 tons were shipped by 
the dock companies to their retail yards in Minneapolis and St. Paul, 
and the remainder was disposed of otherwise. 

It was estimated in the trade that the stocks of anthracite on hand 
at the docks in January were 253,698 tons short of the prospective 
demand during the period from January 1, 1917, until the opening of 
navigation. 

Dock companies'* margins. — The dock companies with docks at Du- 
luth and Superior handle anthracite coal on consignment. Their nor- 
mal gross margin is approximately 70 cents per net ton since they are 
granted a discount of that amount off the railroad circular price 
f. o. b. cars at the docks at Superior or Duluth and customarily sell 
at circular. At least one of the dock companies sold anthracite at 
wholesale below its published circular prices, allowing a discount of 
10 cents per ton to two dealers. 

The following table indicates the gross margin per gross ton of 
two dock companies (one in Minneapolis and the other in St. Paul). 



364 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 66. — Minneapolis and St. Paul — Gross margin per gross ton of anthracite 

dock companies. 



Market. 



Minneapolis. . . 



St. Paul. 



Dock 
com- 
pany. 



No. 1. 



No. 1.. 



Source of coal. 



Steam. 
All. . . . 



Railroad (consign- 
ment). 

do 

i Weighted average, 
all business. 

Railroad (consign- 
ment). 

do 

Weighted average, 
all business. 

Total weighted average of all business (Twin Cities) 
Total tonnage sokl 



Size of 
coal. 



Prepared.. 



Prepared.. 



Steam. 
All.... 



Percentage 

of all 
business, 
Sept.-Dec. 



Per cent. 
65 



35 
100 



1916. 



Sept. 



SO. 784 



Oct. 



$0. 784 



784 
784 



.784 
11,765 



Nov. 



$0,784 



.784 
.784 



r.S4 



.784 

.784 



.784 
15,830 



Dec. 



SO. 784 



.784 
.784 



784 



784 



.784 
16,568 



i Car-lot sales, Minneapolis and vicinity. 

An inspection of the preceding table shows absolutely the same 
margin for both the Minneapolis dock company and the St. Paul 
dock company. For the entire period from September to December 
the above data show no variation either on prepared or on steam 
sizes. This evenness and stability is accounted for by the fact that 
both concerns handle railroad consignment coal, and that both get 
the same commission on long contracts with eastern anthracite pro- 
ducing companies. 

The total tonnages sold by both concerns increased each month, the 
tonnage in December being double that of September. 

Wholesale prices to dealers. — The wholesale circular prices of an- 
thracite to dealers at yards in Minneapolis and St. Paul differed 
slightly in certain months during 1916 between the various whole- 
sale dealers. Table 67 indicates the wholesale prices to dealers by 
two of the leading wholesalers in the Twin Cities. 

Table 67. — Wholesale prices of anthracite, to dealers at yards, at Minneapolis 
and St. Paul, Minn., April December, 1916. 

[Per net ton.] 





Grate. 


Egg. 


Stove. 


Chestnut. 


Pea. 


Buck- 
wheat. 




» a 




2 3 


6B 


2 3 


6 -5 


2 c ' 


6 5 


2 « 


6G 


2 a 


o r c 




P G 


OJ 


r G 


o.S 


^a 


b.b' 


m-2 


o..S 


3 a 


o.S 


r" G . 


o = 


Date. 


'a 

a - 






3S 
o 




■as 

o 


a - 


3S 
o 


3 .- 


o 




I s 




©3 


o w - 


© 3 


O w * 


© 3 


O cc 


©3 


O oT 


ss- 


O M 


O w 












o0-t 


















£0h 


H £u 


©hh 


si 2 


»H 


£Ph 


tlig 


&Qh 




©Ph 


bJ5 O 




£^ 


a e8 




3 c3 


&^ 


a- 5 


£+i 


3 c3 




3 c3 


£^5 


3 03 




Am 


ja © 


A m 


v) a 


£m 


na © 


6«2' 


•as 


;gQQ 


M o 


^ffi 


•° 2 














IS fl 




:£ a 








£ ° 




£ 6 


P^IS 


O O 


Si 


►2 6 


£9 


5 © 


£S 


o 6 
So 


Si 


So 


si 


Apr. 1 

May 1 


$8.10 


$8.10 


$8. 35 


$8.35 


$8.35 


$8.35 


$8.60 


$8.60 


$7.05 


$7.05 


$5.50 


$5.50 


8.10 




8.35 


8.20 


8.35 


8.20 


8.60 


8.45 


7.05 


7.10 


5.50 


5.50 


June 1 .. 


8.55 




8.80 


8.80 


8.80 


8.80 


9.05 


9.05 


7.70 


7.70 


6.25 


6.25 


Julyl 


8.65 




8.90 


8.90 


8.90 


8.90 


9.15 


9.15 


7.80 


7.80 


6.25 


6.25 


Aug.l 


8.65 




8.90 


8.75 


8.90 


8.75 


9.15 


9.00 


7.80 


7.65 


6.25 


6.00 


Sept.l 


8.60 




8.85 


8.85 


8.85 


8.85 


9.10 


9.10 


7.75 


7.75 


6.00 


6.00 


Oet.l 


8.60 


8.60 


8.85 


8.85 


8.85 


8.85 


9.10 


9.10 


7.75 


7.75 


6.00 


6.00 


Nov.13 1 


8.60 




8.85 


8.85 


8.85 


8.85 


9.10 


9.10 


7.75 


7.75 


6.50 


6.50 


Dec. 122 


8.85 




9.10 


9.10 


9.10 


9.10 


9.35 


9.35 


8.00 


8.00 


6.75 


6.75 



1 The wholesale prices of the Northwestern Fuel Co. on Nov. 1, 1916, were advanced 50 cents on pea coal. 
The wholesale prices of the Pittsburgh Coal Co. on Nov. 13, 1916, were advanced 50 cents on pea coal. 

* The wholesale prices of the Northwestern Fuel Co. were advanced on all sizes on Dec. 12, 1916. The 
wholesale prices of the Pittsburgh Coal Cc. were advanced on all sizes on Dec. 9, 1916. 



ANTHEACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



365 



From the above tables it will be seen that the wholesale prices of 
the two companies were the same on all grades of anthracite on April 
1. 1916, having remained stationary since September, 1915. After 
some variations in May, 1916, the prices of the two companies were 
about the same again during the rest of the year except for some 
variations in August and December. 

Apparently no premium coal was handled at Minneapolis and St. 
Paul. 

Retail prices. — The circular prices of retailers to consumers in 
Minneapolis and St. Paul followed closely the changes that took 
place in the wholesale circular prices. The total advances in the 
circular prices of retailers to consumers from April to December, 
1916, amounted to $1 per ton on prepared sizes, $1.20 on pea coal, and 
$1.50 on buckwheat. Table 68 indicates the retail circular prices to 
consumers of two leading retailers. 

Table 68. — Retail delivered prices of anthracite at Minneapolis and St. Paul, 
Minn., April December, 1916. 

[Per net ton.] 





Grate. 


Egg. 


Stove. 


Chestnut. 


Pea. 


Buckwheat. 




d 


6 . 


d 


d . 


d 


d . 


d 


d . 


d 


d . 


d 


d . 




O 


Ofl 


O 


Op 


O 


O p 


O 


a 


O 


a 





o-d 




© g 


a 


© a 


a 


© P 


p 


© a 


p 


© P 


a 


© P 


p 




a a 


^S 


p a 


"cS^ 


3 a 


"eSS 


P =5 


'oSS 


P P 


"oSS 


p P 




Date. 


Z 


o 


* g 


. 


5* 


O I 


^ 


1, 

O 03 


*» 


_ 

O 03 


** 


o 1 ^ 
O 03 




























£ P 

03-? 3 

©Ph 


&& 

%$ 


© 3 
to - a 

©Ph 




£ 3 

©Ph 


-P Ph 


£ P 

CO * 

©Ph 




® P 

to <3 
©Ph 




© 3 

©Ph 


M>03 




£ • 


5 a 


£ • 


5 a 


£ • 


5 P 


£ • 


P P 


£ • 


3 P 


£ • 


3 § 




■goo 


«3.P 


■S^Q 


-fell 


65} 


rg a 


fl£j 


-O P 


6S 


MS 


£gg 


%i 




o 


£S 


Li 
O 


£2 





£S 


(H 
O 


£2 


O 


SS 


1- 
O 


ss 




£ 


Ph 


fc 


Ph 


£ 


Ph 


fc 


Ph . 


fc 


Ph 


S5 


Ph 


April 1 


$9. 10 


$9.10 


$9.35 
9.35 
9.80 


$9. 35 
9.20 
9.80 


$9.35 
9.35 
9.80 


$9.35 
9.20 
9.80 


$9. 60 
9.60 
10.05 


$9.60 
9.45 
10.05 


$8.05 
8.05 
8.70 


$8.05 
8.10 
8.70 


$6.50 
6.50 
7.25 


$6.50 




9.10 
9.55 


6.50 


June 1 


7.25 


July 1 


9.65 
9.65 
9.85 
9.85 
9.85 
10.10 


"9." 85" 


9.90 
9.90 
10.10 
10.10 
10.10 
10.35 


9.90 
10.00 
10.10 
10.10 
10.10 
10.35 


9.90 
9.90 
10.10 
10.10 
10.10 
10.35 


9.90 
10.00 
10.10 
10.10 
10.10 
10.35 


10.15 
10.15 
10.35 
10.35 
10.35 
10.60 


10.15 
10.25 
10.35 
10.35 
10.35 
10.60 


8.80 
8.80 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.25 


8.80 
8.90 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
9.25 


7.25 
7.25 
7.25 
7.25 

7.75 
8.00 


7.25 




7.25 


Sept. 1 


7.25 


Oct. 1 


7.25 


Nov. 13 i.. 


7.75 


Dec. 122.......... 


8.00 







1 The prices of the Northwestern Fuel Co. changed on Nov. 13, 1916, while those of the Pittsburgh Coal 
Co. became effective Nov. 1, 1916. 

2 The prices of the Northwestern Fuel Co. changed on Dec. 12, 1916, while those of the Pittsburgh Coal 
Co. became effective Dec. 9, 1916. 

From the above table it will be seen that the circular prices of the 
two retail dealers were the same at the beginning and at the close of 
the year, varying slightly in May and August. 

Retailers' margins. — The most important point to be noted in 
respect to the retailers' margins in the Twin Cities is their stability. 
The proximity of the Superior and Duluth docks with a constant 
and fixed supply of anthracite seems to account for this situation. 
The accompanying table shows the margins of three representative 
retailers. 

The cost prices shown are actual average cost prices of all coal in 
stock or received during each month. The sale prices, as stated be' 
low are " typical " sales, not actual average prices received. 



366 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 69. — Minneapolis and St. Paul — Retailers' cost prices, typical sale prices, 
and gross margins, per net ton of white asli anthracite, by sizes, and by prin- 
cipal classes of business, for three representative dealers, September-Decem- 
ber, 1916. 

[Out of gross margin must come cost of doing business, degradation and shrinkage, and 
net profit. See pp. 150 to 158.] 

JWherever in this table 3 prices are shown, they represent prices around the 5th, loth, and 25th of the 
rAnth.] 

BROKEN. 





September. 


October. 






Household. 


Industrial. 


Yard. 




Household. 


Industrial. 


Yard. 


Company. 




S3 




a 




a 




c 




a 




c 








'Sb 




M 




M 






SjO 












© 


© 


C3 
S 


© 


c3 

s 


©' 


C3 




© 


© 

o 


C3 

s 


© 


03 

B 


© 


u 




ft 


ft 




a 




ft 






ft 


o 


a 




c 


o 




ts 


© 


GO 
O 


© 


GO 
O 


03 


GO 

o 


GO 


© 


© 


on 
O 


© 


































O 


02 


O 


02 


O 


w 


€5 


o 


02 


o 


02 


o 


Oj 


O 




$7.64 


($10.03 
\ 10.03 
| 10.03 


$2.39 
2.39 
2.39 






S8.60 
8.60 
8.60 


$0. 06] 
.96} 
.96] 


$7. 59-j 


$9.66 


$2.07 










No. 1 






9.66 i 2.07 
9. 66 2. 07 











































No. 1 $7.56 



November. 



$9.82 $2.26 
9.82 2.26 
9.82 2.26 



$8.60 
8.60 
8.60 



December. 



H 



$1.04) 
l.(m$7.63<| 
1.04] 



$10. 10 !$2. 47 






$8.81 
8.81 
8.81 


10. 10 1 2. 47 






10.10 ! 2.47 













$1.18 
1.18 
1.18 



EGG. 





. September. 


October. 


No. 1 


$7.77 
7.72 
7.69 


($10. 15 
I 10.15 
1 10.15 
( 10.02 
\ 10.10 
| 10.10 
10.06 
I 10.06 
1 10.06 


$2.38 
2.38 
2.38 
2.30 
2.38 
2.38 
2.37 
2.37 
2.37 


$9.68 
9.68 
9.68 


$1.91 
1.91 
1.91 


$8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.77 
8.82 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 


$1. 081 
1.08} 
1.08J 
1.051 

l.iof 

1.13J 
1.161 
1.16^ 
1.16 


$7. 86 J 
7.8o| 
7.85J 


$10. 26 
10.26 
10.26 
10.10 
10.10 
10.10 
10.10 
10.10 
10.10 


$2.40 
2.40 
2.40 
2.30 
2.30 
2.30 
2.25 
2.25 
2.25 





:::::: 


$8.85 

s. as 

8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 


$0.99 
.9-) 
.99 
1.05 


No. 2... . 










1.05 












1.05 


No. 3 


10.06 
10.06 
10.06 


2.37 
2.37 
2.37 


$10. 10 
10.10 
10.10 


$2.25 
2.25 
2.25 


1.00 
1.00 
1.00 





November. 


December. 




$7.90 
7.84 
7.90 


($10.17 $2.27 
\ 10.17 1 2.27 
1 10.17 ! 2.27 
f in. in 2.26 







$8.86 
8.86 
8.86 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 


$0. 96) 


1 
f $10.34 


$2.36 
2.36 
2.36 
2.10 
2.35 
2.35 
2.63 
2.63 
2.63 






$9.03 
9.03 
9.03 
8.90 
9.10 
9.10 


$1.05 


No. 1.. . 


.9GU7.98<^ 
.96j 


10.34 
10.34 
10.10 
10.35 
10.35 
10.57 
10.57 
10.57 






1.05 












1.05 








1. Oil 

LOU 
1.01] 
-95) 
.95 
.95j 


8.00J 
7.94J 






.90 


No. 2.. .. 


ooooo 
ooooo 


2.26 
2.26 
2.20 
2.20 
2.20 










1.10 












1.10 


No.3 


$10. 10 
10.10 
10.10 


$2.20 
2.20 
2.20 


$10.57 
10.57 
10.57 


$2.63 
2.63 
2.63 












ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



367 



Table 69. — Minneapolis and St. Paul — Retailers' cost prices, typical sale prices, 
and gross margins, per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and by prin- 
cipal classes of business, for three representative dealers, September-Decem- 
ber, 1916 — Continued. 

STOVE. 





September. 


October. 






Household. 


Industrial. 


Yard. 




Household. 


Industrial. 


Yard. 


Company. 




i 

to 




g 
'5b 




g 
'5b 




a 

'w> 




1 




i 




© 

o 


© 
II 


C3 

a 


© 

.2 


03 


© 


1 


© 

o 


a 


8 


© 

•a 


03 

a 




03 

a 




ft 


o. 


3 

o 


ft 


VI 


ft 


og 


ft 


a 


to 


ft 


73 


ft 






■** 


« 


© 


O 


© 


s 




© 


g 


o> 


O 


© 


V) 

O 




o 






























O 


m 


O 


« 


O 


02 


© 





oa 


o 


GO 


O 


CQ 


o 




$7.78 
7.80 


($10. 20 
\ 10.20 
| 10.20 
( 10.02 
\ 10.10 
| 10.10 
( 9.83 


$2.42 
2.42 
2.42 
2.22 
2.30 
2.30 
1.77 






$8.84 
8.84 
8.84 
8.77 
8.82 
8.85 
8.85 


$1. 06) 
1. 06}- 
1.06] 

.971 
1.02} 
1.05] 

.79) 


S7.96J 

7. 89-j 

f 


$10. 24 
10.24 
10.24 
10.10 
10.10 
10.10 
9.88 


$2.28 
2.28 
2.28 
2.21 
2.21 
2.21 
1.82 






$8.84 
8.84 
8.84 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 


$0.88 


No. 1... . 












SR 












S8 












Q6 


No. 2 










96 




*$9."83" 


$1*77" 






96 




$9.88 


$i.82 


79 


No. 3 


8.06 


\ 9.83 


1.77 


9.83 


1.77 


8.85 


.79^ 


8.0W 


9.88 


1.82 


9.88 


1.82 


8.85 




79 






( 9.83 


1.77 


9.83 


1.77 


8.85 


.79j 


1 


9.88 


1.82 


9.88 


1.82 


8.85 




79 





November. 


December. 




$8.01 
7.96 

7.99 

1 


($10. 21 
\ 10.21 
| 10.21 
10.10 
\ 10.10 
| 10.10 
( 10.00 
\ 10.00 
| 10.00 


$2.20 
2.20 
2.20 
2.14 
2.14 
2.14 
2.01 
2.01 
2.01 






$8.85 $0 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 
8.85 


841 
84 
84.1 
891 
89^ 
89J 
86) 
86 }■ 
8(jJ 


$8. loj 
8.07J 
7. 99-j 


$10. 39 
10.39 
10.39 
10.10 
10.35 
10.35 
10.45 
10.45 
10.45 


$2.29 
2.29 
2.29 
2.03 
2.28 
2.28 
2.46 
2.46 
2.46 






$9.02 
9.02 
9.02 
8.90 
9.10 
9.10 


$0.92 


No. 1 . 










.92 












.92 












.83 


No. 2... . 










1.03 












1.03 




$10.00 
10.00 
10.00 


$2.01 
2.01 
2.01 


$10. 45 
10.45 
10.45 


$2.46 
2.46 
2.46 




No. 3 



















CHESTNUT. 





September. 


October. 




$8.01 
8.06 
8.23 


($10. 39 
\ 10.39 
( 10.39 
| 10.00 
\ 10.35 
I 10.35 
f 10.21 
\ 10.21 
[ 10.21 


$2.38 
2.38 
2.38 
1.94 
2.29 
2.29 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 






$9.09 
9.09 
9.09 
9.00 
9.08 
9.10 
9.10 
9.10 
9.10 


$1,081 


i S10. 43 


$2.29 
2.29 
2.29 
2.24 
2.24 
2.24 
1.91 
1.91 
1.91 






$9.08 
9.08 
9.08 
9.10 
9.10 
9.10 
9.10 
9.10 
9.10 


$0.94 


No. 1... . 






1. 08> $8. 14i 


10.43 
10.43 
10.35 
10.35 
10.35 
10.16 
10.16 
10.16 


.94 








1.08J 
-94J 

1.02^ 
1.04] 
.871 
.87[ 
.87 


8. Ill 
8.25J 






.94 












.99 


No. 2 










.99 












.99 


No. 3 


$10. 21 
10.21 
10.21 


81. 98 
1.98 
1.98 


$10. 16 
10.16 
10.16 


$1.91 
1.91 
1.91 


.85 
.85 
.85 




November. 


December. 




$8.25 
8.18 
8.27 


($10. 41 
\ 10.41 
1 10.41 
( 10.35 
{ 10.35 
| 10.35 
( 10.24 
\ 10.24 
10.24 


$2.16 
2.16 
2.16 
2.17 
2.17 
2.17 
1.97 
1.97 
1.97 






$9.10 
9.10 
9.10 
9.10 
9.10 
9.10 
9.10 
9.10 
9.10 


$0. 851 

.85^ 
.85] 
.92) 
.92^ 
.92] 
.83| 
.83^ 
.83] 


$8.35] 
8.23J 
8.25J 


$10. 63 
10.63 
10.63 
10.35 
10.46 
10.60 
10.46 
10.46 
10.46 


$2.28 
2.28 
2.28 
2.12 
2.23 
2.37 
2.21 
2.21 
2.21 






$9.28 
9.28 
9.28 
9.10 
9.35 
9.35 


$0.93 


No. 1 










.93 












.93 












.87 


No. 2... 










1.12 












1.12 




$10. 24 
10.24 
10.24 


$1.97 
1.97 
1.97 


$10. 46 
10.46 
10.46 


$2.21 
2.21 
2.21 




NTo.3 



















368 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Table 



-Minneapolis and St. Paul- 



-Rctailers , coal prices, typical sale 



prices and gross margins, per net ton of white ash anthracite, by sizes, and 
by principal classes of business, for three representative dealers, Septem- 
ber December, 1916 — Continued. 

PEA. 





September. 


October. 






Household. 


Industrial. 


Yard. 




Household. 


Industrial. 


Yard. 


Company. 




ri 




ri 




d 




ri 




ri 




ri 








'So 




SuO 




w> 






5a 








"Eb 




<B 

o 

*5 




C3 

£ 


J 


£ 


© 


C9 

£ 


© 


©' 


03 

£ 


© 


£ 


S 


£ 




a 


a 




PS 




Oh 


8 

o 


A 


& 




a 


8 




a 






m 


9 


CO 

O 


0B 


CO 

o 


CO 


« 


« 


m 
O 


© 


CD 







6 


0Q 


o 


C3 
02 


a 


C3 

go 


O 


o 


3 

02 


O 


C3 
02 


O 


C3 
02 


a 




$6.97 
6.92 


f $9. 10 
\ 9.10 
| 9.10 
f 8.90 
\ 9.00 
1 9.00 
f 8.63 


$2.13 
2.13 
2.13 

1.98 
2.08 
2.08 
1.57 






$7.76 
7.76 
7.76 
7.65 
7.70 
7.72 
7.75 


$0. 791 
.791 
.79] 
.731 
.78 
.80j 
.691 


$7.06J 

6.93| 

f 


$9.11 
9.11 
9.11 
9.00 
9.00 
9.00 
8.75 


$2.05 
2.05 
2.05 
2.07 
2.07 
2.07 
1.59 






$7.79 
7.79 
7.79 
7.75 
7.75 
7.75 
7.75 


$0.73 


No. 1 










.73 












.73 












.82 


No. 2 










.82 












.82 




$8.63 


$1.57 


$8.75 


$1.59 


.59 


No. 3 


7.06 


\ 8.63 


1.57 


8.63 


1.57 


7.75 


.69f 


7.16«^ 


8.75 


1.59 


8.75 


1.59 


7.75 


.59 






8.63 


1.57 


8.63 


1.57 


7.75 


.69] 


) 


8.75 


1.59 


8.75 


1.59 


7.75 


.59 





November. 


December. 




$7.03 
6.94 
7.07 


f $9. 12 
\ 9.12 
I 9.12 
f 9.00 
\ 9.00 
I 9.00 
f 8.72 
{ 8.72 
I 8.72 


$2.09 
2.09 
2.09 
2.0G 
2.06 
2.06 
1.65 
1.65 
1.65 






$7.80 
7.80 
7.80 
7.75 
7.75 
7.75 
7.75 
7.75 
7.75 


$0.77 
.77 
.77 
.81 
.81 
.81 
.68 
.68 
.68 


$7. 07| 
6. 94 < 
7.00 | 


$9.26 
9.26 
9.26 
9.07 
9.25 
9.25 
9.26 
9.26 
9.26 


$2.19 
2.19 
2.19 
2.13 
2.31 
2.31 
2.26 
2.26 
2.26 






$7. 93 
7. 93 
7.93 
7.80 
8.00 
8.00 


$0.86 


No. 1.... 










.86 












.86 












.86 


No. 2 










1.06 








1.06 




$8. 72 

8.72 
8.72 


$1.65 
1.65 
1.65 


$9. 26 
9.26 
9.26 


$2.26 
2.26 
2.26 




No. 3 























BUCKWHEAT. 





September. 


October. 




$5.36 
5.17 
5.24 


f 




$7.40 
7.40 
7.40 
7.25 
7.25 
7.25 
7.22 
7.22 
7.22 


$2.04 
2.04 
2.04 
2.08 
2.08 
2.08 
1.98 
1.98 
1.98 


$6.03 
6.03 
6.03 


$0.67 
.67 
.67 


1$5. 36 
1 5.19 
1 5.22 


f 




$7.28 !$l-92 


1 
$6.00 $0.64 


No. 1—1 


J 




i 




7.28 
7.28 
7.25 
7.25 


1.92 
1.92 
2.06 
2.06 


6.00 
6.00 


.64 




| 




| 




.64 




( 




f 






No. 2.... 


J 








J 










| 








| 




7.25 ! 2.06 
7.22 i 2.00 
7. 22 1 2. 00 
7.22 2.00 








f 




6.00 
6.00 
6.00 


.76 
.76 
.76 


f 




6.00 
6.00 
6.00 


.78 


No. 3 


J 




J 




.78 




| 




| 




.78 
















November. 


December. 




$5. 36 
5.20 
5.28 


f 




$7.76 
7.76 
7.76 
7.38 
7.56 
7.75 
7.63 
7.63 
7.63 


$2.40 
2.40 
2.40 
2.18 
2.36 
2.55 
2.35 
2.35 
2.35 


$6.90 
6.90 
6.90 


$1.54 
1.54 
1.54 


>$5. 36 
i 5.20 
j- 5.33 


f 




$8.07 $2.71 
8. 07 | 2. 71 
8.07 2.71 
7.75 2.55 
7. 83 2. 63 
8.00 i 2.80 
7. 75 2. 42. 


$6. 73 
6.73 
6.73 


$1.37 


No. 1... 






i 




1.37 




| 




| 




1.37 




f 




f 






No. 2 .... 










J 










| 








1 










f 




6.50 
6.50 
6.50 


1.22 
1.22 
1.22 


f 








No. 3.... 


i 




i 




7.75 
7.75 


2.42 
2.42 








| 




| 























ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



369 



Table 69. — Minneapolis and St. Paul- 



-Beta&et8? coal prices, typical sale 



prices and gross margins, per net ton of ivhite ash anthracite, by, sizes, and 
by principal classes of business, for three representative dealers, Septem- 
ber Decern bcr, 1916 — Continued. 

SCREENINGS. 





September. 


October. 






House 


hold. 


Industrial. 


Yard. 




Household. 


Industrial. 


Yard. 


Company. 




a 




d 




d 




d 




d 




d 








& 




So 




Sf 






W) 




Eh 








® 

"iZ 




03 


<& 

o 


03 

a 


03 


03 


® 




03 


* 


03 

a 


CD 


03 

s 




ft 


a. 




ft 


CO 


ft 


co 


ft 


ft 


co 


ft 




ft 


co 




co 


<D 


CO 

O 


ffl 


O 


CD 


O 


co 


CD 


O 


© . 


CO 




CD 


CO 




































O 


m 


O 


CO 


o 


m 


O 


o 


cc 


O 


t -CQ 


. 


co 







$4.37 
4.37 


'(.. ... 




$2.45 

2.45 

2.45 

2 2.30 

2 2.30 

2 2.30 

2.50 


i $1. 92 
i 1.92 
i 1.92 
* 2. 07 
12.07 
12.07 
1.06 






1$3.00 

i 3.00 
1 


f .. 




$2.36 
2.36 
2.36 

2 2.29 

2 2.29 

2 2.29 

2.50 


i$0.64 
1.64 
1.64 
1.71 
1.71 
i.71 
1.05 






No. 1.. 




















| 








1 










f 








f 








No. 2. .. 




















| 




1 










f 








(...... 








No. 3 


1.44 


J 




2.50 
2.50 


1.06 
1.06 






\ 1.45 


1 




2.50 
2. 50 


1.05 
1.05 








| 








, 

































November. 










December 










$3.35 
3.35 
1.46 


f 




$2.36 

2.36 

2.36 

2 2. 32 

2 2.32 

2 2.32 

2.61 

2.61 

2.61 


i $0. 99 

1.99 

1.99 

11.03 

11.03 

U.03 

1.15 

1.15 

1.15 






111. 65 
i 1.65 


(..... . 




$2.52 

2.52 

2.52 

2 2. 35 

2 2.35 

2 2. 35 

3.08 

3.08 

3.08 


$0.87 
.87 
.87 
.70 
.70 
.70 
1.62 
1.62 
1.62 






No. 1... 
















| 








I 










f 








f 








No. 2... 










J 










| 








1 ' 










f 








f 








No. 3 










• 










| 



































1 Loss. 



Contract. 



In the contract sales, which were very small, there appears to have 
been an actual loss. The margin in yard sales is the smallest in size, 
though it shows important variations between its minimum and max- 
imum limits. The margin on industrial trade is larger, but less 
variable, there being almost no difference between the minimum and 
maximum. The household trade margin shows the most variations 
and is the largest, yet it is much more uniform than the correspond- 
ing margins in Chicago. 

The period covered by the above retail table opens and closes with 
the highest margins, the December margins being slightly above those 
of September in buckwheat, pea and grate, while in egg, stove and 
nut the December margins were slightly lower. In October and 
November there was a slight drop from the September levels. 

Minimum and maximum margins. — There is no difference what- 
ever between the minimum and maximum margins on grate coal 
which is used but little. In pea and buckwheat the range is largest, 
with stove, egg, and nut showing almost uniform price differences. 
These differences seem to have diminished from September to De- 
cember, owing to a continuous increase in the minimum margins 
throughout the period, while the maximum margins dropped in Oc- 
tober and November. It is significant that the minimum margins 
105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1 24 



370 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

steadily increased from September to December, while the maximum 
margins either remained stationary or decreased slightly during the 
same period. It demonstrates the paramount influence of the dock 
companies. In September, when no shortage of coal was in sight 
and when navigation was in full swing, the dock companies who con- 
trol all the coal stocks set a high price. When the October and No- 
vember demand, owing to mild weather, did not bring the expected 
rush of orders, the prices were dropped slightly. In December, when 
a shortage at the docks became apparent, with the navigation season 
closed, the dock companies advanced the price 25 cents on the aver- 
age. This was the third advance in the price of anthracite in the 
Twin Cities during 1916, a 25 cent advance having taken place on 
May 1, and a 50 cent advance toward the close of May or at the be- 
ginning of June. 

Cost prices. — Cost prices increased 5 cents on nut from September 
to December, 56 cents on egg and 10 cents on buckwheat, but re- 
mained stationary or even dropped on the other sizes. The ranges 
between the minimum and the maximum cost prices do not show any 
great variations in December as compared with September. 

Sale prices. — Sale prices are " typical " prices, a number of such 
prices on actual sales around the 5th, 15th, and 25th of each month 
having been selected and averaged (see p. 176). Sale prices show 
comparatively steady levels. In household trade the increase amounts 
to from 10 cents to 42 cents, the smallest increase being in grate and 
the largest in egg. In industrial trade the increase ranges from 25 
cents to 67 cents, the largest being on buckwheat. In yard sales the 
increase from September to December varies from 24 cents on pea to 
70 cents on buckwheat. 



EXHIBITS. 



Exhibit I. 

OPEN LETTER TO PRINCIPAL ANTHRACITE OPERATORS, MARCH 12, 
1917, ON THE APRIL DISCOUNTS. 

The Federal Trade Commission has sent the following letter to about 25 of 
the largest anthracite-coal producing companies. The letter points out that 
any indirect increase in spring prices of hard coal by omitting the customary 
reductions in price at that season of the year could not be justified on the basis 
of the figures of cost of production compiled by the Commission : 

" It is rumored in the anthracite trade that the producing companies are 
intending either to withdraw or reduce the spring discounts this year, thus 
increasing the prices charged for anthracite coal. None of the large railroad 
coal companies has as yet announced its policy. The selling agent of one of 
the more prominent of the independent operators, however, has made the fol- 
lowing announcement to the trade: 

" ' Owing to a number of circumstances which have increased the cost of 
mining coal, we do not intend to make the usual spring reduction on anthracite.' 

" In its inquiry into the cost of mining anthracite, the report on which will 
be issued in the near future, the Federal Trade Commission has obtained de- 
tailed information on the cost of companies which mined in 1916 about 75 per 
cent of the total production of anthracite. This information, obtained directly 
from the records of the companies referred to, indicates no increase in average 
cost in the last four months of 1916, and further indicates an actual decrease 
of cost in the case of some of the companies whose costs of production are high. 
Judging from the tonnage produced in January, 1917, there is no reason to be- 
lieve that costs thus far in 1917 would materially change the average shown by 
the figures compiled for September to December, 1916. Therefore, it is the 
opinion of the Commission that further increase in circular prices this spring 
by failure to grant the customary discounts could not be justified on the basis of 
increased cost. The Commission makes this statement in advance of its forth- 
coming report, because it is a matter of vital interest to the public that no 
unjustifiable increase of price should be made. 

" This statement does not refer to the increases in circular prices of all an- 
thracite in May, 1916, nor to the panic prices which have prevailed on part of 
the tonnage this fall and winter, concerning which the Commission will make a 
report in the near future. The cost data already compiled by the Commission, 
however, are conclusive against further price increases this spring." 



Exhibit II. 



INTERIM REPORT TO THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES ON 
ANTHRACITE PRICES. 

May 4, 1917. 
To the Peesident of the Senate of the United States. 

Sir: By direction of the United States Senate as expressed in resolution 
217, Sixty -fourth Congress (Senator Hitchcock), the Federal Trade Com- 
mission has been engaged in an investigation of certain phases of the anthra- 
cite coal industry. 

While that investigation was going forward, a " buying panic " developed in 
the autumn of 1916, and enormous increases in retail prices resulted. Con- 
tinuing its general investigation, the Federal Trade Commission turned im- 

371 



372 ANTHRACITE AXD BITUMINOUS COAL. 

mediate attention to this condition. The Commission, being about to make 
its report, finds that at this present moment, the symptoms of the former un- 
warranted panic are recurring, and that there is now imminent a repetition 
of the conditions obtaining last winter. 

These conditions were intolerable, and the Commission now, therefore, with- 
out waiting the transmission of its complete report on past conditions, is 
moved to call to the attention of the Senate the danger threatening the con- 
sumers of anthracite coal and the steps thus far taken based upon the knowl- 
edge of the Commission and within the limitations of its power to avert that 
situation. 

During the past week, daily conferences have been held with anthracite 
operators, with the officials of the United Mine Workers of America, with 
leading jobbers, and with retailers from various parts of the country. 

The Commission is able to say that there now exists no good reason for a panic 
in the anthracite market, nor for any increase in the present selling price to 
consumers. On the contrary, the retail prices generally obtaining to-day are 
unwarranted. 

The wage increase agreed upon on April 26, 1917, will involve an increased cost 
of production of between 24 and 30 cents a ton. The price at which leading 
operators have announced that they will sell, will not exceed this increase. 
This price is upon anthracite on cars at the mouth of the mine. There is no 
justification for a larger increase to be passed on to the consumer, and these 
mine prices will not justify present retail prices in many instances. 

The new wage scale with the United Mine Workers is a beneficial and 
steadying factor in the industry. The Commission has received assurances 
both from responsible anthracite operators and from the miner's representa- 
tives that this will be a year of unusually large production. The mine prices 
announced for May reflect approximately the wage increase of last week. The 
Commission is assured that there is no reason why this price should not con- 
tinue for the season and be subject to the usual summer discounts, namely, 
40 cents per ton in May, 30 cents in June and 20 cents in July, and 10 cents 
in August. 

The Commission believes that the custom normally followed by the majority 
of retailers of passing the benefit of these discounts on to the consumer, should 
be followed by the whole trade. 

If the public is again so deceived as to indulge in a scramble for coal such 
as occurred last winter, the favorable situation above reported may be nullified. 
A demand for four months' coal in the single month of May will be most 
deplorable. If, on the other hand, purchases are made as usual, there will be 
no disturbance and small chance for speculators to fleece the public. The best 
thing that can happen now is for everyone to buy as has been his custom in 
former years. Such normal buying spreads evenly through the summer, and 
will insure a steady flow of the production of the mines through the channels 
of distribution, to build up usual supplies in the hands of consumers, and more 
especially to build up the normal stock piles of wholesalers and retailers at points 
far removed from the anthracite region. Many of these points must build up 
their winter supply during the summer when water transportation is available. 
Transportation will thereby be relieved of undue burdens and the coal will 
be steadily distributed during the summer against the needs of the winter. 

During the coal panic of the winter of 1916-17, one of the greatest factors 
in the distressing and intolerable condition was the unwarranted and inde- 
fensible practice of using coal cars for warehouses. Coal was held in cars by 
speculators while shortage of cars was alleged as a cause of fuel shortage. The 
Commission calls your attention also to other activities of speculators in an- 
thracite coal who perform no useful service in the distribution of the coal, but 
who insert themselves as a disturbing and clogging factor upon the industry 
and whose unearned profits are often much greater than those enjoyed by either 
miner or operator or honest dealer. These profits, in many instances more 
than 100 per cent, were paid by the consumer, together with enormous bills for 
car demurrage. 

Within the scope of its powers, this Commission will continue to exert every 
influence to avert the threatened recurrence of the conditions obtaining in 
the winter of 1916-17. To this end the Commission proposes to secure complete 
current information, keeping close to the conditions of production, distribution, 
price at the mouth of the mine, price to jobbers, price to retailers, and price 
paid by the public, 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 373 

The Commission will expose any unscrupulous wholesaler, jobber, or retailer 
who seeks to mislead the public into a belief that exorbitant prices are justifi- 
able or that there is any necessity to join in a frenzied bidding to secure imme- 
diate delivery for car-future needs. 

The Commmission will compile this information at frequent intervals and will 
ask the cooperation of the patriotic newspapers of the country to the end that 
the public may be kept constantly informed of what, in justice and reason, it 
should be expected to pay for anthracite and as to the volume of the production 
and stocks on hand existing at such times. The Commission has assurances 
from the antharcite operators that in case of local shortages being called to 
their attention by the Commission the operators will relieve such local strin- 
gency immediately. 

The agencies which handle and distribute coal after it leaves the mine and 
before it comes into the hands of the consumer have also been heard to say to 
the Commission, through numerous representatives, that they desire and will 
expect only a fair and reasonable profit for the useful labor and service which 
they perform. 

The fair retail price at any place is the price at the mouth of the mine plus 
freight, plus the reasonable dealer's profit, and cost of local delivery. The May 
price at the mine of ordinary white-ash anthracite, allowing for the 40-cent dis- 
count, is approximately as follows : 





Gross ton 

(2,240 
pounds). 


Net ton 

(2,000 

pounds). 


Egg 


$4.05 
4.30 

4.40 


$3.61 


Stove 


3.84 


Chestnut 


3.93 







So, then, anthracite coal consumers of the United States may feel assured, 
first, that there is an adequate supply of coal ; second, that that supply will be 
taken out and prepared for use in a large and constant flow during the summer 
months; third, that in so far as the power of constant scrutiny and publicity 
are effective, the Federal Trade Commission will function; fourth, that prices 
at the mine will be reasonable and such as would not justify the average prices 
now being paid by consumers. 

As to the price of coal to the consumer for the coming season, this leaves two 
problems for further action, either by the Congress of the United States or by 
some authority to be designated by Congress. First, the elimination of the 
element of speculation and the charging of an exorbitant price or the with- 
holding from use of this necessity of life ; and, second, the imperative need of 
keeping the coal moving from the point of its production to its final destina- 
tion and of preventing coal cars from being held out of use for the purpose of 
speculative storage. 

The Federal Trade Commission will have the honor to present to you at an 
early time a further and detailed report and recommendation upon the anthra- 
cite-coal industry. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Joseph E. Davies, 
William B. Colvek, 
John F. Fort, 

Commissioners. 

(Chairman William J. Harris did not sign, being in Chicago, engaged in a 
hearing on bituminous coal.) 



Exhibit III 



LETTER AND FORMS SENT TO INDIVIDUAL ANTHRACITE 

OPERATORS. 

Federal Trade Commission, 

Washington, May 14, 1917. 
Gentlemen : In furtherance of the determination of the Commission to use its 
utmost present powers in this emergency to promote moderate and stable prices 
in the anthracite industry, which it understands that nearly all the operators 



374 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

themselves desire, there is inclosed a formal order of the Commission requiring 
you to furnish to it, weekly, until further notice, special reports of your total 
sales tonnage with reference to the price realized at mines, as called for on the 
attached forms. For your convenience a duplicate copy of the forms is inclosed 
for your files. Reports for each week should be mailed by the following 
Wednesday. 

There is also inclosed a copy of the act under which the Commission requires 
your prompt and regular compliance with this order. 

Forms 1, 2, 3, and 4 are to be filled out each week. 
Very truly yours, 

Federal Trade Commission. 

Note. — The forms referred to in the above letter of May 14 were canceled by 
the following letter of May 19 and the forms shown below were substituted for 



Exhibit IV. 



LETTER AND FORMS SENT TO INDIVIDUAL ANTHRACITE OPERA- 
TORS, SUPERSEDING THE LETTER OF MAY 14, 1917. 1 
them. 

Federal Trade Commission, 

Washington, May 19, 1917. 

Gentlemen : The order and forms sent you under date of May 14, 1917, for 
the anthracite coal special report are canceled and the inclosed order and 
forms are substituted for them. 

You will note that Forms 1 and 2 are for current weekly reports, and blanks 
will be currently furnished you. Form 2, on contract shipments, is intended 
for the information of the Commission, simply to keep it in touch with the 
shipments going into current market on the basis of earlier and different con- 
ditions, so that it may be in a position to assure the public that any high-priced 
shipments on such contracts do not represent the present price policy of the op- 
erators concerned. Form 3, on monthly production, by sizes, will be continued 
on similar monthly forms to be sent you later for May, 1917, and succeeding 
months. 

If your entire output (except local sales at the mine) is sold on commission 
or otherwise by an exclusive selling agent or coal sales company, it is sug- 
gested that you may, if desired, arrange with the agent or sales company to 
make out these forms on your behalf, it being understood that you are respon- 
sible for the price policy under which your coal is sold. If your output (except 
local sales) is not sold by one agency or sales company, the report should 
be made by yourselves. Please advise to whom the Commission should look 
for the sending in of the reports for your company. 

The Commission desires to emphasize to you its thought that the present 
situation calls for public-spirited effort on your part to protect the domestic 
consumers of anthracite by seeing to it that the normal proportion of domestic 
sizes is produced and, so far as within your power, is distributed in such a way 
(whether through retailers or jobbers) as to reach the domestic user. 

Normal distribution of tonnage as in years past will best serve the interests 
of the consuming public. 

Members of the staff of the Commission will be at Wilkes-Barre, New York, 
and Philadelphia in case you desire to consult them direct. Their addresses 
will be as follows: 

Robert H. Vorfeld, Fort Durkee Hotel, Wilkes-Barre. 

David P. Smelser, Hotel Flanders, New York. 

L. C. Floyd, Hotel Walton, Philadelphia. 
Very truly yours, 

Federal Trade Commission. 



Anthracite Coal Special Report. 

Mail to Federal Trade Commission, Washington, D. C, on or before Thursday, 
each and every week, the information required on the attached Forms 1 and 2, 
for business of week immediately preceding. Consider the last week of each 

»See Exhibit III. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 375 

month as ending with the last day of the month and the next week as beginning 
with the first day of the succeeding month. 

Mail to Federal Trade Commission on or before May 31, 1917, the informa- 
tion required on Forms 3 and 4. 

The information required by this report is ordered to be furnished pursuant 
to the power of the Commission under subdivision b of section 6, of "An act to 
create a Federal Trade Commission, to define its powers and duties, and for 
other purposes." 

PENALTIES. 

Failure to mail this report within the time required will subject the corpora- 
tion to a forfeiture of the sum of $100 for each and every day of the con- 
tinuance of such failure. (Sec. 10, Federal Trade Commission act.) 

Any person who shall willfully make or cause to be made any false entry or 
statement of fact in this report shall be subject to a fine of not less than $1,000 
nor more than $5,000, or to imprisonment for a term of not more than three 
years or to both such fine and imprisonment. (Sec. 10, Feateral Trade Commis- 
sion act.) 



376 



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ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



379 



Form 3. 
Anthracite Coal Special Report. — Schedule for individual operators. 

Statement of commercial production excluding fuel used in mining operations 
during January, February, March, and April, 1917. 

Name of company + Address 

List on this form the gross tons of commercial production of anthracite, 
excluding fuel used in mining operations during January, February, March, and 
April, 1917. 



Size. 


January. 


February. 


March. 


April. 


Lump 




















Egg....... 










Stove 










Nut 










Pea 




















Total. 




















Buckwheat 










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Boiler 










Screenings 




















Total 




















Grand total 




1 






1 1 



This report (Form 3) made and signed this day of 

1917. 



By 



(Name of corporation.) 
(Name and title of officer signing.) 



Form 3a. 

Anthracite Coal Special Report — Schedule for individual operators. 

Monthly statement of commercial production, excluding fuel used in mining 
operations. To be mailed on or before the 5th day of the following month. 

Name of company Address 

List on this form the gross tons of commercial production of anthracite, 

excluding fuel used in mining operations, during the month ending , 

1917. 



Size. 


Total. 


Broken and larger .............. 




Egg 




Stove 




Nut 




Pea 




Buckwheat No. 1 




All other steam sizes 








Total.............. 









1917. 



This report (Form 3a) made and signed this day of 



By 



(Name of corporation.) 
(Name and title of officer signing.) 



380 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



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ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 381 

Exhibit V. 

LETTER AND SUPPLEMENTAL INSTRUCTIONS SENT TO INDIVIDUAL 
ANTHRACITE OPERATORS. 

Federal Trade Commission, 

Washington, May 24, 1917. 
Gentlemen : There is inclosed a sheet of supplemental instructions for 
Forms 2 and 4 of the special weekly reports you are to make on the forms 
forwarded you by the Commission's letter of May 19. 

Please enter on Forms No. 2 and No. 4 sent you on May 19 the additional 
phraseology quoted in the second and fourth paragraphs of these supplemental 
instructions. 

You will observe that on Form 2 as thus revised you are required to list the 
weekly shipments under all commitments on your books before May 19, except 
those cases where the gross selling price received is below or within the gross 
selling price named in the tabular headings on Form 1. 

On Form 4, on the other hand, you are to furnish the data not on all com- 
mitments, but only on contracts or similar arrangements for continuing ship- 
ments. Also on Form 4 you need not list such contracts where the gross selling 
prices are within or below those named in the tabular headings on Form 1, 
but if there is any provision for an allowance or split premium the contract 
must be listed, no matter what the price is. 

These supplemental instructions do not change the purpose of Forms 2 and 
4, which is as announced in the Commission's letter of May 19. 
Very truly yours, 

Federal Trade Commission, 
By L. L. Bracken, Secretary. 

Ani hracite Coal Special Report Individual Operators. 

supplemental instructions for forms 2 and 4. 

Form 2. — In Form 2, the phrase " all contracts and similar arrangements " 
means all commitments on your books before May 19, 1917, whether for con- 
tracts and accepted orders for single shipments, or for continuing shipments. 

On Form 2, after the words " May 19, 1917," just above the table add the 
following : " Except shipments at gross prices within or below the gross selling 
prices named in the tabular headings on Form 1." 

Form 4- — In Form 4, the phrase "all contracts and similar arrangements" 
does not mean all commitments on your books before May 19, 1917, but means 
only contracts and similar arrangements for continuing shipments. 

On Form 4, after the words " data required below," just above the table, add 
the following : " Such contracts or arrangements need not be listed if the gross 
selling price per gross ton is within or below the gross selling prices named in 
the tabular headings on Form 1, except that all such contracts or arrangements 
that provide for any allowances or split premiums described in the note on 
Form 4 must be listed regardless of price." 



Exhibit VI. 
STATEMENT FOR THE PRESS ON ANTHRACITE PRICES, MAY 22, 1917. 

In its interim report of May 4 to the United States Senate the Federal Trade 
Commission promised that its utmost efforts would be used to assure fair distri- 
bution and fair prices of anthracite coal. 

The Commission has sent agents into different parts of the country who will 
observe closely throughout the anthracite trade the operation of plans formu- 
lated at recent conferences of the Commission with operators, jobbers, and rep- 
resentative retailers for bringing prices down to moderate levels and keeping 
them there. 

These field agents will report promptly to the Commission for appropriate ac- 
tion any renewal of the intolerable abuses that marked the activities of certain 
elements in the trade during recent months. 



382 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

The independent operators have realized that the situation calls for public- 
spirited action on their part, and it is expected that they will reduce their pres- 
ent prices to moderate levels for the season and cooperate in every way with the 

Commission. 



Exhibit VII. 

LETTER SENT TO ANTHRACITE OPERATORS. 

Federal Trade Commission, 

Washington, May 26, 1911. 

Gentlemen : In view of possible misunderstanding of the Commission's view 
in the matter of the advantage of direct sales by anthracite operators, this letter 
is being sent to you and to all the other producers. 

Each operator will, of course, determine for himself his policy regarding the 
customers or class of trade to which he will sell, but the Commission deems it 
only just to say that it has not intended to suggest any change in the normal 
course of distribution through such wholesale concerns as perform the necessary 
service of discharging, storing, and handling coal for the territory tributary to 
their docks or storage points. 

Moreover, the Commission believes it would be a public advantage if operators 
continue, for the present at least, to sell to responsible jobbers sufficient coal 
for the requirements of their " regular customers," where they feel assured 
that the jobber will not speculate with the coal, and where refusal to sell would 
throw these " regular customers " into the market as " new customers " of 
operators in such a way as to produce an abnormal buying pressure through 
their efforts to get coal. 

The Commission does believe that operators should make all proper and 
reasonable efforts to see that their coal is not at any time sold through jobbers 
who resell to other jobbers or who make abnormal and unreasonable profits on 
their sales to retailers or consumers. The Commission itself will use its powers 
to discourage jobbers from speculating in anthracite coal. To this end it will 
require from all jobbers special weekly reports of every sale, with full data 
which will enable the Commission to trace the coal and its price from the mine 
to the local destination. 
Very truly yours, 

Federal Trade Commission, 
By L. L. Bracken, Secretary. 



Exhibit VIII. 

LETTER AND ENCLOSURES SENT TO JOBBERS OF ANTHRACITE. 

Federal Trade Commission. 

Washington, May 26, 1917. 

In furtherance of the determination of the Commission to use its utmost 
powers in this emergency to promote moderate prices in the anthracite industry 
and to encourage stability in prices, there is inclosed a form for a special report 
requiring you to furnish to the Commission, weekly, until further notice, a state- 
ment of your total sales tonnage, with purchase data and gross profit on such 
sales. 

These reports are to cover only " jobbing " business as distinguished from 
" wholesale " business. For purposes of this report " jobbing " business is the 
buying and selling of anthracite which is not physically received, discharged, 
and reloaded by you ; and " wholesale " business is the buying and selling of 
anthracite which is physically received, discharged, and reloaded by you. 

If your business is entirely or in part a jobbing business, you are required 
to report on the attached form each sale that is in the nature of a " jobbing " 
transaction as defined above. No transactions that are " wholesale " business 
in the sense just defined should be reported on this form. 

Your attention is invited to the attached copy of a circular letter sent to all 
anthracite operators. 1 

» See Exhibit VII, above. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 383 

The Commission desires to emphasize to you its thought that the present 
situation calls for public-spirited effort on your part to protect the domestic 
consumers of anthracite by seeing to it that only the normal margins are ob- 
tained and that, so far as within your power, the domestic sizes are distributed 
in such a way that household consumers shall receive their normal share of 
coal. 

For your convenience, a duplicate copy of the form is inclosed for your files. 

Members of the staff of the commission will be at Wilkes-Barre, New York, 
and Philadelphia in case you desire to consult them direct. Their addresses 
will be as follows: 

Robert H. Vorfeld, Fort Durkee Hotel, Wilkes-Barre. 

David P. Smelser, Hotel Flanders, New York. 

L. C. Floyd, Hotel Walton, Philadelphia. 
Very truly yours, 

Federal Trade Commission, 
By L. L. Bracken, Secretary. 

ENCLOSURES. 

anthracite coal special report. 

Mail to Federal Trade Commission, Washington, D. C, on or before Thurs- 
day, each and every week, the information required on attached form, for busi- 
ness of week immediately preceding. 

The information required by this report is ordered to be furnished pursuant 
to the power of the Commission under subdivision b of section 6 of "An act to 
create a Federal Trade Commission, to define its powers and duties, and for 
other purposes." 

penalties. 

Failure to mail this report within the time required will subject the cor- 
poration to a forfeiture of the sum of $100 for each and every day of the 
continuance of such failure. (Sec. 10, Federal Trade Commission act.) 

Any person who shall willfully make or cause to be made any false entry 
or statement of fact in this report shall be subject to a fine of not less than 
$1,000 nor more than $5,000 or to imprisonment for a term of not more than 
three years, or to both such fine and improvement. (Sec. 10, Federal Trade 
Commission act.) 

LETTER TO ANTHRACITE OPERATORS. 

A copy of the letter of May 26, 1917, to anthracite operators (Exhibit VII) 
was also enclosed with this letter to jobbers. 



384 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



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ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 385 

Exhibit IX. 

SUPPLEMENTAL LETTER SENT TO JOBBERS OP ANTHRACITE. 

Federal Trade Commission, 

Washington, June 9, 1917. 
Gentlemen : The Federal Trade Commission wishes to define to the anthracite 
jobbers its attitude on certain points in connection with the special weekly 
reports required from the trade. 

A national crisis now exists, in which high prices for necessaries of life and 
of industry will hamper the vigorous prosecution of the war. The great ma- 
jority of anthracite jobbers, recognizing this situation, are voluntarily limiting 
their profits not to what they can get, but to a reasonable return for the service 
they render, and are making their purchases only from the mines or selling 
agents of the mines and making their sales only to retailers or consumers. 

The Commission heartily commends this action. It believes that the jobber 
can not justify his economic existence at a time like this on any other basis. It 
believes that the jobber's gross margin need not exceed 20 cents a ton on any 
sale (25 or 30 cents in the case of western jobbers), and that the bulk of the 
business will be carried on at margins less than these. 

In case any jobber charges prices for anthracite which result in gross margins 
greater than these or is a party to unnecessary sales between jobbers, the Com- 
mission will be constrained, in pursuance of its public duty under the law, to 
immediately report publicly to the Senate the activities of such jobber by name. 
Upon receipt of this letter the trade will have had full explanation of the 
Commission's opinion on these points, and it is hoped that further action will be 
unnecessary. 

It should be noted that a statement of all sizes of anthracite sold is required 
in the weekly report, including both domestic and steam sizes. 
Very truly yours, 

Federal Trade Commission, 
By T. M. Robertson, 

Acting Secretary. 



Exhibit X. 



LETTERS AND FORMS SENT TO RETAIL COAL DEALERS OF 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 

Federal Trade Commission, 

Washington, May 24, 1917. 
Gentlemen: The Federal Trade Commission is making an inquiry into the 
retail coal situation in Washington with reference to the supply being received, 
its cost delivered to the dealer's yard, and the prices quoted to consumers. 
Both anthracite and bituminous coal are covered in this inquiry. 

The attached forms (1, 2, and 3) are to be filled out and mailed to the Com- 
mission not later than June 5, in accordance with the accompanying order. 
Any additional sheets that you may make out in answering these forms must 
be duly signed. 

Yery truly yours, 

Federal Trade Commission, 
By L. L. Bracken, Secretary. 

anthracite and bituminous coal special report. 

Mail to Federal Trade Commission, Washington, D. C, on or before June 5, 
1917, the information required on the attached Forms 1, 2, and 3. 

The information required by this report is ordered to be furnished pursuant 
to the power of the Commission under subdivision b of section 6, of "An act to 
create a Federal Trade Commission, to define its powers and duties, and for 
other purposes." 

penalties. 

Failure to mail this report within the time required will subject the corpora- 
tion to a forfeiture of the sum of $100 for each and every day of the continu- 
ance of such failure. Section 10, Federal Trade Commission act 

105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1 -25 



386 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Any person who shall willfully make or cause to be made any false entry or 
statement of fact in this report shall be subject to a fine of not less than 
$1,000 nor more than $5,000, or to imprisonment for a term of not more than 
three years or to both such fine and imprisonment. Section 10, Federal Trade 
Commission act. 



Retailers. 
Form 1. Anthracite, page 1. 
Anthracite and bituminous coal special report. 
Date 



Name 

Address 

Statement of concerns (operators, selling agents, jobbers, or others) from 
whom you purchased coal in 1916-17, and tonnage purchased, ordered, and re- 
ceived. 



Names and addresses of companies. 



Tonnage 
received 
from each, 
Jan. 1 to 
Mayl, 
1916. 



Tonnage 
ordered 
from each, 
Jan. 1 to 
Mar. 31, 
1917. 



Tonnage 

of orders 

accepted by 

each, Jan. 1 

to Mar. 31, 

1917. 



Tonnage 
received 
from each, 
Jan. 1 to 
Mar. 31, 
1917. 



Retailers. 
Form 1. Anthracite, page 2. 



Names and addresses of companies. 


Tonnage ordered 

from each, 

Apr. 1 to May 

31, 1917. 


Tonnage of orders 
accepted by 
each, Apr. 1 to 
May 31, 1917. 


Tonnage received 

from each, 

Apr. 1, 1917, to 

May 31, 1917. 




















i 






1 








1 1 



This report (Form 1) made and signed this day of 

(Sign here) 

By 

Retailers. 

Form 1. Bituminous, page 1. 

Anthracite and bituminous coal special report. 

Date 



191' 



Name 

Address 

Statement of concerns (operators, selling agents, jobbers, or others) from 
whom you purchased coal in 1916—17, and tonnage purchased, ordered, and re- 
ceived. 



Names and addresses of companies. 


Tonnage re- 
ceived from 
each, Jan. 1 
to May 31, 
1916. 


Tonnage or- 
dered from 
each, Jan. 1 
to Mar. 31, 
1917. 


Tonnage of 
orders ac- 
cepted by 
each, Jan. 1 
to Mar. 31, 
1917. 


Tonnage re- 
ceived from 
each, Jan. 1 
to Mar. 31, 
1917. 































































ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



387 



Retailers. 
Form 1. Bituminous, page 2. 



Names and addresses of companies. 


Tonnage ordered 
from each , 
April 1, 1917, to 
May 31, 1917. 


Tonnage of or- 
ders accepted 
by each, Apr. 1, 
1917, to May 
31, 1917. 


Tonnage re- 
ceived from 
each, Apr. 1, 
1917 to May 
31, 1917. 



















































This report (Form 1) made and signed this day of , 1917. 

(Sign here) 

By 

Retailers. 

Form 2. 

Anthracite and Mtnmi7ious coal special report. 

Name of dealer 

Address 



Stock and purchases of white ash anthracite: 





Egg. 


Stove. 


Chestnut. 


Pea. 


v 


Net 
tons. 


Cost per 

net ton 

f. o. b. 

yd. 


Net ■ 
tons. 


Cost per 
net ton 
f. o. b. 

yd. 


Net 
tons. 


Cost per 

net ton 

f. o. b. 

yd. 


Net 
tons. 


Cost per 
net ton 
f. o. b. 

yd. 


Stock Apr. 1, 1917 




















• ! 














Received Apr. 15-Apr. 30 
















Total stock for month 


















Inventory Mav 1, 1917 
















Received in May inventory June 1, 
1917 



































Price quotations, or asking prices, white ash anthracite, per net ton, sidewalk 
deliveries, April 1, 1917, to date: 





Egg. 


Stove. 


Chestnut. 


Fea. 


Dates of price changes. 


House- 
hold 
trade. 


Indus- 
trial 
trade. 


House- 
hold 
trade. 


Indus- 
trial 
trade. 


House- 
hold 
trade. 


Indus- 
trial 
trade. 


House- 
hold 
trade. 


Indus- 
trial 
trade. 


Apr. 1,1917 














1 












i 












! 












i \"-"""\ 



This report (Form 2) made and signed this day of 

(Sign here) 

By 



1917. 



388 



AXTHBACITE AXD BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Retailers. 
Form 3. 



Stock purchases of bituminous coal 



Show each class of bituminous coal in separate column. 



Net 
tons. 



Cost 

per net 
ton 

f. o. b. 
vd. 



Xet 

tons. 



; Cost I 
per net ; 

ton 
; f. o. b. I 

i yd. i 



Xet 
tons. 



Cost 
per net 

ton 
f. o. b. 

yd. 



Xet 
tons. 



Cost 
per net 

ton 
f. o. b. 

yd. 



Stock Apr. 1. 1917 

Bec'd Apr. 1-Apr. 15 

Bec'd Apr. 15-Apr. 30 

Total -took for mo 

Inventory May 1, 1917 

Received" in Mar inventory June 1, 

1917 : : 



Price quotations, or asking prices, bituminous coal, per net ton, sidewalk 
deliveries, April 1, 1917, to date : 



Show each class of bituminous coal in separate column. 



Dates of price changes. 



Apr. 1,1911 



This report (Form 3) made and signed this 

(Sign here) 

By 



day of 101" 



Federal Trade Commission, 

Washington, May 28, 1911. 

Gentlemen : The Federal Trade Commission calls your attention to the fact 

that all the forms mailed the Washington retailers under date of May 24, 1917, 

should be filled out on the basis of gross tons and not net tons. On Forms 2 and 

3, in each case, the words " net tons " should be corrected to read " gross tons." 

Very truly yours, 

Federal Trade Commission, 
By L. L. Bracken, Secretary. 



Federal Trade Commission, 

Washington, May 31, 1917. 
Gentlemen: The time within which the information required in ihe Com- 
mission's letter of May 24 is to be furnished is hereby extended from June 5 ro 
June 10. 1917. 

Dealers are notified that on Forms 2 and 3 under stocks and purchases they 
are to report the cost of coal to them on the car. This is not to include either 
the cost of unloading or the cost of cartage to their yards in case the yard does 
not have rail connection. For coal purchased from a coal dump and carted from 
the dump the purchase cost to be reported is the price paid for it at the dump 
without including the cost of cartage. 
Very truly yours, 

Federal Trade Commission, 
By L. L. Bbacexn, Secretary. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 389 

Exhibit XI. 

LETTER TO IMPORTANT SELLING AGENCIES AND ANTHRACITE 
OPERATORS WITH A LIST OF THOSE TO WHOM SENT. 

Federal Teade Commission, 

Washington, May 26, 1917. 
Gentlemen : Pittsfield, Mass., and the Berkshire region generally, Worcester, 
Providence, and Lowell, Mass., appear to be in urgent need of anthracite. With 
the improvement of embargo conditions in New England you will no doubt make 
every effort to ship a reasonable assignment of tonnage on the orders you have 
accepted from any customers you may have in those districts. 

The Commission believes it will quiet the situation there and lead to more 
reasonable retail prices, if the dealers in those communities can be tided over 
with some immediate shipments. 
Very truly yours, 

Federal Trade Commission, 
By L. L. Bracken, Secretary, 

Important anthracite selling agencies. 

railroad coal companies. 

Hudson Coal Co., 26 Liberty Street, New York, N. Y. 
Williams & Peters, 1 Broadway, New York, N. Y. 
Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., 437 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Po. 
Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co., 90 West Street, New York, N. Y. 
Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co., 143 Liberty Street, New York, N. Y. 
Susquehanna Coal Co., Commercial Trust Building, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co., Reading Terminal, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Coal Co., 120 Broadway, New York, N. Y. 
Dickson & Eddy, 17 Battery Place, New York, N. Y. 

independent operators and selling agents selling direct to the retail 

TRADE. 

Whitney & Kemmerer, 143 Liberty Street, New York, N. Y. 

Weston Doclson & Co. (Inc.), Bethlehem, Pa. 

J. S. Wentz & Co., Land Title Building, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Madeira, Hill & Co., North American Building, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Thorne, Neale & Co., New Franklin Bank Building, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Bulls Head Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. 

Carbon Coal Co., Shamokin, Pa. 

Connell Anthracite Mining Co., Scranton, Pa. 

Cumbola Coal Co. 

East Boston Coal Co., Kingston, Pa. 

Ellsworth Coal Co., Pottsville, Pa. 

Haddock Mining Co., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 

Healy Coal Co., Plains, Pa. 

Humbert Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. 

Kingston Coal Co., Kingston, Pa. 

Geo. F. Lee Coal Co., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 

McCauley Coal Co., Pittston, Pa. 

W. R. McTurk Coal Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 

Meadow Hill Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. 

Mt. Hope Coal Co., Carbon, Pa. 

Mill Creek Coal Co., New Boston, Pa. 

Northern Anthracite Mining Co., Lopez, Pa. 

O'Boyle-Foy Coal Co., Pittston, Pa. 

Pittston Coal Mining Co., Pittston, Pa. 

Racket Brook Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. 

Red Ash Coal Co., Wilkes-Barre, Pa. 

St. Clair Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. 

South Side Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. 

Spencer Coal Co., Dunmore, Pa. 

Spruks Coal Co., Scranton, Pa. 



390 AXIHRACIIE AST!! BITUMINOUS COAL, 

E. S. Stackhouse. Shiekshinny. Pa. 

Traders Coal Co. Seranton. Pa. 

Estate of A. S. Van Vn fickle, Hazleton. Pa. 

West Mountain Coal Co.. Jermyn. Pa. 

Wolf Collieries Co.. Freeland. Pa. 

Wolf Creek Coal Co... St. Clair. Pa. 

OTHEE OPERATORS SELLING THROUGH SAEES AGENTS OE JOBBERS. 

Archbald Coal Co.. Wilkes-Barre. Pa. 
Beaver Valley Coal Co.. Baltimore, Aid. 
B:aek Heath Coal Co, MihersYille, Pa. 

Buck Ridge Coal Mining Co.. Shamokin. Pa, 

Butcher Creek Coal Co.. St Clair, Pa. 

Cambridge Coal Co.. Pottsvilie. Pa. 

Carbondale Mining Co, Carbondale. Pa. 

Clearview Coal Co.. Seranton. Pa. 

J hn Conlon Coal Co.. Hudson. Pa. 

East Bear Bidge Colliery Co., Mahanoy City, Pa, 

:; st Lehigli Coal Co., Tainaqua, Pa. 

Enq-eror Coal Co.. Miners ville. Pa. 

Evans C Uieiy Co., Lozeme, Pa. 

Excelsior Coal Co.. Shamokin. Pa. 

Girard Mammoth Coal Co.. Mahanoy City. Pa, 

Gorman i: Campion Co.. Tusoarora. Pa. 

Moosic Mountain Coal Co. Marshwood. Pa, 

Minooka Coal Co.. Seranton. Pa. 

Mount Jessnp Coal Co.. Peokville, Pa, 

Xav-Auiz Coal Co., Seranton. Pa. 

0; k Hfll Coal Co.. Duneott. Pa. 

Pardee Bros. & Co.. Lattimer. Pa, 

1 T lies Coal Co., S eranton, Pa. 

Pine Hill Coal Co.. Minersville. Pa. 

Plymouth Bed Ash Coal Co.. Seranton. Pa. 

Port Carbon Coal Co.. Port Carbon. Pa. 

Seranton Anthracite Coal Co.. Seranton. Pa. 

Shipman Koal Co.. Shamokin. Pa. 

Trevorton Colliery Co.. Shamokin. Pa. 

White & Co.. Pottsvilie. Pa. 

Wilkes-Barre Anthracite Coal Co., TVilkes-Barre. Pa, 






Exhibit XII. 

LETTEB AND FORMS SENT TO NEW YORK HOTELS. 

Federal Teade Commission, 

Washington, May 25. 1917. 

Beyrest-ntatives of the Hotel Association of >"e w York City have reque~:~ 
the Federal T:\ le ( mmission, in connection with its anthracite coal investiga- 
to make an inquiry respecting the conditions surrounding the pure.- — 
of anthracite coal by the b tels : New York City. The Commission has pre- 
pared a schedule for such an inquiry and sends you herewith duplicate copies 
of it. 

Y<:»u are desired to fill out this schedule at your early convenience, une copy 
should be mailed to the Commission ; the other may be retained for y oi files. 
Very truly yours, 

Fedeeae Trade Commission, 
By L. L. Bracken, Secretary. 

AXTHEACITE COAL INVESTIGATION SCETEDETE EOE HOTELS. 

Name of hotel 

Address 

Name of hotel company 

Informant Position 

Address Date 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



391 



1. Purchases of anthracite coal during the years 1914, 1915, and 1916. List 
each purchase in an attached statement, as follows: 



Date. 


Quantity. 


Size. 


Grade. 


Price per net ton 
(2,000 lbs.) de- 
livered in chute. 


Purchased from— 






























































• 













ANTHRACITE COAL INVESTIGATION SCHEDULE FOE HOTELS. 



Name of hotel 

Address 

Name of hotel company 

2. State storage capacity in net tons, 
and for bituminous separately. 



in hotel or other places, for anthracite 



ANTHRACITE COAL INVESTIGATION SCHEDULE FOR HOTELS. 



Name of hotel. 
Address 



Name of hotel company 

3. State average daily consumption in net tons by sizes and by seasons. 



ANTHRACITE COAL INVESTIGATION SCHEDULE FOR HOTELS. 



Name of hotel. 
Address 



Name of "hotel company 

4. Furnish copies of all contracts for the purchase of anthracite during the 
period 1914-1916. (If verbal agreements, state essential terms.) 



ANTHRACITE COAL INVESTIGATION SCHEDULE FOR HOTELS. 



Name of hotel. 
Address 



Name of hotel company 

5. State briefly the method by which you have obtained bids for the sale of 
coal from retailers, jobbers, or producing companies. If you have tried cooper- 
ative purchasing, please describe circumstances. 



392 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

ANTHRACITE COAL INVESTIGATION SCHEDULE FOR HOTELS. 

Name of hotel 

Address 

Name of hotel company , 

6. Have any retailers, jobbers, or producing companies refused to bid on 
your supply, or imposed restrictions as to the quantity or quality of coal they 
would sell you? If so, state the circumstances, names, and dates. 



ANTHRACITE COAL INVESTIGATION SCHEDULE FOR HOTELS. 

Name of hotel 

Address 

Name of hotel company 

7. Have the retailers attempted to hinder you or your association from pur- 
chasing your supplies from jobbers or producing companies? If so, state the 
circumstances, names, and dates. 



ANTHRACITE COAL INVESTIGATION SCHEDULE FOR HOTELS. 

Name of hotel 

Address 

Name of hotel company— 

8. Do you believe there is any combination among the retailers with the idea 
of distributing territory? State the facts that form the basis of your belief? 



ANTHRACITE COAL INVESTIGATION SCHEDULE FOR HOTELS. . 

Name of hotel 

Address _ 

Name of hotel company 1 

9. In inviting bids for anthracite coal have you noted any of the following 
circumstances in connection with the prices in bids of retailers or jobbers? If 
so, please specify all details, including dates, names, tonnages, and prices. 

(a) Identity of prices on bids submitted by different jobbers or retailers at 
the same time for the same sizes and grades. 

(&) Wide differences in prices between high and low bids or offers, but 
restrictions as to amount of tonnage offered at low T prices. 



ANTHRACITE COAL INVESTIGATION SCHEDULE FOR HOTELS. 



Name of hotel 

Address 

Name of hotel company. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



393 



10. Have any of your orders been filled with coal of a quality inferior to 
what you had ordered or had received from same source in the past? If so, 
state the facts. 

ANTHRACITE COAL INVESTIGATION SCHEDULE FOR HOTELS. 

Name of hotel 

Address 

Name of hotel company 

11. Is there any evidence of collusion between the coal dealers and your 
employees with respect to recommending the purchase of any particular dealer's 
coal? 



Exhibit XIII. 



LETTER AND FORMS SENT TO RETAIL COAL DEALERS OF 
PHILADELPHIA. 

Federal Trade Commission, 

Washington, June 1, 1917. 
Gentlemen : In connection with the investigation of the anthracite coal 
industry d'rected by the United States Senate, the Federal Trade Commission 
is making an inquiry into the retail coal situation in Philadelphia with reference 
to the supply being received, its cost delivered to the dealer's yard, and the 
prices quoted to consumers. 

The Commission therefore requires you to furnish the information called for 
on the attached Forms 1 and 2, and mail them to the Commission not later than 
June 14, 1917. Any additional sheets that you may make out in answering 
these forms must be duly signed. 

A franked envelope, requiring no postage, is inclosed for your convenience in 
replying. 

Very truly yours, 

Federal Trade Commission, 
By L. L. Bracken, Secretary. 



Name- 
Address. 



Retailers. 
Form l,page 1. 
ithracite coal special report. 
Date. 



Statement of concerns (operators, selling agents, jobbers, or others) from whom you purchased antnra- 
cite coal in first five months of 1316 and 1917, and tonnage purchased, ordered, and received, in gross tons. 


Names and addresses of companies. 


Tonnage re- 
ceived from 
each, Jan. 1 
to May 31, 
1916. 


Tonnage or- 
dered from 

each, Jan. 1 

to Mar. 31, 

1917. 


Tonnage of 
orders accept- 
ed by each, 
Jan. 1 to Mar. 
31, 1917. 


Tonnage re- 
ceived from 
each, Jan. 1 
to Mar. 31, 
1917. 






i 






i | 




i 








j 








l 
1 








1 



394 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Retailers. 
Form 1, page 2. 



Names and addresses of companies. 



Tonnage ordered 

from each, 
Apr. 1, 1917, to 
May 31, 1917. 



Tonnage of 
orders accepted 

by each, 
Apr. 1, 1917, to 
May 31, 1917. 



Tonnage received 

from each, 
Apr. 1, 1917, to 
May 31, 1917. 



This report (Form 1) made and signed this 

(Sign here) 

By 



Retailers. 
Form 2. 



day of 



., 1917. 



Anthracite coal special report. 

Name of dealer 

Address 

Stock and purchases of white-ash anthracite. 





Egg. 


Stove. 


Chestnut. 


Pea. 




Gross 
tons. 


Cost 
per 
gross 
ton 
f. o. b. 
yard. 


Gross 
tons. 


Cost 
per 
gross 
ton 
f. o. b. 
yard. 


Gross 
tons. 


Cost 
per 

gross 

ton 

f. o. b. 

yard. 


Gross 
tons. 


Cost 
per 
gross 
ton 
f. o. b. 
yard. 


Stock, Apr. 1, 1917 
























::::::::::: 












i 


! 




Total stock lor month 










1 














1 














:;::.:::::„:::: 














i 






1 




| 


i 





Price quotations, or asking prices, white-ash anthracite, per gross ton, 
walk deliveries, normal haul, April 1, 1917, to date : 



side- 





Egg. 


Stove. 


Chestnut. 


Pea. 


Dates of price changes. 


House- 
hold 
trade. 


Indus- 
trial 
trade. 


House- 
hold 
trade. 


Indus- 
trial 
trade. 


House- 
hold 
trade. 


Indus- 
trial 
trade. 


House- 
hold 
trade. 


Indus- 
trial 
trade. 


April 1, 1917 






























1 
















i 












































1 i 



This 



•eport (Form 2) made and signed this _. 

(Sign here) 

By 



day of , 1917 



Note. — Forms similar to the above forms for Philadelphia retail dealers were 
sent to dealers in many cities where complaint was made of inadequate ship- 
ments or of high prices. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 895 

Exhibit XIV. 
PRESS STATEMENT ON ANTHRACITE, JUNE 5, 1917. 

Fedeeal Trade Commission, June 5, 1911. 

In its efforts to insure that the consumer gets anthracite coal at moderate 
prices the Federal Trade Commission is requiring operators to report weekly 
all orders accepted, together with the price for the same. 

The producers of a very great proportion of the tonnage are selling their out- 
put at moderate prices so that the high premiums charged by a number of 
operators during recent weeks are beginning to disappear from the market. 

As a basis for publicity, within the powers of the Commission, costs of pro- 
duction are being secured from any operators who continue to maintain un- 
justifiably high prices. 

The Commission is also getting monthly production statistics by sizes from 
all the anthracite mining companies, and anthracite jobbers are required to fur- 
nish the Commission a weekly report giving complete purchase-and-sales data 
and gross profits on each transaction. With this information the Commission 
can trace all jobbed anthracite from the mine to the retail yard. 

Agents are in the field keeping in close touch with the prices charged by re- 
tailers in various parts of the country so that distribution and prices are being 
traced all the way from the mine to the consumer. 



Exhibit XV. 

GIRARD ESTATE LEASE. 

Agreement — License, Right, and Privilege to Mine Coal. 

City of Philadelphia, trustee under the will of Stephen Girard, deceased, to the Philadel- 
phia & Reading Coal & Iron Co., Hammond colliery, for 15 years, from January 1, 1914, 
to December 31, 1928. 

ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT, Made the day of , 

A. D. nineteen hundred and thirteen (1913), between the City of Philadelphia, 
Trustee under the will of Stephen Girard, deceased, hereinafter called the 
Lessor, of the first part, and Tbe Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron 
Company, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the Common- 
wen lth of Pennsylvania, hereinafter called the Lessee, of the second part. 

Witnesseth, That the Lessor doth grant, demise and let unto the Lessee, the 
exclusive license, right and privilege to mine, dig and carry away coal in and 
from all the beds or seams of coal lying northward of a pillar of coal to be 
established and located by the Engineer of the Girard Estate in each bed at 
or near the main synclinal axis of the valley of Shenandoah Creek and its pro- 
longation westward, upon the tracts of land surveyed on warrants to Samuel 
Scott, James Chapman and John Alexander, situate partly in West Mahanoy 
Township, partly in Butler Township and partly in Girardville Borough, Schuyl- 
kill County, Pennsylvania, which, together with the colliery improvements, are 
known as and constitute Hammond Colliery, now operated by the said The 
Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, also from all deposits of 
rock, culm, slate, waste and refuse coal which have been or shall be deposited 
upon the surface through the operation of the colliery working the above de- 
scribed beds of coal either under this or any previous lease. 

For the term of fifteen (15) years from 12 o'clock midnight of the thirty-first 
day of December, in the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and thirteen (i913), 
until 12 o'clock midnight of the thirty-first day of December, in the year of our 
Lord nineteen hundred and twenty-eight (1928) : Provided, the Lessee shall so 
long well and truly keep and perform each and every of the following covenants 
on its part to be kept and performed, which are the express conditions on which 
this lease is granted, and on the keeping and performance of which its existence 
depends. 

In Consideration Whereof, the Lessee doth covenant, promise and agree as 
follows, viz : 

To pay to the Lessor on the twentieth day of each month, before three o'clock 
in the afternoon of that day, at the office of the Superintendent of the Girard 
Estate, in the City of Philadelphia, a rent or royalty on all coal, culm or coal 



396 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

dirt mined, dug and carried away from or sold for use on the demised premises 
during the preceding month, at the following rates : 

For all coal, culm or coal dirt mined or dug from beds of coal over four feet 
in thickness, and for all coal, culm or coal dirt reclaimed from the deposits of 
culm, slate, waste and refuse coal which have been or may be deposited under 
this or any previous lease upon the demised premises, twenty per cent. (20%) 
of the average selling prices per ton of eac£ size of coal at the breaker, received 
during the preceding calendar year by all the colliery lessees on the Girard 
Estate, excluding coal from culm banks except that which is prepared in con- 
junction with fresh mined coal. 

For all coal, culm or coal dirt mined or dug from beds of coal four feet or less 
in thickness, sixteen per cent. (16%) of the said selling prices. 

Provided, and it is hereby expressly understood and agreed between the 
parties hereto, that the royalty rates to be paid under this lease shall at no 
tkne be less than the following : 

On Chestnut coal and on coal larger than Chestnut, forty-five cents (45c.) 
per ton. 

On Pea coal, twenty-five cents (25c.) per ton. 

On Buckwheat coal, fifteen cents (15c.) per ton. 

On Rice coal and coal smaller than Rice, five cents (5c.) per ton; and that, 
if in any year the royalty rates as based on the selling prices in the manner 
provided above, shall be less on any size or sizes of coal than the said minimum 
rates, then the rates to be paid for that year on said size or sizes shall be said 
minimum rates. 

The measurements of the beds of coal shall be taken between the top and 
bottom slates without deduction for refuse of any kind, and shall be made 
jointly by the Mine Inspector of the Girard Estate, or other person designated 
by the Engineer of the Girard Estate, and by a duly accredited representative 
of the Lessee. 

The average selling price per ton of each size of coal at the breaker shall 
be obtained by taking the prices per ton at the breaker received by each of 
the colliery lessees on the Girard Estate, and by applying these prices to the 
shipments made at each price by the said lessees. 

The selling prices shall be the gross selling prices at the breaker without 
and deduction for expense of selling, or for any expenses incurred after the 
coal is shipped, or for allowances, rebates, claims, demurrage, short weights, 
cost of storage, etc., and if in making the sale of the coal, the selling price 
agreed upon shall include delivery at any point other than the breaker of the 
colliery at which the coal is mined, then the selling price for the purposes of 
this lease, shall be the price so agreed upon less only the net freight due to or 
charged by the railway or other transportation agent which carries said coal 
to such other point of delivery. 

It is also expressly understood and agreed that the selling prices of coal at 
the breaker as returned by the Lessee to the Lessor shall be the full prices 
received for the coal prepared, shipped or sold by it, and shall include all allow- 
ances, rebates, drawbacks, or any other form of payment made to it by any 
individual, corporation, fiancial agent, coal sales company or any other party to 
whom or in whose interest the coal from the demised premises may be sold or 
consigned. 

It is also understood and agreed that no sale made to any party, or parties, 
controlled by the Lessee herein, or subject to the same control as the Lessee, or 
in which the Lessee shall have any interest direct or indirect, or which shall 
hold or control any interest direct or indirect in the Lessee, shall be admitted 
or used in determining the selling price of coal, except with the consent of the 
Lessor, but that such sale or sales may at the option of the Lessor, be entirely 
omitted in making the calculation to determine the average selling prices of coal 
at the breaker upon which to base the royalty rates. 

To furnish to the Lessor on or before the twentieth day of each month a 
statement showing the gross prices per ton received during the preceding 
month by the Lessee for each size of coal shipped from the demised premises, 
provided that whenever it shall be impracticable to determine the prices re- 
ceived for the coal actually shipped from the demised premises, the average 
gross prices received by the Lessee for coal of a similar quality and classifica- 
tion shipped from the same region shall be accepted in lieu thereof; and the 
Lessor through its proper representative shall have the right to examine the 
books of original entry, showing the actual sales made by or for the Lessee, 
which books the lessee hereby covenants to produce at all times when called for 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 397 

by the Lessor through its proper representative, for its use or inspection, for 
the purpose of determining the selling prices of the said sizes of coal. 

And it is also expressly understood and agreed that the aggregate amount of 
money to be paid hereunder by any Lessee shall not be less than an average 
of eight thousand dollars ($8,000) per month during the fourteen (14) years 
from 1915 to 1928, inclusive, and if in any month during the said years sufficient 
coal shall not be mined and removed to yield royalty which shall make the 
aggregate royalty payments during the term of this lease up to the end of the 
said month, equal in amount to the aggregate minimum payments above pro- 
vided for, the Lessee shall nevertheless make the said minimum payments at the 
time and place provided for the payment of royalty, and having done so, shall 
have the right at any subsequent period during the term of this lease, to nrne 
and remove, without payment of royalty, such a quantity of coal as shall at the 
rates of royalty herein provided for, yield a sum equal to the amount previously 
paid in excess of royalty due on coal actually mined. This right shall be lim- 
ited by any termination of this lease. 

It is also mutually agreed that no royalty shall be paid upon such a reason- 
able amount of coal mined from the demised premises as it may be necessary 
to use in the mining and preparation of the coal from the said premises ; Pro- 
vided, however, that no coal which may be retained by a screen having a mesh 
five-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, if round, and one-quarter of an inch 
measured at right angles to the sides, if square, except only the coal that may 
be required for blacksmith use, for outside colliery locomotives, for steam shov- 
els, and, in cases of extreme necessity, with the written permission of the 
Engineer of the Girard Estate, under the boilers, shall be used for such pur- 
poses. 

The Lessee doth further covenant, promise and agree as follows : 

To pay as an additional rental to the Lessor at the time and place aforesaid 
a right of way charge of five cents (5c.) per ton on all coal from lands other 
than those owned by the Lessor brought upon or carried under, through or over 
the demised premises. 

To screen and prepare for market the coal from the demised premises, and 
deposit all refuse therefrom, upon the demised premises or upon other land of 
the Lessor, unless written consent to do otherwise shall first have been ob- 
tained from the Lessor. If such consent is obtained and any of the coal from 
the demised premises is screened and prepared for market upon lands other 
than those of the Lessor, the Lessee shall pay to the Lessor, at the time and 
place aforesaid, in addition to all other royalties, a royalty of one cent (1c.) 
per ton upon all coal so screened and prepared for market. 

It is understood and agreed that by the word " ton " as used in this lease is 
meant a "long" ton of twenty-two hundred and forty (2240) pounds. 

That, in preparing for market the coal mined, dug or removed from the de- 
mised premises, the separation into sizes shall be regulated as follows: 

Chestnut Coal shall be coal which will pass over a screen of woven wire, or 
cast or wrought and punched plates, as may be used, having a mesh round or 
square, as may be used, not more than seven-eighths of an inch in diameter if 
round, and three-quarters of an inch measured at right angles to the sides, if 
square. 

Pea Coal, shall be all coal which, after passing through the mesh of the screen 
above described, will be retained by a screen of woven wire, or cast or wrought 
and punched plates, as may be used, having a mesh round or square, as may be 
used, not more than nine-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, if round, and one- 
half inch measured at right angles to the sides, if square. 

Buckwheat Coal shall be all coal which, after passing through the nine-six- 
teenths of an inch round, or one-half inch square screen mesh above described, 
will be retained by a screen of woven wire, or cast or wrought and punched 
plates, as may be used, having a mesh round or square as may be used, not 
more than five-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, if round, and one-quarter 
inch measured at right angles to the sides if square. 

Rice Coal shall be all coal which after passing through the five-sixteenths of 
an inch round, or one-quarter of an inch square screen mesh above described, 
will be retained by a screen of woven wire or cast or wrought and punched 
plates, as may be used, having a mesh round or square as may be used, not 
more than three-sixteenths of an inch in diameter, if round, and one-eighth 
inch measured at right angles to the sides, if square. 

Barley Coal shall be coal which will pass through the three-sixteenths of an 
inch round or one-eighth inch square screen mesh above described. 



398 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

That the quantity of coal carried away from the demised premises shall be 
ascertained as follows : 

The Lessee shall cause the transportation company to which the coal is de- 
livered for shipment to report, on or before the fifth day of each calendar month, 
to the Engineer of the Girard Estate at his office in the City of Pottsville, the 
full and actual weight of the coal so shipped during the preceding calendar 
month, making- no deduction or allowance from the weight to cover water or 
dirt in the coal, or for any other purpose, or in case it is inexpedient or difficult 
for the transportation company to so report the full weight of the coal shipped, 
then the ordinary shipping weight shall be reported, and upon each report or 
certificate shall be stated the exact allowance or rates of allowance which have 
been used in determining the shipping weights. From the full and actual 
weights so obtained a deduction shall be made as follows: 

For breakage and dirt, one-half of one per cent. ; 

For water in coal, if weighed at the colliery immediately after being loaded, 
on Pea Coal, two per cent. ; on Buckwheat Coal, two and one-half per cent., and 
on Rice Coal and coal smaller than Rice, three per cent. ; and the net weight 
so obtained shall be that upon which royalty is to be paid as above provided. 

To furnish to the Engineer of the Girard Estate, at his office in the City of 
Pottsville, on or before the fifth day of each calendar month, during the term 
of this lease, and of the month immediately following its determination, the 
following statements in writing : 

First — A statement from the shipping books at the colliery showing all 
coal mined and shipped therefrom, sold or donated to local trade or employees, 
or otherwise taken away during the preceding calendar month, said statement to 
be signed by the Superintendent of the colliery ; 

Second — A certificate of the transportation company over the tracks of which 
the coal is shipped, showing the weight of the shipments from the colliery 
during the preceding calendar month, prepared in accordance with Article VI 
of this lease ; 

Third — A statement showing the number of mine cars and their cubic contents 
of unprepared coal mined during the preceding calendar month from the land 
covered by this lease, also the number of mine cars if any, and their cubic con- 
tents received from other lands and prepared for market in conjunction with 
the coal mined from the land covered by this lease, and a statement showing 
the number of mine cars, if any, and their cubic contents of unprepared coal 
mined from the land covered by this lease, screened and prepared for market 
upon land other than that owned by the Lessor and the number of mine cars 
and their cubic contents of unprepared coal from all other sources prepared for 
market in conjunction therewith ; from which statements the Engineer of the 
Girard Estate shall determine the number of tons of coal of each size mined 
and carried away from the land covered by this lease; Provided, however, that if 
either party to this lease shall have reason to believe that the coal mined from 
the land covered by this lease is of better or poorer quality and will therefore 
yield a greater or less quantity of prepared coal per cubic foot of unprepared 
coal than all or any of the coal from other lands prepared for market in con- 
junction therewith, then the Engineer of the Girard Estate or the General 
Manager of the Lessee may demand that each cubic foot of unprepared coal mined 
from the land covered by this lease shall be considered as producing a greater 
or less proportion of prepared coal than any or all of the coal from other lands. 
If such a demand made by the representative of either party hereto shall not be 
agreed to by the representative of the other party, or if the proportion of pre- 
pared coal to be allowed for each cubic foot of unprepared coal cannot be agreed 
upon by the representatives of the parties to this lease, these questions shall be 
submitted to a Board of Arbitrators to be chosen as provided under Article 
XXII of this lease. 

Fourth — A statement showing the number of mine cars and their cubic 
contents of unprepared coal mined during the preceding calendar month from 
each slope, gangway, airway, breast or other opening in the demised premises, 
or from any pillar, where the thickness of the coal bed is four feet or less. 

Fifth — A statement of the quantity, size, and character of the coal used during 
the preceding calendar month for making ste,am and for other purposes in the 
mining and preparation of the coal from the land covered by this lease. 

And whenever requested to do so by the Engineer of the Girard Estate : 

Sixth — A statement showing the length of each slope, tunnel, gangway, air- 
way, breast or other opening driven during the preceding calendar month in 






ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 399 

the land covered by this lease, together with the number of mine cars of coal 
obtained from each of such openings and from each pillar. 

To pay as rent in addition to the rents or royalties above reserved and men- 
tioned, all taxes, excise or duty that may be assessed or levied under any law 
of the United States, or of the State of Pennsylvania, now in force, or that 
may be enacted during the existence of this lease, upon the coal mined, prepared 
and used or sold by the Lessee and upon the breakers, washeries, buildings, 
dwelling houses, fixtures and improvements erected or used by it under this 
lease, and if such breakers, washeries, buildings, dwelling houses, fixtures and 
improvements shall be assessed to the Lessor," then the taxes so assessed to 
and paid by the Lessor shall on demand be repaid to the Lessor by the Lessee. 
And if the valuation of the said breakers, washeries, buildings, dwelling houses, 
fixtures and improvements be included in the valuation of the land and not 
enumerated or valued separately, then the Engineer of the Girard Estate shall 
annually ascertain and decide what proportion of the taxes shall be paid by 
the Lessee, and such portion of the taxes, if paid by the Lessor, shall be repaid 
on demand by the Lessee. 

It is mutually agreed between the parties hereto : 

That the Engineer of the Girard Estate shall designate from time to time 
on the surface of the demised premises, or on other land of the Lessor, sufficient 
space for the operation of the colliery thereon, and no other part of the 
surface shall be considered or held to be demised by these presents than such 
as may be so designated. 

That the Lessee may, at its own cost and expense, erect upon the demised 
premises such dwelling houses as may be found necessary for the accommoda- 
tion of miners, laborers and others employed by it in the operation of the 
colliery thereon, but such houses shall be erected only on such sites and in 
such a manner as may be designated by the Engineer of the Girard Estate, and 
shall never be used or occupied for any purpose other than that specified above. 
For each house thus erected by the Lessee, or which has been erected upon the 
demised premises and is used by the Lessee, or for each family, where more than 
one family shall occupy a house, the Lessee shall pay in addition to all other 
rents, or royalties reserved in this lease, an annual rent of six dollars, payable 
in monthly instalments of fifty cents, on or before the twentieth day of each 
month from and after the time when the ground shall be designated as afore- 
said, and said monthly rental shall continue to be paid during the term of this 
lease by the Lessee as long as the said house shall remain upon the premises. 

That the Lessee shall not deposit coal dirt, slate or rock from the mines upon 
any part of the surface of the ground, other than such as shall be designated 
and marked off for that purpose by the Engineer of the Girard Estate; it being 
understood, however, that it shall be the duty of the said Engineer to desig- 
nate and mark off a sufficient part -for the purpose of such deposit, and that 
the Lessor shall deliver to the Lessee possession of the surface so designated 
and marked off, unless the Lessor shall be prevented from so doing by an order 
of Court, or other legal proceedings. No deposit of coal dirt, culm or other 
refuse or waste material shall be made, permitted or suffered to be made by 
the Lessee in any stream of wafef, or so near to it that any portion of such 
deposits may be carried therein by the action of the elements. The Lessee 
shall be solely liable for all damages, loss or injury caused by the said deposits. 
Waste products of rock, containing no coal, and ashes or similar refuse shall be 
deposited separately from refuse containing coal, and waste products of rock, 
ashes, culm, refuse coal and waste products containing coal shall be deposited 
upon such portion or portions of the demised premises and in such manner as 
the Engineer of the Girard Estate may direct, and all such deposits of rock, 
culm, coal and waste material left upon the surface at the termination of this » 
lease shall be the property of the Lessor. 

That the Lessor reserves to itself and excepts out of this lease all springs and 
streams of water, timber, wood, stones, ores and minerals other than coal, with 
the right to divert, appropriate and use the water from any springs or streams, 
and to cut and take timber, wood, stones, ores and minerals other than coal, on 
any part of the demised premises, and also the right to occupy or demise any 
part of the surface for agricultural, horticultural or building purposes, pro- 
vided that such diverting, cutting, taking, occupancy or demise shall not inter- 
fere with the mining operations of the Lessee, it being understood and agreed, 
however, that this proviso does- not give to the Lessee any right to use the 
springs or streams of water, timber, wood, stones, ores and minerals other than 
coal, unless such right is specifically obtained in writing by the Lessee froir 



400 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

the Lessor: and provided further, that, in all applications for the surface, the 
application of the Lessee shall have the preference over that of other appli- 
cants, at the same terms and rents. 

That it is an express condition of this lease, and the Lessee hereby agrees 
that it will not sell, or knowingly suffer or permit to be sold or exposed for sale 
on the demised premises, by any person, any malt, vinous, spirituous or intoxi- 
cating liquors and that any violation of this condition shall be a cause of for- 
feiture of this lease, and the Lessor may proceed as set forth in Article XXYI 
herein. 

That the Lessee shall so far as is reasonably possible protect the demised 
premises from all trespassers, and shall not so far as the same can be reason- 
ably prevented permit or suffer any buildings of any kind to be erected by 
trespassers or squatters on said premises, or, with the above stated qualifica- 
tion, permit any person, not acting under the authority of the Lessor, to cut or 
take therefrom any timber, coal or minerals of any kind. 

That the Lessee shall open slopes, shafts or tunnels for mining coal from the 
beds of coal on the demised premises, of a size proper for a colliery producing 
at least three hundred thousand (300.000) tons of coal per year, and shall 
timber and secure the same in a substantial and workmanlike manner and 
shall install engines, pumps, and machinery for hoisting and hauling coal, of a 
size and power sufficient to hoist and haul without strain or injury three hun- 
dred thousand (300.000) tons of coal per year, and to keep the mines at all 
times free from water, and shall construct, erect and maintain the necessary 
breakers and improvements to properly prepare for market three hundred 
thousand (300.000) tons of coal per year. The Lessee shall drive all tunnels 
and gangways that may be necessary to open the beds of coal covered by this 
lease, and shall ventilate the mines in a workmanlike manner according to the 
most improved system of mining, and as prescribed by the mining laws of the 
State of Pennsylvania, and shall construct and keep open such air passages as, 
in the opinion of the Engineer of the Girard Estate, may be necessary for 
mining out and removing all the workable coal, and so that the mines may be 
worked and examined as far as is possible without danger to the miners or 
examiners. All the aforesaid improvements and machinery shall be such as 
are required for a first class colliery. The location and size of the said slopes, 
shafts, tunnels, gangways and air passages, and the location of the engines, 
pumps, breakers, machinery, ventilating apparatus, and other improvements 
shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer of the Girard Estate. 

That the power reserved however is of approval only, not of direction or 
management, and that the Lessor shall not incur any responsibility by reason 
of such approval, but that the Lessee as between the parties hereto expressly 
assumes all responsibility and liability for any damage, loss or injury occa- 
sioned by the failure to properly conduct the mining operations on the demised 
premises. 

That the Lessee shall, at its own cost and expense, keep and maintain in 
good working order and repair during the existence of this lease, the houses, 
buildings, engine houses, breakers, engines, pumps, machinery, railroads, slopes, 
shafts, fixtures and improvements, above and below ground, which may be 
necessary for the proper operation of the colliery, and which are now erected 
or constructed or may hereafter be erected or constructed upon the demised 
premises or upon other land of the Lessor. 

That the mine or mines covered by this lease shall be operated in the best 
and most approved manner, and that at the expiration or sooner determination 
of this lease, they shall be delivered up to the Lessor free from water and fire 
and in such a secure and proper state that mining operations may be con- 
, tinned immediately throughout the full extent of the colliery as at that time 
opened and developed. 

That the Lessee during the term of this lease shall at its own cost and ex- 
pense keep the breakers, engines, machinery and improvemens on the demised 
premises well and sufficiently insured from loss by fire, in an amount equal to 
at least two-thirds of their value, in such companies or competent insurance 
funds as the Lessor shall approve. The policies of insurance shall be so drawn 
that, in the event of a loss, the insurance money shall be paid to the Lessor. 
Should any portion of the insured property be injured or destroyed by fire, it 
shall be at once rebuilt or replaced by the Lessee, at its own cost and expense 
without any contribution by the Lessor other than the payment of the in- 
surance money received by the Lessor, unless such rebuilding or replacing shall 
in the opinion of the Engineer of the Girard Estate be unnecessary for the 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 401 

prompt, efficient and economical mining and preparation of the coal then re- 
maining in or upon the demised premises, in which case the insurance money 
received by the Lessor shall be paid over to the Lessee. 

If the Lessee shall fail to insure the breakers, engines, machinery and other 
improvements as above provided, or to renew the insurance from time to time, 
the Lessor may insure the said improvements and pay the premiums thereon, 
and such payments shall be considered as rent agreed to be paid by the Lessee 
and may be distrained for as rent in arrear. If the Lessee when requested to 
do so by the Lessor shall neglect or refuse to commence to repair and rebuild 
the breakers, engines, machinery and improvements for ninety (90) days after 
the occurrence of a fire, or shall refuse to prosecute such repairing or rebuild- 
ing with due diligence, such neglect or refusal shall be a cause of forfeiture of 
this lease. 

That the Lessee shall comply in every respect with the laws now existing or 
hereafter enacted by the State of Pennsylvania or the United States, regulating 
the working of mines or providing for the safety of persons employed therein, 
and shall operate the mines in the demised premises continuously and with all 
due diligence, to the same extent that anthracite mines of the same capacity 
are for the time then being operated, taking into consideration the season of the 
year, the demand for coal and the facilities for transporting it to market, and 
shall leave no merchantable or workable coal abandoned or neglected in any of 
the beds or seams in said mines. 

For the purposes of this lease merchantable or workable coal is defined to be 
coal that can be mined and prepared for market, by the most approved methods 
of modern mining, at a cost not greater than coal from similar beds or seams of 
coal, worked under similar conditions, is being mined for the time then being in 
the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania. 

It is expressly agreed between the parties hereto that the Lykens Valley, Lit- 
tle Buck Mountain, Buck Mountain, Seven Foot, Skidmore, Mammoth, Four 
Foot, Holmes, Primrose, Orchard, Diamond, Tracy and all other beds or seams 
of coal where found in workable condition shall be mined out and exhausted 
upon each level to the full extent possible under the best and most approved 
process of mining before the mining of coal on that level shall be discontinued 
or abandoned, unless the consent of the Engineer of the Girard Estate shall first 
be obtained for the leaving of coal in any of the above mentioned beds on any 
level, for the purpose of furnishing support to mine openings or to improve- 
ments or easements on the surface. 

The question whether a coal bed or seam is workable or has been mined in 
accordance with the provisions of this lease is to be submitted, in case of disa- 
greement or at the option of either party hereto, to arbitrators appointed as pro- 
vided in Article XXII of this lease. If the decision of the arbitrators shall be 
in favor of the Lessor, and if the Lessee shall neglect or refuse for a period of 
sixty days after the decision of the said arbitrators to commence and vigor- 
ously prosecute operations looking to the mining of all of said beds or seams 
of coal in the manner herein provided, and in accordance with the find- 
ings of said arbitrators, then, as liquidated damages, and not as penalty, the 
Lessee shall pay to the Lessor the royalty which would have been due to the 
Lessor had the coal in all such beds or seams been mined as required by this 
lease and shipped to market, the amount so due to be determined by agreement 
between the parties hereto or by arbitration as provided in Article XXII of 
this lease. 

That in case the Lessee shall for any reason which is not among the require- 
ments of this lease leave unmined any merchantable or workable coal, when in 
the regular course of mining operations the time shall arrive for mining and 
removing said coal, the Engineer of the Girard Estate shall send to the Lessee 
a written notice calling attention thereto, and if the work of mining such coal 
is not commenced immediately thereafter, the quantity of coal so left unmined 
shall be estimated by the Engineer of the Girard Estate and royalty therefor as 
provided under Article II of this lease shall become due and payable to the 
Lessor at the expiration of ninety days from the date of the written notice 
above provided for, unless an appeal to a Board of Arbitrators be pending or 
unless the mining of said coal shall be enjoined by an order of Court, due and 
ample notice of the legal proceedings leading up to which shall have been given 
to the Engineer of the Girard Estate. The question as to whether the proper 
time has arrived for mining the said coal shall, in case of disagreement be- 
tween the parties hereto, be referred to a Board of Arbitrators to be chosen as 
provided under Article XXII of this lease. 

105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1 26 



402 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

That all coal lying vertically or laterally under any railroad, township or 
other road located or to be located on the surface of the demised premises, or 
under any stream, pipe line, pole line, or other easement, or under any struc- 
ture upon the said surface, is the property of the Lessor, and whenever in 
the regular course of mining operations the time shall arrive for mining and 
removing the said coal, it is to be mined and removed by the Lessee as if such 
railroad, road, stream, pipe line, pole line or other easement or structure were 
not located upon the surface above or near to said coal, and that it shall be 
the duty of the Lessee to use all reasonable and diligent efforts to procure the 
relocation of such railroad, township or other road, stream, pipe line, pole 
line or other easement or structure, and to proceed with the mining of the 
said coal or to pay royalty thereon, according to an estimate of the quantity 
of said coal made by the Engineer of the Girard Estate, unless the mining 
and removal of the said coal is restrained by an injunction or order of Court 
as above provided, or unless (when for any reason either of the parties hereto 
cannot or will not obtain a decision of the Court upon such question) the 
decision of a Board of Arbitrators shall be that the Lessee has been unable, 
after using reasonable and diligent efforts, to procure such relocation. The pur- 
pose and intent of this requirement is that the Lessee shall leave no coal 
unmined for the purpose of affording vertical or lateral support to any ease- 
ment or structure upon or adjacent to the demised premises, when such ease- 
ment or structure shall not have a proven legal right to such support, or for 
the support of any stream or other natural object which it is possible for the 
Lessee to remove to another location, unless the Lessee shall and will pay to 
the Lessor, for the privilege of allowing such supporting coal to remain 
unmined, the royalty which the Lessee would have been required to pay had 
said supporting coal been mined and shipped to market; provided that if the 
said railroad, road, pipe line, pole line, structure or other easement shall have 
been placed on the demised premises under an agreement with or by the 
written or formal consent of the Lessor, then the expense of removal, if such 
removal shall be deemed necessary or desirable by the Lessor, shall be borne 
by the Lessor. Questions as to the character, location and extent of and all 
other details relative to the pillar of coal which it may be necessary to leave un- 
mined to support any railroad, road, stream, pipe line, pole line, easement, struc- 
ture or natural object, shall, in case of disagreement between the parties hereto, 
be referred to a Board of Arbitrators, to be chosen as provided under Article 
XXII of this lease. 

That if a decision of the Court or of a Board of Arbitrators relative to the 
right of support appertaining to any railroad, road, stream, pipe line, pole line, 
easement, structure or natural object upon the surface shall not be obtained, 
and if the Lessor shall notify in writing the Lessee to mine and remove any 
coal supporting such railroad, road, stream, pipe line, pole line, easement, 
structure or natural object, and the Lessee shall file with the Lessor a written 
statement setting forth its doubt of its legal right to remove the said coal, 
then the Lessor may repeat such notice in writing, and require the Lessee to 
mine and remove the coal in question, the Lessor thereby, however, assuming, 
after having given said notice, all liability for loss or damage to any third 
party, which shall be legally adjudged to have been caused by the compliance 
of the Lessee with the said notice and requirement of the Lessor. 

That the Lessor shall have the right and privilege of determining when any 
bed or seam of coal, or the outcrop of such bed or seam, shall be mined, and 
shall give notice of such determination in writing to the Lessee, who shall at 
once proceed to mine the coal contained therein; but should the Lessee for a 
space of ninety days after service of such notice by the Lessor, neglect or re- 
fuse to so mine the coal contained therein, then the Lessor, in addition to 
other remedies provided in this lease, shall, unless an appeal to a Board of 
Arbitrators be pending, have the right and privilege to mine, sell or lease to a 
third party such bed or seam of coal, or outcrop thereof, and nothing in this 
lease shall be so construed as to deprive the Lessor or any such third party 
of the right of full and free access, ingress and egress for the purpose of min- 
ing and removing said coal. 

That if any question shall arise as to the necessity with respect to the interest 
of the Lessor, or any question as to the propriety or expediency, with respect to 
the interest of the Lessee, of mining any bed, seam or outcrop of coal, or any 
part thereof, or of selling or leasing the same to a third party, these questions 
shall be submitted to arbitrators, as provided in Article XXII of this lease. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 403 

That if the Lessee shall not begin on or before January 1st, 1916, to screen 
and prepare for market the coal in the deposits of culm, slate, waste and refuse 
coal which have been deposited under any previous lease upon the surface of the 
demised premises, and shall not continue to do so at a rate which will, accord- 
ing to the estimate of the contents of said deposits made by the Engineer of the 
Girard Estate, exhaust the coal in said deposits on or before January 1st", 1926, 
then the Lessor shall have the right and privilege to take for its own use, or sell, 
or lease to a third party, such deposits of culm, slate, waste and refuse coal, and 
nothing in this lease shall be so construed as to deprive the Lessor or any such 
third party of the right of full and free access, ingress, and egress for the pur- 
pose of screening and preparing for market the coal in said deposits. 

That the Lessee shall maintain in the different beds worked, pillars of coal of 
such a size as will, in the opinion of the Engineer of the Girard Estate, be of 
sufficient strength to prevent any squeeze that might damage or destroy coal in 
any overlying bed, and the said pillars shall not be removed, disturbed, pierced 
or broken through at any point except with the consent of the Engineer of the 
Girard Estate first had and obtained. 

That the Lessee shall not mine or excavate any coal within sixty (60) feet 
from the east and west boundary lines of the premises above described, and it is 
hereby declared that this lease does not extend under the surface to any part 
of the said premises which lies within sixty (60) feet from the said boundary 
lines; nor shall the Lessee make or suffer to be made any opening under ground 
into any adjoining' land through the above barriers of sixty (60) feet, which it 
is intended shall remain as a protection from water accumulating and from fire 
occurring in the premises adjoining those covered by this lease. 

That the Lessee shall not make, keep or maintain, or permit to be made, kept 
or maintained, any fires in said mines in stoves, grates, furnaces, mine locomo- 
tives or other engines, or in any way whatever, either for hauling, heating or 
for ventilating or for any other purpose, except with the written consent of the 
Engineer of the Girard Estate first had and obtained. 

If at any time a fire shall be found te exist in any part of the mines, it shall 
be obligatory on the part of the Lessee to notify both the Engineer and the Mine 
Inspector of the Girard Estate of the existence and location of such fire at the 
earliest possible moment after "it has been discovered. 

The existence of a fire as above set forth, or of any fire in or to any slope, 
shaft, tunnel, airway, gangway, breast or heading, either in use or abandoned, 
or the existence of a fire in any part of the said mines, if such fire be occa- 
sioned by the act or neglect of the Lessee or its employees, and shall not be at 
once attacked with the greatest energy and extinguished as promptly as possible 
shall be a cause of forfeiture of this lease, and in the -event of the occurrence or 
existence of the said conditions with respect to any fire, the Lessor may at its 
option declare this lease forfeited, and may forthwith enter upon and take pos- 
session of the demised premises. 

That the Engineer of the Girard Estate or other representatives of the Lessor 
shall have the right at all times to examine the mines, breakers, fixtures, ma- 
chinery and improvements of every kind on the demised premises, and on all 
lands from which coal may be prepared for market in conjunction with coal 
from the demised premises, without let or hindrance by the Lessee or its em- 
ployees, and also the right to examine the maps of the Lessee showing the 
mine workings and improvements in and upon the demised premises and in and 
upon all lands operated in conjunction therewith, and to take notes therefrom 
and make tracings thereof, and the Lessee when requested to do so by the 
Engineer of the Girard Estate, shall furnish to him such blue-prints of said 
maps as he may desire. 

That if all the coal capable of being mined or shipped to market under this 
lease has been so mined or shipped, and if this fact shall have been determined 
by agreement between the parties hereto, or in case the parties do not so 
agree, by the finding of a Board of Arbitrators as provided under Article XXII 
of this lease, then this lease shall terminate in the same manner and subject to 
the same conditions as those agreed upon for a termination on December 31st, 
1928. 

That if the colliery shall be exhausted to such an extent as to render it 
impossible to maintain its minimum annual production at the tonnage required 
by the terms of this lease, and if this fact shall have been determined by agree- 
ment between the parties hereto, or by the decision of arbitrators as provided 
under Article XXII of this lease, then that portion of Article XIII fixing the 
capacity of the colliery improvements and machinery, and that portion of 



104 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Article II providing for minimum monthly payments, shall be modified by agree- 
ment between the parties hereto or by the decision of arbitrators as provided 
under Article XXII of this lease, in such manner as to make these terms fair 
and equitable under the changed conditions. 

In case any dispute shall arise between the parties hereto relative to the 
interpretation of any of the terms of this lease, or as to questions of fact or 
opinion arising thereunder, the matter shall be referred to a Board of Arbi- 
trators, to be composed of three disinterested and competent persons to be 
chosen in the following manner : One to be appointed by the Engineer of the 
Girard Estate, one to be appointed by the Lessee, and the two persons thus 
chosen to select a third. In case either party shall neglect or fail, for the 
space of ten (10) days after notice so to do, to appoint an arbitrator, then the 
other party shall appoint two, and the two thus chosen shall appoint a third. 
In case the two arbitrators are unable to agree within ten (10) day$ after 
their appointment upon a third arbitrator, then two or more of the Judges of the 
Court of Common Please of Schuylkill County shall be requested to designate 
a disinterested person to act as such arbitrator. In case the said Judges shall 
not for the space of ten (10) days after application made to them, appoint a 
third arbitrator, then two or more of the Judges of the Court of Common 
Pleas of the County of Philadelphia shall be requested to designate a person 
to act as such arbitrator. The award of the arbitrators, or of a majority of 
them, shall be final and conclusive. 

That at the expiration of this lease, or sooner determination thereof, except- 
ing in case of forfeiture, all the buildings, dwelling houses and improvements 
that have been or may be erected by the Lessee on the surface of the ground, 
including breakers, engines, machinery, fixtures and pumps, and beneath 
the surface in said mines all pumps, fans, stationary engines and motors with 
their connections, wire ropes, T rails, steam and water pipes and wiring in- 
stalled by the Lessee, shall, if written notice of a desire to have an appraise- 
ment shall have been given by the Lessor to the Lessee at least three months 
before such expiration, be valued and appraised by three disinterested and com- 
petent persons to be appointed in the manner provided for the appointment of 
arbitrators in Article XXII of this lease. The valuation of the appraisers, or 
of a majority of them, shall be conclusive of the value of said property, and the 
Lessor shall have the right, if written notice of its desire to exercise this right 
shall have been given to the Lessee at least one month before the expiration of 
this lease, to retain the said breakers, buildings, engines, pumps, machinery and 
improvments, or any of them, so valued and appraised, at the said valuation, 
deducting therefrom all rents, royalties, penalties and other sums due by the 
Lessee to the Lessor, which shall at that time be due and unliquidated. The 
Lessor shall also have the right, upon notice to the Lessee at least one month 
before the expiration of this lease, to use any or all of the property and im- 
provements of the Lessee upon the demised premises for a period of not more 
than four months after the expiration of said lease upon payment to the Lessee 
of such compensation as may be agreed upon between the parties hereto, or 
fixed by arbitrators as provided in Article XXII of this lease. If the Lessor 
declines or refuses to retain all or any part of said property at the valuation 
as aforesaid, and has not exercised its right to use the property and improve- 
ments of the Lessee as above provided, then the Lessee, upon payment of all 
arrears of rent, royalties, penalties and other sums due to the Lessor, may at 
any time within four months after the expiration of this lease remove from the 
premises the said property or so much thereof as may not have been retained 
by the Lessor, as aforesaid, and if the Lessor shall have exercised its right to 
use the property and improvements of the Lessee as above provided, then the 
Lessee may at any time within four months after the cessation of such use, 
upon payment of all arrears of rent, royalties, penalties and other sums due to 
the Lessor, remove all of such property and improvements from the premises. 

That upon the termination of this lease by the expiration thereof, all the 
mine openings and workings, including all loose coal therein and all timbering, 
property, machinery, fixtures and improvements whatsoever, below the surface 
of the ground, except pumps, fans, stationary engines with their connections, 
motors and electrical apparatus, wiring, wire ropes, T rails, steam and water 
pipes, shall, without any liability to make any compensation or payment there- 
for become and be the absolute property of the Lessor, and the Lessee shall 
not be at liberty to remove the same or any part thereof. 

That, in the event of a forfeiture of this lease by reason of any violation by 
the Lessee of any of the covenants or conditions herein contained, the Lessee 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 405 

shall not be entitled to have the improvements and fixtures referred to ap- 
praised or valued as herein provided, nor shall the Lessee be entitled to remove 
the same, or any part thereof, but said improvements and fixtures shall, upon 
the termination of this lease by forfeiture, be taken to be the absolute property 
of the Lessor without any compensation therefor. 

That the Lessee shall not transfer, assign or mortgage or incumber with 
liens of any kind whatever the estate hereby granted, either in whole or in 
part, or sublet the demised premises or any part or portion of the same, or 
interest or associate therein any other person or persons, body politic or corpo- 
ration, based upon the ownership thereof, without the written consent of the 
Lessor first had and obtained. And no judicial or other sale or transfer of any 
kind whatever, whether upon or under any writ, order or decree issued by or 
out of any court or by any justice of the peace, alderman or other judicial 
officer or tribunal, or by virtue of or in compliance with any order or decree of 
any court of equity or chancery or any proceedings in bankruptcy, shall have 
the effect of transferring this lease or the interest or title of the Lessee in or to 
the estate created by this lease, or any part or portion thereof, for any time or 
term whatever, to any other person or persons, body politic or corporation, 
without the written consent of the Lessor first had and obtained. 

That the Lessor shall, in addition to all other legal remedies, have the right 
to distrain any goods and chattels on any part of the demised premises or upon 
other land of the Lessor for any of the rents or royalties, taxes, penalties, and 
sums of money herein reserved and mentioned, that may at any time be in 
arrear, and that all the laws relating to landlords and tenants shall be con- 
sidered as extending to this lease and the estate created by it particularly for 
enforcing the payment of rent by distress and for the recovery of the possession 
of the demised premises at the expiration of this lease or sooner determination 
thereof. 

That if the Lessee shall neglect or refuse to deliver to the Engineer of the 
Girard Estate any of the certificates or statements required under Article VII 
of this lease, or shall neglect or refuse to pay the rent or royalty or any other 
sum of money herein agreed by it to be paid, for thirty (30) days after the same 
shall have fallen due, or shall make default in the performance of any of the 
covenants of this lease, which are conditions which the Lessee hereby agrees 
to keep and perform, such' neglect, refusal or failure shall, if persisted in for 
thirty days after service of written notice by the Lessor, be a cause of forfeiture 
of this lease, and this lease shall thereby, upon the expiration of said thirty 
days' notice, determine, and all the rights of the Lessee under it shall be for- 
feited, and this lease, in so far as it gives any interest to the Lessee, shall be- 
come null and void, and the Lessor, by its agent, may enter and take possession 
of the demised premises and remove therefrom the Lessee and all persons 
claiming under it; Provided, That the forfeiture of this lease and the taking 
possession of the demised premises by the Lessor shall not bar or preclude the 
right of the Lessor to recover any damages that may be sustained by the Lessor 
by reason of the default of the Lessee in keeping the covenants and conditions 
of this lease, nor shall such forfeiture and taking possession for the non- 
payment of rents or royalties, or for breach of any of the other conditions afore- 
said by the Lessee, impair the right of the Lessor to recover any rents or royal- 
ties that may be in arrear, but for the purpose of recovery of damages and for 
the collection of the said rents or royalties by action or distress or otherwise 
the covenants to be kept and performed by the Lessee and herein contained 
shall be held and considered to be in full force and virtue. And Provided 
further, that there shall be no forfeiture of this lease for non-payment of rent 
or for any breach of these covenants, unless for thirty days after the happening 
of the event entitling to forfeiture, there shall have been persistence by the 
Lessee in such non-payment or in the act entitling to forfeiture. 

That .upon the failure or neglect of the Lessee to keep or comply with any of 
the foregoing covenants and agreements, covenanted and agreed by the Lessee to 
be kept and performed, the Lessor may and shall have full and entire power, 
right and authority : 

a. To apportion the said rent or royalty, taxes and all other bills and charges 
due and payable as rent or royalty, and to distrain for the same, and for any 
amount due and payable, or made payable in advance, upon all personal property 
whatever of the Lessee upon the demised premises or upon other lands of the 
Lessor. 

b. And without notice or form, to re-enter upon the said premises and eject 
and expel the Lessee and all others therefrom, any law, usage, or custom to 
the contrary notwithstanding; 



406 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

c. And also to enter in the Court of Common Pleas of Schuylkill County an 
amicable action in ejectment for the premises above described, in which action 
the Lessor shall be the plaintiff and the Lessee shall be the defendant ; and any 
attorney of said court is hereby authorized and empowered to sign such ami- 
cable action in ejectment for the Lessee, and further to appear for and confess 
judgment therein against the Lessee for the aforesaid premises, with costs of 
suit and release of errors, whenever the Lessee shall fail or neglect to keep or 
comply with any of the foregoing covenants and agreements on the part of the 
Lessee to be kept and performed. 

d. It shall be lawful for the Prothonotary of said Court, and he is hereby 
requested by the Lessee, to enter said amicable action in ejectment for the 
above described premises in said Court ; 

e. And also to enter said judgment in said action for the Plaintiff and by 
confession against the Defendant without stay of execution for the above 
described premises, according to law, as in cases of ejectment, with judgment 
also for all costs ; 

f. Upon which judgment a writ or writs of possession or Habere Facias 
Possessionem shall issue in said action for said premises, with a clause of 
Fieri Facias for costs according to law, as in cases of ejectment ; 

g. And the Lessee also hereby empowers the Lessor, or any Attorney of any 
Court, to appear for the Lessee, in any action to be brought for any arrears 
of the rent or royalty hereinbefore reserved, and for all taxes, bills, and charges 
due and payable as rent or royalty which may at any time fall due, and to sign 
for the Lessee an amicable action, as if suit had been brought for any such 
arrears of rent or royalty, and for all bills due and payable as rent or royalty ; 
and further, in said suits or in said amicable action, any attorney or Prothon- 
otary is authorized to confess judgment against the Lessee, for all arrears of 
rent or royalty, and for all bills and charges payable as rent or royalty, which 
may at any time fall or become due under this lease, and for interest and 
costs ; and so from time to time as often as any of said rent or royalty, and 
bills and charges payable as rent or royalty, shall fall due or be in arrear ; 

h. All of which proceedings shall be without the right to the Lessee to have 
an appeal, certiorari, writ of error, exception, motion, or rule to open any 
judgment entered as aforesaid or to stay or set aside any writ issued thereon ; 

And with a release to the Plaintiff, and its Attorney, and the Prothonotary 
and Sheriff of all damages and of all error in said proceedings ; 

i. It is also agreed, that all the remedies hereinbefore specified, set forth and 
reserved by the Lessor may be employed by the Lessor, its successors or assigns, 
against the successors of the Lessee, and against the assignee of the Lessee in 
case of the assignment by it of the estate hereby granted, with the consent of 
the Lessor, as hereinbefore provided in Article XXIV hereof. 

j. And the Lessee doth hereby expressly waive unto the Lessor all and every 
privilege, benefit, and advantage given or extended to the Lessee, by any and 
all laws, usages and customs, exempting any personal property upon the said 
premises, or elsewhere, of the Lessee, or which may have been on such premises, 
from distress for rent or royalty or other bill or charge payable under this 
lease or from levy and sale under execution, or requiring an appraisement of 
goods distrained upon, or requiring notice or other proceedings by the Lessor 
to obtain possession of the said premises : 

k. And the Lessee further covenants and agrees to pay all costs for distrain- 
ing, levying, inventorying, appraising, selling and collecting, including as well 
the fees allowed the officers from the tenant, as those required to be paid by 
the landlord under any Act of Assembly ; 

1. And it is also agreed, that the Lessor may use and employ under this lease 
the remedies prescribed by law, or the remedies hereinbefore specified, set 
forth and reserved, or both, at the option and pleasure of the Lessor, and that 
no determination of this lease or taking or recovering possession of the premises 
shall deprive the Lessor of any remedy or action against the Lessee for rent or 
royalty or for damages for breach of any covenant herein contained, nor shall 
the bringing of any such action for rent or royalty or breach of covenant, nor 
the resort to any other remedy herein provided, for the recovery of rent or roy- 
alty, or damages for such breach, be construed as a waiver of the right to insist 
upon the forfeiture of this lease and to obtain possession in the manner herein- 
above provided. 

That any notice in writing in relation to any matter mentioned in this lease, 
addressed to the Lessee and left upon the premises with the superintendent, 
manager, clerk or other person in charge of the mines or of the office, or, if 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 407 

there be no one in charge of the mines or in the office, posted on the door of the 
office, or upon the breaker or at the mouth of the slope, shaft or tunnel, shall 
have the same force and effect as if served personally upon the Lessee and ten 
(10) days shall be considered a full, legal and reasonable notice, except in cases 
where a longer notice is herein prescribed. 

The Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company doth hereby consti- 
tute and appoint to be its attorney, for and in its name 

and as and for its corporate act and deed to acknowledge this agreement before 
any person having authority by the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 
to take such acknowledgment, to the intent that the same may be duly recorded. 
In witness whereof, the Lessor hath caused these presents to be executed by 
the President of the Board of Directors of City Trusts, and the Lessee hath 
caused its common or corporate seal to be hereunto affixed, attested by its 
proper officers the day and year first above written. 
Sealed and delivered in the presence of — 

[seal] 

President of the Board of Directors of City Trusts. 
The Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. 

By 

President. 
Attest : . 



Secretary. 

State of Pennsylvania, 

County of Philadelphia, ss: 

On the day of A. D. 1913, before me, the 

subscriber, a Notary Public in and for said State and County, personally came 
the above named Louis Wagner, President of the Board of Directors of City 
Trusts, and acknowledged his name as above written to be his own proper sig- 
nature, and that the said agreement was signed by him for and in behalf of the 
said Board of Directors of City Trusts, in attestation that the above written 
agreement was sealed and delivered by the said the City of Philadelphia, Trus- 
tee under the will of Stephen Girard, deceased, by the direction and at the 
request of the said Board of Directors of City Trusts. 

Witness my hand and notarial seal the day and year aforesaid. 



Notary Public. 
My commission expires the day of 191 

State op Pennsylvania, 

County of , ss: 

I hereby certify that on the day of in the 

year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and thirteen (1913) before me 
the subscriber, a Notary Public in and for said State and County, personally 

appeared the Attorney named in the foregoing agreement, 

and by virtue and in pursuance of the authority therein conferred upon him 
acknowledged the said agreement to be the act and deed of the said The Phila- 
delphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company. 

Witness my hand and Notarial seal the day and year aforesaid. 



Notary Public. 
My commission expires the day of 191 



Exhibit XVI. 
WAGE AGREEMENT, APRIL 26, 1917. 

Whereas, on May 5, 1916, an agreement was entered into by the parties liereto 
covering wages and working conditions in the anthracite field of Pennsylvania 
for the four-year period beginning April 1, 1916, and ending March 31, 1920 ; and 

Whereas, by reason of conditions that have arisen as a result of the war, the 
parties hereto have deemed it advisable and necessary to increase the wage 
compensation provided in said agreement as hereinafter more specifically set 
forth : 



408 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Therefore, this agreement witnesseth : 

First. That for the period May 1, 1917, to March 31, 1918, the compensation 
paid employees in the anthracite field shall be increased as follows : 

(a) Contract machine and hand miners shall be paid an advance of 10 per 
cent on their gross earnings. 

(&) Consideration miners shall be paid an advance of 10 per cent on their 
earnings based on the rates now in effect. 

(c) Contract miners' laborers and consideration miners' laborers shall be 
paid an advance of 10 per cent on their earnings based on the rates now in 
effect. Day machine miners' laborers, receiving not less than $2.72 per day, 
shall be paid an advance of 10 per cent on their earnings. 

(d) Company men now receiving $1.54 or more per day shall be paid an 
advance of 36 cents per day for each day worked. 

(e) All employees paid by the day and now receiving less than $1.54 per day 
shall be paid an advance of 30 cents per day for each day worked. 

(/) Monthly men' coming under the agreement of May 5, 1916, shall be paid 
an advance of 36 cents per day for each day worked. 

( g ) The advances of 36 cents per day and 30 cents per day above provided are 
to be applied to a day, whether eight hours or more, as established under the 
agreement of May 5, 1916 ; any proportionate part of a day to be paid propor- 
tionate part of the advances herein provided. 

Second. It is distinctly understood and agreed between the parties hereto that 
because of the situation that has arisen as a result of the war and the needs of 
the Nation in the matter of fuel supply there shall be no unnecessary shut- 
downs, and that the employees will give that full cooperation necessary to main- 
tain the production of the mines at their fullest capacity. 

Third. It is further agreed that, except as hereinbefore provided, all of the 
covenants and conditions of the agreement of May 5, 1916, shall remain in full 
force and effect up to and including March 31, 1920. 

In witness whereof the parties hereto have caused this agreement to be prop- 
erly executed this 26th day of April, 1917. 

On behalf of anthracite operators : On behalf of the anthracite mine 

workers' organization : 
W. J. Richards. John P. Dempsey, 

S. D. Warriner. President District No. 1. 

Morris Williams. Thomas Kennedy, 

W. L. Connell. President District No. 7. 

James Matthews, 
President District No. 9. 
John P. White, 
President United Mine Workers of 
America, representing anthracite 
mine workers' organization. 



Exhibit XVII. 
WAGE AGREEMENT, MAY 5, 1916. 

This agreement made this 5th day of May, 1916, between districts 1, 7, and 
9, representing the Anthracite Mine Workers' Organization, parties of the first 
part, and the anthracite operators, parties of the second part, covering wages 
and conditions of employment in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania, wit- 
nesseth : 

The terms and provisions of the award of the Anthracite Coal Strike Com- 
mission and any subsequent agreement made in modification thereof and sup- 
plemental thereto are hereby continued for a further period of four years end- 
ing March 31, 1920, except in the following particulars, to wit : 

First, (a) The contract rates at each colliery shall be increased seven (7) 
per cent over and above the contract rates at each colliery, effective in April, 
1912, as established by the agreement of May 20, 1912. 

(b) The working day established by the Anthracite Coal Strike Commission 
shall be changed from nine (9) hours to eight (8) hours. All employees paid 
by the day or hour and coming within the classification of company men, ex- 
cept as hereinafter more specifically provided, shall be paid for a day of eight 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 409 

(8) hours, the rate established under the agreement of May 20, 1912, for a day 
of nine (9) hours, subject to an increase of three (3) per cent. 

(c) All company men working on the basis of an 8-hour day prior to April 
1, 1916, shall receive an increase of seven (7) per cent over and above the 
daily or hourly rates established for their respective occupations by the agree- 
ment of May 20, 1912; except that hoisting engineers who were granted an 
8- hour day in March, 1912, shall receive an increase of three (3) per cent over 
and above the rates established by the agreement of May 20, 1912 ; it being 
understood, however, that where three full shifts were substituted for two 
shifts in March, 1912, the rate of the three hoisting engineers shall be the same 
and the shifts shall alternate in the manner customary where continuous em- 
ployment is required. 

(d) All hoisting engineers working on a 9-hour basis prior to April 1, 1916, 
and whose duties require that they should continue to work nine (9) hours 
per day, shall receive an increase of seven (7) per cent over and above the 
9-hour rate established by the agreement of May 20, 1912. 

(e) All company men working on a daily basis in excess of nine (9) hours 
per day or on a monthly basis prior to April 1, 1916, shall continue to work 
on said basis and their wage, whether paid hourly, daily, or monthly, shall be 
increased seven (7) per cent over and above the rates established for their 
respective occupations by the agreement of May 20, 1912. 

MACHINE MINING. 

Second. Conditions having arisen in portions of the anthracite region neces- 
sitating the use of mining machines, the right of the operator to use such 
machine shall be unquestioned and the method employed shall be at the option 
of the operator. Where work is done by mining machines the following shall 
govern as the basis of payment to the several classes of labor employed in the 
undercutting, mining, and loading of coal : 

(a) When machine mining is done on a day basis the rates paid shall not 
be less than the established colliery machine rates paid to the several classes 
of labor employed April 1, 1916; provided, that in no case shall the rate for 
machine miner be less than $3.30 per day ; for machine runner, $2.70 per day ; 
for machine miner's laborer, $2.34 per day, and for machine runner's helper, 
$2.34 per day. It being understood that these rates are agreed to as covering 
a new requirement and are applicable only to machine mining, subject, never- 
theless, to three (3) per cent advance under the terms of this agreement. 

(&) Where machine mining contracts cover the mining of a vein or section 
of a vein not heretofore mined, the contract rates shall be such as to enable the 
men employed in mining work to earn, on the average of all employed in each 
occupation, a daily wage not less than the rate established for said occupation 
in paragraph (a). Where mining machines replace contract miners cutting 
coal from the solid, the average daily earnings of the contract machine miners 
shall not be less than the average normal earnings of such contract miners in 
the territory where the mining machines are introduced and where the same 
vein conditions exist ; provided, that where the average normal earnings of the 
contract miners are shown to be less than the day rate established in para- 
graph (a), the machine contract rates shall be so adjusted as to enable the 
machine miner, on the average, to earn a daily wage of not less than the day 
rate established in paragraph (a). 

(c) The operator shall be assured of the full cooperation of the machine 
miner in the development and maintenance of efficient operation, and the day's 
earnings shall be based on a workday of eight (8) hours at the face as now 
provided in section 3 hereof. 

EIGHT-HOUE DAY. 

Third. An 8-hour day means eight (8) hours of actual work for all classes of 
labor, at the usual working place, exclusive of noontime, for six (6) days per 
week, if the operator desires to work his mines to that extent, excepting only 
legal holidays. The time required in going to and coming from the place of 
employment in or about the mine shall not include any part of the day's labor. 
Drivers shall take their mules from the stables to the usual working place 
before starting time and shall return them to the stables after quitting time, 
compensation for such service being included in the day rates established for 
this class of labor. If, because of breakdowns, repairs, or the requirements 



410 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

of transportation, or other causes essential to efficient operation, it is found 
necessary to extend the normal workday of any employee, or any class of 
employees, the operator may do so, at his option, paying for overtime a propor- 
tional rate per hour as determined from the rates established under section 1 
hereof. 

Fourth. All grievances referred to the board of conciliation shall be heard and 
a decision rendered within 60 days from the date of reference to the board; 
provided that said period may be extended for such time as may be mutually 
agreed upon by the operator's representative and the mine workers' represent- 
ative in the districts in which said grievance originates. If no decision is 
reached within sixty days after reference, or within the extension period there- 
after, the board shall submit the case forthwith to the umpire for final de- 
cision as provided in the award of the anthracite coal-strike commission. 

Fifth. The present prices of powder and miners' supplies as established at the 
several colleries in the region shall be continued without change throughout the 
term of this agreement. 

Sixth. Under paragraph (d) of the agreement of May 20, 1912, the duty of 
the grievance committee shall be confined solely to the adjustment of disputes in 
cases where the foreman and employee have been unable to agree, and in the 
discharge of this duty they shall strictly comply with the provisions of said 
paragraph. (See note 1.) 

Note 1. — Paragraph (d) of the agreement of May 20, 1912, reads as follows: 

(d) At each mine there shall he a grievance committee consisting of not more than 
three employees, and such committee shall under the terms of this agreement take up for 
adjustment with the proper officials of the company all grievances referred to them by 
employees who have first taken up said grievance with -the foreman and failed to effect 
proper settlement of the same. It is also understood that the member of the board of 
conciliation elected by the mine workers' organization or his representative may meet 
with the mine committee and company officials in adjusting disputes. In the event of 
the mine committee failing to adjust with the company officials any grievance properly 
referred to them they may refer the grievance to the members of the board of conciliation 
in their district for adjustment, and in case of their failure to adjust the same they 
shall refer the grievance to the board of conciliation for final settlement, as provided in 
the- award of the anthracite coal-strike commission and the agreements subsequent 
thereto, and whatever settlement is made shall date from the time the grievance is 
raised. 

Under paragraph (f) of the agreement of May 20, 1912, the grievance com- 
mittee is given the sole authority of joining with the company officials in re- 
cording the rates existent April 1, 1902, as well as the rates established under 
the agreement of May 20, 1912. (See note 2.) 

Note 2. — Paragraph (f) of the agreement of May 20, 1912, reads as follows: 

(f) For the purpose of facilitating the adjustment of grievances, company officials at 
each mine shall meet with the grievance committee of employees and prepare a state- 
ment setting forth the rates of compensation paid for each item of work April 1, 1902, 
together with the rates paid under the provisions of this agreement and certify the 
same to the board of conciliation within 60 days after the date of this agreement. 

Seventh. The board of conciliation is empowered to hear complaints relating 
to day rates appearing on colliery rate sheets as effective April 1, 1912, but 
which may be claimed to be obsolete as of that date on account of being sup- 
planted by other rates. The board of conciliation may at its discretion, in case 
the rates are shown to have been manifestly obsolete, order such rates erased. 

Eighth. Neither party to this agreement shall initiate or encourage legisla- 
tion that would in any manner affect the obligations of this contract or impair 
any of its provisions. 

On behalf of the anthracite oper- On behalf of the Anthracite Mine 

ators : Workers' Organization : 

W. L. Con nell, John T. Dempsey, 

President District No. 1. 
W. J. Richaeds, Thomas Kennedy, 

President District Wo. 7. 
S. D. Waeeinee, James Matthews, 

President District No. 9. 
Moeeis Williams. John P. White, 

President of United Mine Workers 
of America, representing An- 
thracite Mine Workers' Organi- 
zation. 
Attest : 

Alvan Maekle, Chairman. 
James A. Goeman, Secretary. 



Anthracite and bituminous coal. 411 

Exhibit XVIII. * 

BITUMINOUS COAL REPORT. 

(.House Document No. 152. Sixty-fifth Congress, first session.] 

Federal Trade Commission, 

Washington, May 19, 1917. 
To the Speaker of the House of Representatives : 

Sir: Pursuant to a resolution introduced by Congressman Rainey in the 
Sixty-fourth Congress (H. R. 352) directing this Commission to make inquiry 
into the conditions in the production and distribution of bituminous coal, the 
Federal Trade Commission presents the following report. This report is pre- 
liminary and not final. 

Of late there has been a marked change in the conditions of bituminous coal 
production and distribution. The Federal Trade Commission has taken cogni- 
zance of these facts. There have been recently held by the Commission a series 
of conferences in Washington and in Chicago. At these conferences there ap- 
peared before the Commission representatives of the following interests : 

(1) Operators engaged in the mining of bituminous coal. 

(2) Transportation lines, appearing as large consumers and carriers of bi- 
tuminous coal originating on their lines. 

(3) Representatives of municipal public utilities, manufacturing and other 
industrial enterprises, which are important consumers of bituminous coal. 

Each of these three classes has been heard in detail, both orally and by the 
presentation of such written statements as they desired to make. A large 
mass of information has thus been gathered. The present report is based on 
this information, together with that previously obtained in this investigation. 

THE PRESENT SITUATION. 

There is no scarcity of coal in the ground. There is sufficient coal available 
in the bituminous coal mines now being operated not only to supply the present 
demand, but also to supply a greatly increased demand. At present, however, 
there is a shortage of bituminous coal at the points of consumption. In the East 
the principal use of bituminous coal is in the making of steam for transporta- 
tion and industrial use ; in the Central States and the South, while most of the 
output is used in making steam, a part goes into domestic consumption. The 
unprecedented demands for this fuel during the past six months, together with 
the difficulties of rail and of water transportation (particularly by water to 
the markets of New England, the Great Lakes region, and along the Ohio 
River), have not only absorbed the coal as fast as it could be shipped from the 
mines, but have also led to almost complete exhaustion of the coal stored at 
tidewater points and at the docks on the Great Lakes. 

In the face of a probably greatly increased demand for bituminous coal on the 
part of the Government for military purposes, for increased transportation, for 
the manufacture of munitions of every description, and for many other forms 
of industry, the necessity of mining and distributing more bituminous coal than 
ever before, both to supply current needs and to replenish exhausted storage, is 
obvious. The country faces a serious state of affairs in obtaining a commodity 
which is basic to practically every form of its military and industrial activities. 
Several of the other belligerent countries have had to meet this same problem, 
and finding their coal supply seriously endangered, they have taken far-reach- 
ing governmental action to safeguard it. In England the Government took 
complete control of the coal mines after less radical methods of regulation 
failed. The French Government has drawn up a scheme for dividing France 
into three coal zones in order to equalize distribution, and the Government be- 
comes the sole vendor. On May 2, 1917, the Russian provisional Government 
took over all the coal mines of that country with a view to control coal distri- 
bution and prices. Soon after the outbreak of the war Germany took measures 
to centralize the whole coal industry of the Empire under Government control. 
The Italian Government imports all the coal brought into the country and acts 
as a clearing house for its distribution. 

Recognizing the importance of this problem in the United States and the seri- 
ousness of the fuel situation, the Federal Trade Commission is making this 
preliminary report, based %i its investigation thus far, with the thought that 
its information relating to the causes of this situation and its suggestions as to 
possible remedies may be of value to the present Congress. 



412 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL 

, CAUSES OF THE PEESENT SITUATION. 

(1) Increased demand. — The marked increase in demand began to be felt 
about six months ago. In 1916 the shipments of bituminous coal from the mines 
amounted to about 509,000,000 tons, or about 66,000,000 tons more than in 1915, 
when previous records in production had been surpassed. Nevertheless, the de- 
mand has recently increased to such an extent that not only the unprecedented 
output of 1916 has been consumed, but stored coal accumulated from the produc- 
tion of previous years has also been practically exhausted. For example, on 
the docks of Duluth and Superior there have usually been carried over at the 
opening of navigation some 3,000,000 tons, but this year when navigation opened 
the docks were practically empty. 

The increased demand has been largely due to industrial expansion and' to 
increased railroad traffic. In many industries plants have run two or even three 
shifts, while most railroads have transported more freight tonnage than ever 
before. In some sections of the country, particularly in the Northwest, an ex- 
ceptionally cold winter led to the consumption of more bituminous coal than 
usual for heating purposes. 

(2) Shifting of markets. — Much of the increase in demand was concentrated 
in certain localities. There were transportation difficulties due to unprecedented 
burdens laid by all classes of freight on both rail and water transportation 
facilities. All this led to a considerable shift to other sources of supply in the 
markets usually supplied from certain coal fields. For example, coal mined in 
western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, and West Virginia did not reach the 
markets of the Great Lakes and the lower Ohio in the usual quantities. This 
was because of increased demand from nearer markets, car shortage, decreased 
lake transportation facilities, low water for a considerable period on the Ohio 
River, and floods in the West Virginia mining region. Consequently the In- 
dana-Illinois fields have been drawn on to supply the deficit. Thus the tonnage 
in commercial shipments (i. e., coal not for use of railroads) sent to Michigan 
from the mines of the Illinois-Indiana fields is reported to have been over seven- 
teen times as great during the nine months from April to December, 1916, as it 
was during the entire year preceding. 

One of the important results of this shifting of markets was a buyers' panic, 
due to the uncertainty of consumers with regard to getting coal from their regu- 
lar sources of supply. This led in many cases to a frantic bidding of buyers 
against each other for that proportion of the coal supply (usually known as 
''spot" or "free" coal) which the mine operators were able to produce and 
ship in addition to the part of their output sold under contract. The propor- 
tion of " free " to " contract " coal has varied widely between different fields 
and mines, but the usual estimates are that from 70 to 90 per cent of the bitumi- 
nous coal mined is usually sold under contract. Due to the inability of several 
of the coal fields to adequately supply their usual markets and to the great 
increase in the demand for coal, which had not been forseen and contracted 
for by the consumers, the prices of " free " coal have risen enormously in all the 
markets. 

(3) Inadequate transportation facilities. — While, as previously pointed out, 
there is no lack of coal in the ground, or of mines from which it can be obtained, 
the fact must be borne in mind that few soft coal mines are equipped to store 
coal. The coal must be loaded into railroad cars as fast as it comes out of the 
mine. As a general rule, miners do not go into the mine unless the cars neces- 
sary to take care of the day's output are on hand at the mouth of the mine. 
Oars enough to carry away the coal as fast as it can be mined are therefore a 
prime necessity. During the past six months, from a variety of causes, the 
railroads have not furnished, or have not been able to furnish, cars equal to 
the productive capacity of the mines. Furthermore, where coal has to be car- 
ried part of the way by w r ater there has been difficulty in getting enough boats. 

The principal causes for a lack of adequate rail transportation have been : 
Car shortage, embargoes on the movement of freight cars, lack of sufficient 
motive power, and, to some extent, abuse by shippers and consignees of recon- 
signment and demurrage privileges. Car shortage in some cases appears to 
have been due to lack of sufficient cars suited to carry coal, in others to the 
diversion to use in other industries of cars generally available for the movement 
of coal, and in others to the much longer hauls required, due to the shift of 
markets from their normal sources of supply, which required more cars than 
usual to distribute the same tonnage. Lack of terminal facilities adequate 
to handle the immense volume of freight consigned to certain points resulted 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 413 

in great congestion at those localities. Railroads on whose lines the shipments 
originated had to place embargoes against shipments consigned to such destina- 
tions until the congestion could be relieved. In some cases there was also a 
lack of sufficient locomotives to move the coal from the mines to the consumer. 
Some of the car shortage appears also to have been due to abuses by shippers 
of reconsignment privileges and of consignees of demurrage privileges in the 
unloading of cars at destination. In some instances such reconsignment and 
demurrage privileges appear to have been used by mine operators and brokers 
as temporary storage in connection with speculation activities to obtain ex- 
tortionate prices from coal consumers. 

The principal causes for a lack of adequate water transportation have been : 
Diversion of boats in the coastwise coal trade to other lines of ocean traffic, 
diversion of boats in the lake coal trade to ocean traffic, and the conflict of the 
demand for iron ore and grain transportation with the demand for coal trans- 
portation. This conflict has occurred because of the higher freights paid for 
eai/tward-bound iron ore and grain transportation than for westward-bound 
coal. The delay incident to loading and unloading coal and the fact that three 
of the highly profitable grain or ore cargoes could be transported in the same 
time in which only two could be carried, if coal were taken westward, has 
resulted in boats, suitable for carrying coal going westward empty, using 
water as ballast instead of coal. 

(4) Labor conditions. — Statements made at the Commission's hearings by 
mine operators from different coal fields indicate that in some regions there 
has been and still is an actual shortage of mining labor. The following rea- 
sons are generally ascribed: (1) The wages offered in other industries are 
often higher than those paid in the mines; (2) the lack of full-time employment 
in coal mines due to insufficient car supply often necessitates shutting down 
the mines from two to three days in the week, and sometimes running them 
only part of a working day. Since many of the men are paid on the basis of 
the tonnage they mine the resulting enforced idleness cuts down the actual 
wages received. (3) There has been a considerable emigration of alien miners, 
who have been called to the colors of the various warring European nations, 
and there has been little new immigration from any source to fill their places. 
Some of the southern mining fields have been seriously hampered by the move- 
ment of negro laborers to the North, generally to other industries than coal 
mining. This migration is probably ended. 

(5) Increased costs of production and distribution. — Considerable informa- 
tion in regard to increases in costs of production and distribution was sub- 
mitted by coal operators at the Commission's hearings, or was gathered 
directly by the Commission's agents. These increased costs, as far as produc- 
tion is concerned, are comprised chiefly in cost of labor. While there has been 
a great increase in the prices of supplies, the increase in the cost of supplies 
per ton of coal has been a much less important factor than is generally claimed. 
In the distribution there has also been some increase in cost, mainly in in- 
creased cost of transportation to the point of consumption. 

The figures already submitted to the Commission in regard to costs and to 
prices at the mine show that most of the present prices how being charged 
both on " free " coal and on such few new contracts as the mine operators are 
entering into are far in excess of the costs as shown by the operators' books. 
Many of the operators frankly take the position that they are trying to get for 
their coal the highest price possible under the present demand, and are re- 
fraining, even at prices greatly increased over last year, from contracting their 
output to the extent of their usual custom. They defend this action by claiming 
that under the operations of the law of supply and demand they have for many 
years past been getting little more for their coal than the bare cost of produc- 
tion ; that the mining of bituminous coal during that period has been a most 
unprofitable industry ; and that this is their chance to recoup themselves for the 
losses of several years. Accordingly they are demanding prices at the mine 
to-day which run from 50 per cent to several hundred per cent over the cost of 
their output. 

As a result of this policy much of the bituminous coal output has been auc- 
tioned off to the highest bidders. This has resulted in great profits to certain 
operators and in special hardship to municipal public utilities, hospitals, and 
other public and private charitable institutions and to domestic consumers, espe- 
cially in the West and South, where relatively little anthracite is used. 

(6) Lack of sufficient storage facilities. — The most economical way of han- 
dling coal is by loading it into cars as it comes from the mine, transporting it to 



414 ANTHBACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

the point of consumption, and delivering it in the same car direct to the retailer 
or large consumer. At times there are adequate transportation facilities to 
keep the coal moving steadily in this way. But the consumption of bituminous 
coal is largely influenced by seasonal changes, the demand normally being 
heavy in fall and winter months and lighter in the spring and summer. This 
leads, in normal years, to frequent shutting down of mines, because of lack of 
orders, at a time when there are plenty of coal cars, and, conversely, to traffic 
difficulties at other times, largely due to inability to secure enough cars to care 
for the current demands. The obvious remedy for such a state of affairs is the 
establishment of storage facilities, preferably near the centers of consumption. 
But the relatively great expense of storing coal has prohibited any general 
establishment of adequate storage facilities. Thus it has happened that many 
times during the past six months the chief cities of the United States have been 
faced with a coal shortage which threatened to stop their street cars, cut off 
their electric light and power and their gas, and shut down the manufacturing 
industries which support their population. 

(7) Speculative activities of some mine operators and brokers. — As already 
pointed out, from 70 to 80 per cent of the output of the bituminous coal is sold 
under contract by the mine operators. It is estimated that the railroads of the 
country consume ubout one-third of the total production of bituminous coal. 
Practically all of the railroad supply, in normal times, is under contract. Of 
the " free " coal produced by the mines, probably about half is sold by them 
direct to the consumer. The remainder of the " free " coal, and a small part of 
the coal sold under contract, reaches the ultimate consumer through the medium 
of middlemen, such as brokers and retailers. Charges of extortionate prices on 
the part of mine operators and brokers have been brought to the attention of 
the Commission. According to some informants, various mine operators and 
brokers, through abuses of the reconsignment and demurrage privileges granted 
by railroads in order to facilitate the regular distribution of coal, have created 
or increased local shortages and extorted exorbitant prices from the consumers. 
These charges are now under investigation by the Commission. 

SUGGESTED EEMEDIES. 

The remedies which may be suggested for the present scarcity and high 
prices of bituminous coal relate to its production, transportation, and distri- 
bution. The most effective remedies deal with the improvement in the distri- 
bution of the present facilities for transportation. Many operators asserted at 
the hearings before the Commission that such remedies were the only ones neces- 
sary. On the other hand, the representatives of the railroads, municipal public 
utilities, and industrial consumers, while admitting the importance of such 
improvement, pointed out that there were other conditions which need remedy. 

(1) Improvement of transportation facilities. — At the hearings of the Com- 
mission the fact was brought out that measures are being taken by the Inter- 
state Commerce Commission and by the Council of National Defense which it is 
hoped will relieve transportation conditions. For railroad carriers additional 
regulations are being considered covering the distribution of open-top cars to the 
co:d industry, the expediting of the movement of cars loaded with coal, and the 
return of the empty cars to mines, prevention of the abuse by speculators of 
reconsignment and demurrage privileges, and the providing where necessary, of 
additional equipment for use in transporting coal, both cars and locomotives, 
either by acquiring new equipment or through possible changes in other lines of 
traffic, such as dispensing with passenger trains which are not absolutely neces- 
sary, and thereby releasing more locomotives for freight service. 

For water carriers, remedies should be sought along the lines of requiring 
boats, suitable for coal carrying on the Great Lakes, to transport coal westward, 
instead of going back in ballast for grain and ore cargoes, and in adjusting the 
rail conditions so that there will be sufficient transportation facilities to carry 
the coal from the western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, and West Virginia mines 
to the loading docks on Lake Erie for prompt loading of the boats. The limited 
period that the Lakes are open to navigation makes it necessary that the carry- 
ing capacity of the boats be kept in continuous use. Early remedial action is 
necessary, because every week of the navigation season is of tremendous impor- 
tance in preventing shortage of coal in .the Nortlrwest next winter. 

The principal remedy suggested for conditions in the coastwise water trans- 
portation of coal, apart from the building of more boats, is the exemption from 
military use of tugs and barges absolutely necessary to transport not only the 
coal, but also the timber needed for mine use. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 415 

(2) Improvement of labor conditions. — It was developed at the hearings on 
the part of the operators that they anticipated that labor conditions in 1917 
would permit, if mining operations could be kept steady by a continuous supply 
of cars, the production of as much coal as that mined in 1916, and some of 
them stated that with their present force they could mine an excess of from 
15 to 20 per cent over their output in 1916. If this statement is accurate, the 
operators in the coming year will supply more bituminous coal than in 1916. 
The recent increases in wages and the better housing conditions at the mines, 
which are being provided for miners, will, many operators believe, not only 
hold their present force but to the extent to which they would attract addi- 
tional labor would bring about an increased output. 

It will probably be found necessary to exempt miners from the conscription 
law so long as they remain at work in the mines. The experience of Great 
Britain in this matter should be heeded, and the disastrous results which came 
from the enlistment of miners avoided. Everything should be done to encour- 
age men employed in the coal mines to stay on their jobs and to realize that 
it is their duty, as patriotic citizens, not to leave the mine even to enlist, but 
to see that they are serving their country best by remaining at their labor to 
produce the commodity which is absolutely essential to sustain all the forces 
which must be quickened and employed in the prosecution of the war; that 
their post of honor is at the mine and not on the firing line. 

(3) Establishment of increased storage facilities. — It is highly desirable that 
additional storage facilities be provided at points of consumption. Municipal 
and other public and semipublic utilities and institutions should safeguard 
themselves not only against being shut down but also against being forced by 
their urgent necessities to buy coal at exorbitant prices. The railroads, which 
consume about one-third of the bituminous coal mined, should increase their 
storage facilities and avoid the necessity of holding cars loaded with coal for 
railroad use. 

(4) Regulation by governmental authority for the distribution of coal. — 
Under war-time conditions it may become the duty of the Government of the 
United States to take steps similar to those found necessary by the belligerent 
European countries, and not only regulate the distribution of the coal from the 
mouth of the mine to the ultimate consumer by allotting the quantity of the 
product which the different classes of consumers shall be allowed to purchase, 
but also to establish the prices to be paid by different classes of customers. 
Any prices thus established would probably have to be based on actual costs, 
with an allowance for a reasonable return on actual investment. In other 
words, the price of bituminous coal, which is a great public necessity, should 
be fixed according to the same general principle which has been established in 
the conduct of public utilities. At a time like the present excessive profits 
should not be permitted to be extorted from the public by producers and dis- 
tributors of any prime necessity of life. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Wm. J. Harris, Chairman. 

Joseph E. Davies. 

John F. Fort. 
Signing as to finding of fact. 

William B. Colver. 



Exhibit XIX. 

BITUMINOUS COAL FORMS. 

Federal Trade Commission, 

Washington, June 16, 1917. 

Gentlemen: The Federal Trade Commission, in -connection with its inquiry 
into conditions of production and distribution of bituminous coal, made pur- 
suant to congressional resolution directing such inquiry, requires you to fur- 
nish it with the information called for on the accompanying" question sheets. 

A few of the questions ask for information similar in nature to that being 
reported by the larger operators to the United States Geological Survey. You 
are, nevertheless, requested to answer all questions on the attached forms. 
The Federal Trade Commission is cooperating with the United States Geo- 
logical Suryey and not duplicating its work. This request for information is 



416 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

being sent to every operator, large and small, in your field whose address the 
Commission has been able to secure, and it is important that the information 
desired be obtained from all, at the same time and in the same form. 
Very truly yours, 

Federal Trade Commission, 
ByL. L. Bracken, Secretary. 

operators. 

1. Name of informant and official position. 

2. Number of mines operated and tonnage produced in 1916, and January- 
March, 1917. 

3. How has labor force been affected by — 
(a) Shutdowns due to car shortage? 

(&) Higher wages paid in other industries? 

(c) Strikes? 

(<?-) Decreased immigration? 

4. In what way and how much per ton mined has the cost of mining in- 
creased from January, 1916, to April, 1917? 

5. Transportation features : 

(a) How far have operations been affected — 

(1) By car shortage? 

(2) By railroad embargoes against certain localities? 

(&) Has there been a similar shortage of cars for other industries located 
on railroads which serve your mines? 

(c) Have you any direct information bearing on alleged use of coal cars for 
carrying other products? 

(d) Have any of your coal shipments to customers been confiscated by car- 
rier railroads; and if so, on what basis was settlement made? 

6. Principal markets reached and classes of customers and approximate pro- 
duction of output sold, each class, such as — 

(a) Government. 
(6) Railroads. 

(c) Municipal public utilities. 

(d) Industrial consumers sold direct. 

(e) Jobbing trade. 

7. Proportions of business done on contract and on spot sales during coal 
year 1916-17. 

8. Average prices received — 

(a) For all shipments during first nine months of 1916? During last three 
months of 1917? 

(&) On contracts for coal year of 1916-17? For coal year 1917-18? 

(c) On spot sales during last three months of 1916? During first three 
months of 1917? 

9. What direct information have you bearing on alleged practice of railroads 
to get contract prices unduly favorable to them, through promise of a full car 
supply? 

10. What remedies do you suggest for the present situation? 

railroads. 

1. Name of informant and official position. 

2. How much coal used annually? 

3. Where is this coal usually obtained? 

4. Describe methods in purchasing. 

5. To what extent is it bought from mines on railroad's own line? 

6. How many contracts and for what tonnage of coal will shortly expire? 

7. What is the situation as regards the making of new contracts? 

8. What are the present prices for new contracts? How do they compare 
with the old? 

9. What difficulties do you have in coming to terms with mine operators? 

10. (To coal roads:) Extent of alleged practice of promise of cars to get 
prices on contracts favorable to railroad? 

11. (To all roads:) What arrangements do you make for providing cars to 
operators for railroad coal? 

12. How much coal have you had to confiscate and what was the method fol- 
lowed in payment? 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 417 

13. Storage facilities. 

14. Whut percentage of coal delivered on contracts? 

15. What remedies do you suggest for present situation? 

PUBLIC UTILITY AND INDUSTRIAL CONSUMERS. 

1. Name of informant and official position. 

2. How much coal used annually? 

3. Where is this coal usually obtained? 

4. Describe methods of purchasing. 

5. How many contracts, and for what tonnage of coal, will shortly expire? 

6. What is the situation as regards the making of new contracts? 

7. What are the present prices for new contracts? How do they compare with 
the old? 

S. What difficulties do you have in coming to terms with mine owners? 

9. Storage facilities? 

10. What percentage of coal called for on your contracts have you been re- 
ceiving? 

11. How much coal have you lost through confiscation by railroads? 

12. What remedies do you suggest for present situation? 



BITUMINOUS COAL — SPECIAL REPORT. 

Mail to Federal Trade Commission, Washington, D. C, on or before July 10, 
1917, the information required on the attached Forms 1 and 2 for the busi- 
ness of May, 1917. Information of this nature will hereafter be required 
monthly. 

Mail to the Federal Trade Commission on or before July 10, 1917, the infor- 
mation required on Forms 3 and 4. 

Duplicate forms for your convenience, should you wish a record in your files, 
are also inclosed. 

Where a number of producers are selling through a common selling agency 
it may be found most convenient that such agency make one report for the 
total sales of all coal shipped by the group of producers. By advising the 
Federal Trade Commission of such condition, it can be arranged that the 
common selling agency shall make one report for such group on Forms 1 and 4. 

PENALTIES. 

• Failure to mail this report within the time required will subject the corpora- 
tion to a forfeiture of the sum of $100 for each and every day of the continu- 
ance of such failure. (Sec. 10, Federal Trade Commission act.) 

Any person who shall willfully make or cause to be made any false entry 
or statement of fact in this report shall be subject to a fine of not less than 
■$1,000 nor more than $5,000, or to imprisonment for a term of not more than 
three years, or to both such fine and imprisonment. (Sec. 10, Federal Trade 
Commission act.) 

105510°— S. Doc. 50, 65-1 27 



.418 



ANTHRACITE AXD BITUMINOUS COAL. 



Form 1. 

Statement of coal shipped, gross tons, and average price per ton for the month 

of , 1917. 





State all coal shipped. 


Coal bought and resold. 




Grade and size of coal. 


Sold under con- 
tract. 


Sold "spot" or 

•'free." 


Total 
gross 
tons-. 


Average price 
per gross ton. 


Terms 
relative to 
allowances 




Total 
gross 
tons. 


Price 

received 

per gross 

ton. 


Total 
gross 
tens. 


Price 
received 
per gross 

ton. 


Paid. 


Re- 
ceived. 


or split 
premiums. 1 


Run of mine: 


























Minimum price - "\ 










Lump: 

Average price ' ! 







Maximum price ' 1 i 








Nut and slack: 

Average price i 






Maximum price 


! ! 









! i 






Blacksmith: 






:........ 






Maximum price 




























i i 







1 This is to include any allowance, "split premium," rebate, or payment of any sort to be made to operator 
or sales agent of operator by parties to. whom or in whose interest the coal is sold on consignment. 

This report (Form 1) made and signed this day of . ,1917.. 

Name of producer (if corporation, name and title of officer signing). 



Form 



BITUMINOUS COAL SPECIAL REPORT SCHEDULE FOR MINE OPERATORS. 

1. Name of producer Address 

2. What was your railroad rating in gross tons per day for the past month/ 



3. Total capacity in gross tons of cars received during the past month?. 



4. How many gross tons did you load during the past month?- 

5. How many men (exclusive of office force) worked in your employ at your 
mine during the past month irrespective of days worked by each? — 

6. How many men were you short? Give detailed ex- 
planation of shortage? 

7. State wages paid by you to each of the following classes of labor during: 
the past month. Where such wages correspond to the rates shown in column 1, 
place a check mark in column 2 opposite each rate paid. In column 3 state- 
what rate you have paid to each class of labor, whether more or less than 
column 1. 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 



419 



Scale. 



Column 1. 
Scale of 
wages. 



Column 2. 
Check 
mark. 



Column 3. 



Minimum scale (operator): 

Pick mining, per gross ton, in rooms 

Pick mining, per gross ton, in headings 

Machine loading, per gross ton, in rooms 

Machine loading, per gross ton, in headings ., 

Cost of yardage, deadwood, allowances, and all other compensation 
paid directly or indirectly to labor, expressed in average cents per 
gross ton 

Pushing cars both ways by miner, per gross ton 

Inside day scale (per day): 

Motormen 

Spragg?rs 

Skilled wiremen, m charge of work 

Wiremen helpers , 

Track layers 

Tracklayers' helpers 

Bottom cagers. , .- 

Drivers 

Trip riders 

Water and machine haulers 

Timbermen 

Pipe men . 

Trappers 

Cutters 

Scrapers 

All other inside day labor not specified above , 

Outside day scale: 

Dumpers 

Ram operators .", , 

Pushers 

Trimmers 

Car cleaners 

Firemen now working on changing shifts of eight hours each 

Main hoisting and steam plant engineers, working on changing shifts 
of eight hours each \ 

All boys under 18 years of age 



$0. 8995 
"".5572 



.05 

3.70 

3.60 

3.60 

3.37 

3.60 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

1. 



37 

:^7 
60 
60 
60 
CO 
52 
90 
3.70 
3.45 
3.37 

3.02 
3.20 
2.78 
2.96 
2.70 
3.20 

3.60 
1.90 



This report (Form 2) made anil signed this 



day of 



1917. 



Name of producer (if corporation, name and 
title of officer signing). 



Form 3. 



BITUMINOUS COAL SPECIAL REPORT 

OPERATORS. 



SCHEDULE FOR MINE 



The information called for in the following questions should be answered 
separately for each mine operated : 

1. (a) Is the coal loaded from mine cars over a tipple into railroad cars? 

2. (a) Is it hauled from mine to railroad car by a wagon or motor truck? 
( J) ) What is the distance from the mouth of the mine to the siding on which 

railroad cars are loaded? 

3. What is the number of men on your pay roll (excluding office force) dur- 
ing the period indicated below, irrespective of days worked by each. 



191' 



1916 



January 



February 



March * 

April 

May 

This report (Form 3) made and signed this 



day of , 1917. 



Name of producer (if corporation, name and title 
of officer signing). 



420 



ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL. 

Form 4. 

bituminous coal special report — Schedule for mine operators. 
Name of Company Address 



List all contracts or arrangements (whether formal agreements or informal 
agreements consummated verbally or by correspondence) in force May 31, 1917. 
for the sale or shipment of bituminous coal, giving data required below : 



Name and address 
of purchaser. 


Date 

of 
con- 
tract. 


Date 

of 
expira- 
tion. 


Total 
tonnage 
of coal 
covered 
by con- 
tract. 


Approxi- 
mate 

quantity 
to be 

shipped 
each 

month. 


Size 

and 

grade 

of coal. 


Billing 

price per 
gross ton 
f. o. b. cars 
shipping 
point on 
Mav 31, 
1916. 


Approxi- 
mate 

quantity 

delivered 
before 

May 31, 
1917. 


Terms 
relative to 
allowances 

or split 
premiums. 1 














































f 























i This is to include any allowance, "split premium," rebate, or pavment of any sort to be made to opera- 
tor or sales agent of operator by parties to whom or in whose interest the coal is sold or consigned. 



This report (Form 4) made and signed this 



day of , 1917. 



Name of producer (if corporation, name and title 
of officer signing). 



G 19 






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